Education is only one of the areas that can represent a new direction for a renewed society in the nineties. 11TH INTERNATIONAL CLEAN AIR CONFERENCE OF THE CLEAN AIR SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. Critical questions can be raised about the quality of the analysts and the accuracy of their work.
In the opinion of the reviewer, this is a timely and valuable addition to the air pollution modeling literature. The various estimates of the lifetime of HCFCs in the troposphere have an uncertainty of ± 50%. This adds an important source of uncertainty in predicting the ODPs of the H C F Cs.
NEW PRODUCTS
The scientific basis for the 1987 Montreal Protocol was the theoretical prediction that if the abundance of CFCs and halons continued to increase over the next few decades, significant depletion of the ozone layer would eventually occur. Research over the past few years has shown that actual ozone loss from man-made chlorine (i.e. CFCs) and bromine has already occurred, i.e. to the Antarctic ozone hole. Even if Montreal Protocol control measures were implemented by all countries, today's amount of chlorine in the atmosphere (about 3 ppbv) will at least double or triple.
SUSTAINABLE AIR QUALITY IN THE GLOBAL COMMONS
Steve Hart, President International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations
I would now like to offer some thoughts for your consideration on some of the factors that I believe influence the concept of sustainable air quality in the global commons. If these polls are accurate, the governments of these countries are not leading public opinion, but need to catch up with their citizens in the priorities given to the environment. At a time when the prospects for lasting world peace are genuinely more optimistic than in any other period of the twentieth century, the nations of the world continue to devote an incredible percentage of their resources to military expenditure.
In my opinion, we need some method to not only attract the attention of the political/economic decision makers, as this is already being done, but to maintain and increase their involvement in the concept of sustainable development. With that involvement and commitment should come the devolution of the environment-economy partnership to the senior operational levels of national governments. There is another element in the fusion of decision-making in the political-economic environment that is worth mentioning.
Conversely, many of the environmental issues involved in sustainable development decision-making require long-term thinking and commitment over many years or into the foreseeable future. I am referring to the enormous political changes taking place in the Soviet Union and the Eastern European nations and what they portend for the management of air quality issues on a global basis. Another important factor in dealing with global environmental issues is the role of third world nations.
One of the more important aspects of dealing with such global environmental risks is the recognition that they may not be influenced by many of the traditional factors that have dominated international relations in the past. Their success in that regard will be a factor in the rate at which we progress in solving global environmental issues.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY POLICIES
This should be achieved through the implementation of the Action Program and the 'Environmental Information Agreement' (EIA). They did this by establishing scientific criteria for the level of harmfulness of the main forms of air and water pollution and for noise. The Commission was also tasked with developing a common method of estimating the costs of anti-pollution measures, which allows the application of the 'polluter pays' principle without prejudice to the rules of the common market.
Whereas previously all legislation had to be agreed unanimously in the Council, legislation directly related to the function of the Common Market – for example vehicle exhaust gases and other product standards – can now be agreed with a qualified majority. The structure of the Directorate General within the Commission responsible for Environment, Consumer Protection and Nuclear Safety - DCXI - is shown in Figure 2. As part of the preventive approach, measures have also been taken to promote the development of clean technologies.
Halving the levels in Scandinavia originating from Britain simply did not make sense in light of the large tonnages they received from Eastern Europe and Russia. The Fourth Action Program that followed concluded with the realization of the full 'internal market' in 1992 and differed from the first three in style and content. The Council Resolution introducing the programs, which predicts the outcome of the 1987 UN World Commission on Environment and Development Report (the Brundtland Report), takes into account concepts such as sustainable development and the need for global controls.
For the same reason, one can be highly skeptical about the likely effectiveness of another proposal now under discussion for the Community to sponsor a protocol governing the emission of VOCs as part of the UN ECE Convention on Long Distance Transport of air pollution. Finally, but not least, we can look forward to the Council drafting some sort of resolution providing for the transfer of environmental control technology back under the auspices of the UN ECE.
EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN EMPLOYED IN THE CALCULATIONS
As Director General of IUAPPA, I would be the first to agree that this brief account of the European scene is only one man's view – and a British one at that. It omits a number of important areas, such as occupational safety, hazardous waste control, hazardous plant control, noise abatement controls and others to protect water catchments and rivers. And it only implicitly mentions the large-scale research now being carried out by all Member States within the terms of the various resolutions adopted over the years.
The community comes to terms with local and regional pollution: the global dimension has begun to be addressed.
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH IN THE US EPA CLIMATE PROGRAM
Too little is known about the sources, chemical transformations, or biospheric reactions of NMHCs to allow predictions of their future levels in the troposphere (Pinto and AltshuUer, 1989). Research in atmospheric chemistry on the problems described above will be based on laboratory and field measurements; and on theoretical and modeling studies. In addition to large-scale changes in the global atmosphere, it is also advisable and necessary to assess future changes in the tropospheric composition of radiatively active (CO2, CH4, O3) and photochemical (CO, CH4, O3) trace species; and anthropogenic and natural contributions to greenhouse gases.
A project that we have recently started in this area is looking at the ratio of 13C to 12C along with the concentration of CO2 to help determine if some of the anomalies observed in the increases in CO2 may come from changes in the ocean atmosphere - biosphere exchange processes. To understand the changes that may occur in the atmosphere and biosphere from global changes caused by increases in greenhouse gases, it is necessary to know what the changes in climate will be - at scales ranging from global to regional and local, and at appropriate time weights. This level of detail is not, and will not be for the next decade, available from global climate models.
This general definition applies to all climate elements for any time in the future. A separate study looking at the summer of '88, the hottest summer with the highest urban ozone levels on US record, has just begun. However, AREAL has been very active over the last 15 years in the development of tnesoscale models.
As a result, disruptions in the process can be detected so that corrective action can be taken immediately. Model 514 also monitors hydroxyl value, unreacted exoxides and other parameters in the production of polyether polyols.
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C. Tonkin Associates, Consulting Engineers
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This combination of single-channel architecture and adaptive control represents a major advance in instrument design and virtually eliminates many of the problems, such as phase bias errors (often seen as negative N02 readings), that were common with previous single-channel NOx analyzers. A unique predictive/adaptive signal processing approach is used to reduce noise to extremely low levels while maintaining excellent response time. This proprietary signal processing algorithm uses measurements of detector noise output, signal rate of change and other dynamic operating parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow to achieve state-of-the-art noise rejection and stability.
Printed reports can be generated and the instrument can be directly connected to a variety of computer systems and peripherals. The improved capabilities, improved accuracy and self-regulating operation of the Model 8840S, along with its simplified design and low maintenance, make it ideal for on-site or remote monitoring. The Model 826 provides accurate on-line monitoring of gases in combustion exhaust, heat treatment furnace atmospheres, FCC catalyst regeneration, basic oxygen furnaces, closed environments, and numerous other industrial and commercial applications.
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