This research also examines some of the shortcomings of the current land reform monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. The chapter looks at the results of the land reform program so far and how globalization has changed the approach to land reform.
Research approach 75
The Sibonginhlanhla Project: The farmers' perspective 99
Extension support - Department of Agriculture 110
This optimistic view of land reform in South Africa has been contested by many academics and practitioners. The purpose of this Chapter is to examine this divide through a historical and contextual account of land reform in South Africa in order to expose the limited successes of the land reform program in South Africa.
History of land legislation and segregation in South Africa
To combat the discriminatory effects of the Indigenous Land Act, the post-apartheid government implemented a land reform program (Deininger and May, 2000). The land reform approach in South Africa evolved from the policies of the South African Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) in 1994.
Post-apartheid approach to land ownership in South Africa
It is important to consider the national land reform objectives to be achieved through land restitution, redistribution and land reform programmes. This rate of land transfer was considerably far from the national target of redistributing 30% of agricultural land by 1999 (Harley and Fotheringham, 1999).
Policy change and land reform
The critics of GEAR believe that land reform should benefit the "poorest of the poor" in the creation of sustainable livelihoods. Globalization does not support non-economically oriented programs, such as the RDP approach to land reform.
The agricultural challenge for land reform in South Africa
Despite optimistic reports from the World Bank, land reform in South Africa has not achieved its goals. Land reform has not been as successful as initially hoped in changing inequitable patterns of land ownership in South Africa.
Vulnerable livelihoods in the new South Africa
HIV/AIDS
Similarly, the 1995 Labor Relations Act, 1996 Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1997 the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997 new Basic Conditions of Employment Act and the revision of the 2003 minimum wage all contradicted their purpose and led to mass- eviction led. of farm dwellers across South Africa (Social Surveys Africa and the Nkuzi Development Association, 2005). The land history of Zimbabwe and its proximity to South Africa is important for land reform in South Africa.
Sustainable livelihoods and land reform
In South Africa, the land reform program has placed some emphasis on sustainability (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Affairs, 2000). The land reform program was established to address the unequal distribution of land in South Africa by consolidating land rights.
A briefintroduction to evaluation
The current information from the QoL surveys is therefore not a reliable reflection of the consequences of land reforms. The political will of the South African government to implement a land reform M&E system. Holism emphasizes the importance of the parts (i.e. LRAD) that make up the whole (i.e. the land reform program) (Checkland, 1993).
The policy
There are four different categories of LRAD projects under the auspices of the LRAD program. This proved successful as LRAD projects run through the Land Bank were generally completed quickly. The LRAD policy document clarifies that it is the responsibility of DSH to provide agricultural support services for LRAD projects (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Affairs, 2000).
LRAD grants
This has implications for the tenure security of LRAD projects as LRAD favors groups formed as common property associations. However, the support of the DvA has declined since the beginning of the land redistribution program (Aliber, 2003) which is problematic because the DvA's failure to provide extension exacerbates problems of LRAD projects. However, the time and resources taken to process subdivision applications limit the implementation of LRAD (Lyne and Darroch, 2002).
LRAD application
The Agricultural Land Subdivision Act, Act 70 of 1970, allows the subdivision of agricultural land so that potential LRAD beneficiaries can afford to purchase smaller plots of land with their LRAD grant (HSRC, 2003). In practice, there is considerable variability in the sequence and content of the steps (HSRC, 2003). The variability between the LRAD policy and the LRAD application is problematic because it allows manipulation and abuse of the LRAD program, which has led to the poor performance of LRAD projects.
Scale of benefit of LRAD
It is therefore debatable whether this would meet the land demand of most South Africans (Aliber, 2003; HSRC, 2003; Thwala, 2003). Furthermore, LRAD was 40% below the target number of hectares for transfer even though 101% of the LRAD budget had been spent. A private agricultural company is now running this R43 million farm (SABC, 2006). DSH has responded to the shortcomings of the LRAD program with an agricultural extension support program, which is the subject of the next section.
Comprehensive Agriculture Support Programme: The DoA's response to agricultural development
LRAD is a unique part of the land reform program because it focuses on creating viable agricultural activities. Theoretically, LRAD farmers could fall into all four CASP customer categories, impacting the type of expansion support provided to LRAD farmers. The LRAD program does not address the land needs of the majority of previously disadvantaged communities.
Introduction
Research approach
Social research avoids using the positivist paradigm for a number of reasons. First, linear science does not concern itself with alternative ways of thinking about a given situation (Guba and Lincoln, 1989). Third, the positivist paradigm traditionally places the researcher or observer outside the situation. The social sciences are fundamentally different from the natural sciences as far as the observer is concerned. Preference for the constructivist end of the continuum provides an opportunity to present reality from the perspective of stakeholders.
Research design
This research presents a construction of the realities presented by the various stakeholders from which the researcher makes. In 2003, when this research began in the LRAD programme, there were only a few projects in KwaZulu-Natal sufficiently advanced in the process to warrant investigation. The LRAD project in Loteni, known as the Sibonginhlanhla Project, consists of 15 beneficiaries already living in the area.
Methods of information collection
The first set of information provided insight into the problems and concerns of the farmers of the Sibonginhlanhla Project. It is important to note that the rich image only reflects the farmers' perspective of the Sibonginhlanhla Project. Due to the literacy barrier, the farmers have presented their vision for the Sibonginhlanhla Project on a flip chart.
