Historical Collection

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Department of Health Library Services ePublications - Historical Collection

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Northern Territory Department of Health Library Services Historical Collection

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DL HIST 595.772 WHE

1982

VECTOR MOSQUITO SURVEY

NORTH COAST OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

OoSZG HISTORICAL COLLECTION

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VECTOR MOSQUITO SURVEY

PORTH COAST OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

rv'lAY TO ^JUNE 1982

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY SECTION

NORTHERN TERRITORY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

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CINT~L LIIRM\V - 3 FEB 1998

1. INTRODUCTION

TERRrrORY HEAL TH SERVICES

'I'he Commonweal th Quarantine Service proposed a quarantine inspection, by boat, of the north coast of the Northern Territory in mid 1982. It was decided that a vector mosquito survey could be conducted concurrently as a joint exercise be tween the Quarantine Service and the Entomology Section of ~he Northern Territory Department of Health.

~~e inspection was performed in a number of sections, with s~aff change-overs in each section to enable various mtomology staff to conduc~ demonstrations on techniques and procedures t o the Quarantine staff.

The aim of the survey was primarily to detect the presence of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito. At the ·same time the survey techniques used would hopefully detect the presence of any exotic mosquito vectors, as well as deter- r1ining the species and relative abundance of local mosquito vectors.

2 . 0 >E1'EOD

Three main mosquito survey techniques were employed.

/ .. cdes 2eayot-.i ovi t.raps are simpl e 1Jastic containe:r.s, [i lled wi th fresh water, with a masonite strip attached Vfrt.icc:lly "Lo t' 12 inside of tb8 cont2inGr. These

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traps, suitably located near particularly attractive to

human habitation, are Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes as egg laying sites. Repeated inspection of the containers and paddles can be used as a means of detecting this mosquito in any area.

Two to four visited and

ovi traps were left

were placed at each community for at least 4 weeks before collection and inspection for mosquito larvae or eggs.

These ovi traps, after inspection, are to form part of an Aedes aegypti surveillance program that will be regularly carried out by the Commonweal th Quarant · ne Section in conjunction with the Entomology Section.

Aedes Container Survey

An Aedes container survey was conducted to determine whether Aedes aegypti was present and to detect other Aedes species present. The container survey was carried out by searching and examining any water filled containers for mosquito larvae. Mosquito larvae were collected in labelled vials of 70% alcohol and returned to the Medical Entomology Laboratory for identification.

Adult Mosquito Survey

The aim of the adult mosquito survey was to determine the presence and relative abundance of other mosquito vectors. Adult mosquito surveys were conducted at each settlement where an overnight stay was possible. The survey was conducted using carbon dioxide baited light traps., -which were set up near settlements or places that were likely to be mos qui to breeding areas. The traps were run from sunset to sunrise and were collected in the morning and the mosquitoes were killed and stored for later identification.

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3.0 RESULTS

The results of the three survey methods are presented in Tables 1 to 3.

3.1 Ovi Trap Survey

The Aedes aegypti ovi trap survey is presented in Table 1. The ovi trap set out at the various sites collected no Aedes aegypti. Sixteen (16) of the sixty-eight (68) ovi traps were positive for either mosquito larvae (11 times), or mosquito eggs (8 times).

The species recovered were predominantly Aedes notoscriptus with a lesser number of Aedes tremulus. This ovi trap surveillance scheme is still in operation.

3.2 Aedes Container Survey

3.3

Results of the Aedes container survey are displayed in Table 2. Nine communities were inspected for water holding containers.

Due to the dry season there were relatively few water filled containers in the communities visited. Of· the fifty-three (53) containers found with water, seventeen ( 17) were positive for mosquito larvae representing seven ( 7) species. Aedes notoscriptus was the most frequently collected species. Aedes aegypti was not detected in any of the containers.

Tyres, drums and old washing machines and refrigerators were the most frequently encountered sites of container breeding mosquitoes.

Mosquito Adult Survey

Results are presented in Table 3. Thirteen (13) different sites were surveyed for adult mosquitoes using carbon dioxide baited light traps.

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Further surveys could not be carried out due to the problems associated with the re-supply of dry ice and the tight sailing schedule.

Twenty-six (26) different mosquitoes were detected, including the potential vectors of malaria, Australian Encephalitis and epidemic polyarthritis.

Anopheles farauti was detected in relatively high numbers at Channel Point and Garden Point. No Aedes aegypt was detected. Culex annulirostris, the vector of Australian Encephalitis, was the most frequently encountered mos qui to with very high numbers on the western coast, especially near Channel Point, Treachery Bay and Dj idi Beach. Treachery Bay and Dj idi Beach were also areas with high populations of Aedes vigilax, the vector of epidemic polyarthritis.

The adult survey on the north-east coast of the Northern Territory indicated very low numbers of mosquitoes.

