The section is taken along line AA and shows the vertical profile of the landform along this line. The vertical scale may differ from the horizontal (plan) scale, but be aware that this will give a false graphical representation of the shape of the land;.
SECTION 1 -LANDFORM INTERPRETATION Worksheet
CONTOUR INTERPOLATION
The location of the required contour level will be where the set square crosses the grid line. This step allows the length between a given point level and the location of the required contour level to be calculated.
SECTION 2- CONTOUR INTERPOLATION Worksheet
Any combination of gradients can be used, the choice depending on the site and its proposed uses. While a slope analysis can also be communicated by color density or different colors, a hachuring technique has the added advantage of simultaneously communicating the direct slope that indicates the path of surface water flow.
GRADING STANDARDS
In a soil, the angle of repose is the gradient at which the soil naturally descends. This angle will be affected by the water content of the soil: the wetter the soil, the lower the angle of repose is usually.
SECTION 4- GRADING STANDARDS Worksheet
Because the platform edges are horizontal at 23.200, the 23 contour will be redirected to the lower (downhill) side of the platform. Because the platform edges are horizontal at 23.200, the 24 contour will be redirected to the upper (uphill) side of the platform.
Since the gradient between the platform and the centerline of the drain must be a constant 1:5, the centerline will be located further from the edge of the platform as the channel becomes deeper. The canal returns in the same direction as BD following the slope of the existing land. Draw an arc centered at G, radius 1 400, and join 24 on the center line of the channel as a tangent to this arc.
For example, in the center line of the channel from the previously determined point 23,400 to the 24 contour with a slope of 1:5, this will be 3,000. Note that the valley line above the corner of the channel can now be plotted: draw a line from G through the point of change of direction of the 24 contour. Superimpose a cross-section of the channel using two levels on it (the line of the channel can be extended in both directions to construct the cross-section).
Grading - a workbook of manual soil grading techniques 7 5. SECTION 6 - GRADING FOR BUILDING Worksheet 1 of 2. 7 6 Grading - a workbook of manual soil grading techniques. The plan below is of a courtyard based on a 1Om x 1Om grid. pavement lines facing building A, at doorway to building B and across top of steps must be horizontal but not necessarily level. only one collection point for drainage is allowed and it must be located on a grid point;. 75 mm step from doorway to paving. a) Indicate relevant levels, show ridges and valleys between pavement slopes, and note gradients and their directions.
PIAN /: ?oo
The extent of cut and fill embankments is indicated by the following methods and the corresponding point levels are also stated. The point where an altered contour rejoins the original indicates the intersection of new and old landforms. This involves plotting sections along the slope angle line to show the new ground line superimposed on the existing ground line.
Alternatively, cuts can be drawn in either direction from the corner of the last modified contour with the line of the contour as the cut line (this is also in the line of the given gradient which is used to determine the second point on the line of fill). Where altered contour 20 changes direction, the level of the existing land surface is lower than 20. Grading -a Manual Land Grading Techniques Workbook 83 Step 4: Repeat the process to determine the extent of the cut embankment.
SECTION 7 - EXTENT OF EARTHWORKS Worksheet
SECTION 8- GRADING FOR CIRCULATION
Lengths between stations will generally be determined by the complexity of the route alignments and the landscape traversed. The contour will return along the edge of the curb (as long as it is vertical) in the downhill direction for 3 meters. Unless curves have a minimum or smaller radius, superelevation should rarely exceed the continuation of the road crossfall.
As a general rule, the minimum transition length (L) is equal to one ninth of the design speed. Because the actual difference between the length of the curve and L is negligible, L is taken as the curve length. The level of HP and any other point on the curve is determined by its position in the section.
SECTION 8 - GRADING FOR CIRCULATION Worksheets
Worksheet 4
Formation will occur outside the edges of the unformed junction between old and new landforms. Note that the level of this extended platform edge is the same as that of the adjacent platform edge. Starting from the location and level of the extended platform edge, calculate the position and level of the undisturbed channel centerline below the highest point of the channel.
The centerline of the drain in plan view will be an arc, centered at the extended corner of the platform, but increasing in length from that point (i.e. it will be part of an ellipse). In this case, the channel falls in both directions relative to E. Since the criteria are the same, the other channel will be a mirror image of the channel that has already been calculated and plotted. Leveling - a workbook of manual land leveling techniques 123 Step 10: Shape the drain/drain length of the channel and adjust the formed contours as necessary.