Research f"mdings
The LRAD programme in KwaZulu-Natal
This means that the approval of the Sibonginhlanhla project was done outside of consultation with your beneficiaries. Demographic information for the membership of the Sibonginhlanhla project was obtained from documents held by the DLA and research carried out at Loteni. This research revealed that the average formal education level of the Sibonginhlanhla farmers was Degree.
The Sibonginhlanhla Project: The farmers' perspective
By the end of 2005, two members of the Sibonginhlanhla project were on a planting and farm management course. The actors most involved in the establishment of the Sibonginhlanhla CPA were the Loteni Land Crisis Committee (LCC) and the Loteni Development Committee (LDC). At the beginning of the LRAD program, the relationship between DLA and the Loteni community was strained.
Extension Support - Department of Agriculture
In addition, internal DoA coordination between ADSS and Extension Support (including coordination between provincial and district DoA), especially over CASP, is very poor. After the DLA has identified projects that require CASP funding, it is the role of Extension Support and ADSS to implement CASP. However, the spokesperson also indicated that he managed to visit the Sibonginhlanhla Project every month.
Agricultural Development Support Services (ADSS) - Department of Agriculture
Green maize had a good yield (R48000 per hectare) and Lonsdale expected this crop to be successful for the Sibonginhlanhla project. ADSS mobilized the funds available from the CASP grant into the Sibonginhlanhla project bank account and a number of purchases were made. For example, the Sibonginhlanhla project bought a shed and paid for it with CASP/Siyavuna funds.
Commercial farmers
This chapter provides a deeper insight into the implementation of the LRAD program at the Loteni Sibonginhlanhla Project. The analysis is taken from Chapter 6 and additional information is provided for a better understanding of the LRAD program and the Sibonginhlanhla Project. The low monthly incomes of Sibonginhlanhla Project members limit any savings or contributions to infrastructure or productivity on farms.
Infrastructure
The farmers have been waiting to occupy their land since they received the deed in 2003, almost a year after the official handover of the properties to the Sibonginhlanhla Project Common Property Association (CPA). Only in late 2005 were the Sibonginhlanhla project farmers 'permitted' to live on their land. In their original houses, the Sibonginhlanhla project membership averaged almost 4 buildings per reason.
Stock theft
The Sibonginhlanhla Project membership still hopes that basic services will eventually reach Loteni and then their farm. The Sibonginhlanhla Project land may have soils that are well-drained and have fair cropping potential (although no soil analysis has been done and opinions differ on soil texture), but the farm is located on a slope which is steep and rocky thus reducing the available land. for cultivation on only 40 ha (Xulu, undated). Summer crops and livestock, including goats, sheep, cattle and poultry, are all suitable activities for the Sibonginhlanhla Project.
Markets
The extent of agricultural production on this farm is limited by farm size, climate, geography and field condition, especially when no irrigation is available.
Loans and collateral
In the case of the Sibonginhlanhla project, CASP funding gave the farmers another chance to obtain financial resources to farm for profit. The farmers' expectations of the Sibonginhlanhla project and the perception of their own ability turned out to be too high. One member resigned from the Project due to the slow pace of progress and her different expectation from the Sibonginhlanhla project.
Post-transfer extension support
Prior to CASP, the lack of post-handover support guidance under LRAD policy was problematic for DoA expansion. These problems were exacerbated by the centralization of headquarters in Pietermaritzburg, as the DoA extension officer was unaware of the LRAD programme. This further indicates the low value placed by the DoA on LRAD, as their responsibility for providing agricultural support was not specified in the policy document, which may also indicate a lack of consultation between departments in the preparation of the policy.
Agricultural model
Policy Analysis
The truth about the selection process for the LRAD beneficiaries of the Sibonginhlanhla project may never become public as DLA has distanced itself from the process. However, there is no specific mechanism in the LRAD policy to determine the number of beneficiaries and this would vary depending on the type of project category being implemented. It is still not clear whether CASP was originally intended to complement the LRAD program.
Working towards the same objective?
A series of workshops were held with the farmers of the Sibonginhlanhla Project to work, first, on a vision for their project (already discussed) and, second, on an action plan to achieve this vision (see Table 11, p. 139). Furthermore, the objectives of the Sibonginhlanhla Project are very different from the objectives of the LRAD program showing how each LRAD project is context specific. As far as the CPAs are concerned, the Sibonginhlanhla Project has not provided further training on the operation of a CPA.
What was the justification for LRAD at Loteni?
South Africa's government has shifted emphasis from the original rights-based principles of land reform. Land invasions and evictions also continue to undermine the effects of land reform in South Africa. Redistributionist' versus 'productionist' land reform: Contested priorities in donor-funded land reform in South Africa with comparisons with Zimbabwe.
Example of land invasion
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife: Neighboring the community and important in terms of employment and tourism is the Loteni Nature Reserve. The Spice Growers Association of South Africa was identified as the key stakeholder for short-term income generation through paprika propagation. The Loteni Development Committee (LDC) is a locally established institution that deals with development in the area.
Socio-economic information of SLAG beneficiaries
HIV/AIDS
Leading questions for the semi-structured interviews with the different role players at Loteni Sibonginhlanhla Project farmers