4.0 DISCUSSION

4.1 Aedes aegypti

The survey indicated the absence of Aedes aegypti in the settlements along the north coast of the Northern Territory. Each of the three different surveying methods indicated different Aedes species present at the various communities, and so i t is important not to rely on any one method to detect the presence of Aedes aegypti.

Due to time limitations the container survey could not be carried out adequately at some settlements, or at all in other settlements.

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This method is relatively quick to obtain information on the presence of Aedes species in any situation, if performed at the right time of the year.

At some of the sites visited, there had been no recent rain to ensure that containers were full of water, and so reduced the reliability of this method. This method should be used during the wet season occasionally as a supplement to the Aedes ovi trap surveillance program.

There has been teething problems with the ovi trap program, such

disturbance and

as unsuitable locations the lack of opportunity

prone to to examine certain ovi traps on a regular basis. It is proposed that the ovi trap program be organised into two situations. Sites that can be serviced regularly every two weeks, and sites that cannot be serviced regularly.

The ovi traps at the regular sites are to be inspected every t wo weeks and the water replaced. Twice a year the ovi traps are to be brought to the Entomology Laboratory and inspected thoroughly for any residual Aedes eggs.

With the sites that can only be irregularly serviced, i t is proposed to put out the traps in early February each year and to leave them in place until late April or soon after, when they can be collected and returned to the Entomology Laboratory for thorough inspection.

With a comprehensive Aedes ovi trap surveillance program and the periodic container surveys of settlements, i t should be possible to detect the introduction of Aedes aegypti.

The seaports and airports with regular contact with Queensland or South-East Asia would be regarded as the most vulnerable point for Aedes aegypti reintroduction.

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If Aedes aegypti can be kept out of the Northern Territory there would be no potential for dengue fever epidemics on the scale currently occurring in Queens- land.

If Aedes aegypti is detected in any community, i t is quite feasible, with prompt action, to completely eradicate it.

4.2 Other Vectors

The adult trapping program has indicated very high numbers of Culex annulirostris and Aedes vigilax on the north-west coast of the Northern Territory, especially at Treachery Bay and Djidi Beach.

Possible breeding places could not be inspected due to time limitations and coastal mangroves, but there were probably fresh-brackish water swamps behind the mangrove areas. These very high numbers would indicate the potential for mosquito borne diseases such as Australian Encephalitis and epidemic polyarthri tis in these areas and indicates the unsuitability for settlement in these areas.

From mos qui to monitoring results dry season is the peak of

in Darwin, the early Culex annulirostris populations, and the numbers recorded from the above areas are similar to the highest numbers recorded from the most important mosquito breeding areas around Darwin.

There is ample evidence from the occurence of tamarind trees at both of the above sites that the Maccasans visited these areas and from the high numbers of Culex annulirostris and Aedes vigil ax, i t is apparent that they would have been discouraged to remain in these areas during the dry season.

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The high numbers of Aedes vigilax at this time of the year is in contrast to what occurs in coastal swamps around Darwin, and indicates brackish to saltwater breeding sites that are controlled by different ecological conditions than those occurring in coastal swamps near Darwin.

The relatively high numbers of Culex annulirostris at the mouth of the Moyle River would pose potential health and pest problems to any inhabitants. The pest problem was evident by the very high proportion of mosquito nets encountered at the temporary Aboriginal camp at this site at the time of the survey.

Garden Point and Channel Point are other areas where high populations of Culex annulirostris occurred and emphasises the need for personal protection measures in these areas.

The catches of adult mosquitoes in the carbon dioxide light traps from Elcho Island, Drysdale Island, and the Wessell Islands was extremely low and indicates that there are very few mos qui to breeding sites in these areas or that environmental conditions such as frequent strong winds and little sheltering vegetation reduces the opportunity for mosquito attack.

Anopheles far au ti, the suspected major malaria vector in the Northern Territory, was most numerous at Channel Point and Garden Point.

Channel Point, the site of the Nimrod Safari Camp, is close to a large freshwater swamp, whilst Garden . Point is near to a swampy jungle creek. These settlements would have to be regarded as having a relatively high susceptibility for malaria reintroduction.

The presence of a relatively large number of other Anopheles species at Garden Point indicate that there

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are a range of ecological habitats available and thus this area could be regarded as a receptive area for the introduction of exotic Anopheles species. The actual vulnerability of Channel Point and Garden Point to the introduction of exotic Anopheles species however, would appear to be very low and would bear no comparison to Darwin, where the International Airport is in close proximity to a large swamp.

All of the mosquito species collected are indigenous to a wide area of the coast of the Northern Territory and there is no evidence of any exotic mosquito species in the current survey.

Senior Medical Entomologist NT Department of Health

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1

^{TABLE .1}

QDARANTINE Aedes aegypti OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE RESULTS SUMMARY

1

Coastal Northern Territory .1982

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^-rl^..µ^H^!>0 ^'d^..µâ,0 ^'da, ^-r-1..µ ^{/)â,⁸ ^·rl..µ ^{/)⁸â,

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⁰^H^{a, a,}^..µ^a.>⁰ ^-r-1^{{/) a,}^s::: ^,-;^,-;⁰ ⁰^Ha, a.> ^..µ^s::: ⁰^Ha, a, ^..µ^s:::

Location

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:z; -rl ^..µQ ^a,^rd ^H0 ⁰ ^Speciesas larvae ^present

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:z; ^{/)^a,^HP; Species present as eggs.