SECTION 10- GRADING DRAWINGS
There are graphic techniques that will improve the speed and accuracy of the work: a) work on tracing paper over a printout of the plan until the assessment design is resolved. This can then be used as in (b) above; d) use annotated cross-sections and other details where necessary to facilitate resolution of the assessment draft and, later, to ensure clarity of communication of the result; e) tape the drawing to a drawing board and use drawing equipment that will improve line work, allow letter guides to be formed easily, parallel lines to be drawn quickly and without double scaling, and increase overall accuracy. In many cases, the use and reliance on a plan alone may not allow the designer or others to easily understand the shape of the land and the effects on it of the layout design proposals.
It is essential that each is used for its correct purpose: the design detail helps with the interpretation of the design and is also used to explain relationships (especially vertical) between design elements, materials and finishes, sight lines, landforms, etc. Anything not essential (such as plants, background views of buildings and other structures, and scale devices) is omitted to ensure clarity of grading intent. Method (c) will allow easier understanding of the new landform, but will not ensure construction accuracy.
Worksheet 3
This is done by running the instrument around the perimeter of the area and then multiplying the result by a certain factor determined by the scale of the drawing. The layout can be used in two ways: a) the standard method is to set the tracer arm or digital setting to the setting of the guidelines according to the drawing scale. Find the excavation area and multiply it by the average of the excavation depths in the corner.
It is used in the following way: a) parallel sections are drawn in positions that reflect the effects of grading. Although this formula gives an acceptable result in most cases, it results in an approximation of volumes because:. a) the actual shapes of the "plates" shown in the diagram do not have vertical sides and are really prismoidal in shape; and. Grading - A Workbook of Manual Soil Grading Techniques 14 5 (b) the cut or fill generally extends beyond the last modified contours and forms a pyramidal shape between the contour and the existing soil.
PLAN
SECTION 12- GRADING DESIGN
Where necessary (and this is often the case), draw sketch cross-sections and make explanatory and guiding work notes on drawings. b) The purpose of the project design. Because character quality will greatly contribute to the functional and psychological enjoyment of the project, detailed aspects of both the landscape and the project must be acknowledged. The relationship between the edge of the project and the external landform is then analyzed and the entire project is raised or lowered to allow a better fit.
This technique is suitable for the monument (Grading Project 2) where the edge of the project is strongly defined by itself rather than by external elements. The concept is assessed for its effectiveness in relation to the existing landscape form, design intent, relevant details of the site's landscape and design (steps 1 and 2) and cuVfill balance where necessary. Remember that the grade drawings establish and communicate the vertical dimensions of the project (a layout drawing and other plans establish the horizontal dimensions).
SECTION 12 -GRADING DESIGN Grading Projects
Always work from inflexibility to flexibility, establishing actual gradients and spot levels as the design progresses. Note "problem" areas for future resolution and be satisfied that the characterization design works reasonably well through the determined and/or calculated spot levels and gradients. Reorganize/adjust gradients where necessary to achieve gradient unity (e.g. try for a common gradient for parking lots, consistent intersections for paths, minimal interruptions or designed change points for longitudinal gradients, reasoned intersection of new and old landforms) and retain always check the critical point levels.
Develop and test a layout design concept by establishing spot levels at critical points within and at the edge of the project. a) Select one or more suitable starting points (e.g. the shoulder edge near the nearest tree or the maximum height of the retaining wall as limiting factors; the intersection of the access road or the minimum height above the drainage embankment as potential points of new and old landform intersections) and mark it as the generator. Begin recontouring roads and trails, confirming and recording grades, cross slopes, superelevations and critical point levels as the work progresses. Once the layout design works well overall, you can solve problem areas (e.g. how to save trees (is it really possible/practical to save them all?), drainage associated with the houses) as the work progresses, by using creating spot levels.
WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS
SECTION 1 - LANDFORM INTERPRETATION
SECTION 4- GRADING STANDARDS
SECTION 7 - EXTENT OF EARTHWORKS
SECTION 9 - MOULDING OF EARTHWORKS Worksheet