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Smith Point 2 23/6/82 NIL NIL

Channel Point 4 25/6/82 NIL NIL

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^Nimrod^Pularumpi^Safari

Melville Is.

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(Garden Point) 4 30/6/83 NIL NIL

Milikapiti

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Melville Is.

(Snake Bay) 3 .12/7/82 NIL NIL

Minjilang - - -

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^Croker^Is. ³ ^22/7/82 ^NIL Ae. tremulus 2

Wurruwi

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Sth.Goulburn Is. 3 25/7/82 NIL NIL

Pulurumpi

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Melville Is. 4 28/7/82 NIL NIL

Nhulunbuy 4 3/8/82 Ae.notoscriptus .1 Ovitrap refilled

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on site.

Maningrida 3 5/8/82 NIL Ae. notoscriptus .1

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^Galiwinku ² ^.10/8/82 Ae. notoscriptus .1 Ovtitrap refilled

Elcho Is. on site.

Minjilang,

Croker Is. 3 .12/8/82 Ae. notoscriptus l Ae. notoscriptus l

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Milikapiti

Melville Is. 3 .13/8/82 NIL NIL

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Nhulunbuy 4 .17/8/82 Ae. notoscriptus l Ovitrap refilled

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^on^site.

Galiwinku

Elcho Is. 2 25/8/82 Ae, notoscriptus .1 Ovitrap refilled on site

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QUARANTINE Aedes aegypti OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE RESULTS SUMMARY Coastal Northern Territory 1982

Ul

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H Ul

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Location

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^.µ^(l) ⁰ Species present

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^UlQJ Species present cu H

as larvae ^H

z ·rl 0 0 z ^~ ^{as eggs.}

Milikapiti Melville Is.

(Snake Bay) 3 25/8/82 NIL NIL

Pularurnpi Melville Is.

(Garden Point} 4 26/8/82 NIL Ae~ notoscriptus

Nhulunbuy 4 3l/8/82 Ae. notoscriptus l Ovitrap refilled on site.

Smith Point J. l/9/82 NIL Ae. notoscriptus

Wadeye ^- ^. -

(Pt. Keats) 6 l7/9/82 Ae. trernulus 2 Ovitraps refilled on site

Wurruwi

Sth.Goulburn Is. 3 23/9/82 Ae. notoscriptus 2 Ae. notoscriptus Milikapiti

Melville Is. /

(Snake Bay) 3 J.4/10/82 Ae. trernulus ) l Ae. notoscriptus Ae. notoscriptus )

Total- l6 sites 68 2 species l l

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AEDES AEGYPTI & VECTOR MOSQUITO SURVEY - NORTH COAST MAY-JUNE 1982 WATER CONTAINER SURVEY

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^Date ^Location

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19/5/82 Port Keats

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22/5/82 Moyle R.Mouth

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^25/5/82 Garden Point

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Police station

Police houses Electrician's demountable Convent

Hospital

Council Office &

6 sheds House 7/234 House 6/23H House 8/23 House 9/23J

Headmasters House House next door House 23/ 13 House 30/23 House

Mechanics House

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26/5/82 Snake Bay Conservation

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Commission House

Aboriginal flats near barge landing School

House House

Containers with Water

No. Type

4 rainwater tanks 1 bucket

1 billy 1 carton 1 dish 1 pot plant nil

2 tractor tyres

nil nil

1 bucket

1 icecream container 1 \ 44 gal drum nil

nil

2 tins with plants 1

nil nil 1 1 nil 1 nil nil 1

1 1

tractor tyre

washing machine bucket

saucepan

tractor tyre

jar with cuttings shell

1 potted plant nil

nil 1 nil

large freezer

Larvae Species Found

Ae notoscriptus Cx halifaxii

Cx quinquefasciatus

Ae notoscriptus Cx quinquefasciatus

Cx quinquefasciatus

Tr punctolateralis

Cx quinquefasciatus

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Aedes aegypti & VECTOR MOSQUITO SURVEY NORTH COAST MAY- JUNE i982 WATER CONTAINER SURVEY

Location Containers with Water

No. Type

Sisters House 1 truck tyre

1 44 gal drum with outboard

House next door nil Headmasters house

House - Lot 4 Housing Ass. yard

House - ^Lot 2 House - Lot 1 Hospital Smith Point

Croker ~ Minjalang Teachers houses Mechanics yard

Sth Goulburn Is Warrawi

Teachers houses Aboriginal house European House European House Maningrida

Secretary's house

nil nil

9 washing machines

nil nil nil 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 2 1

2 1 1 1

1 1

refrigerator

\ 44 gal drum at pump shed

unscreened rainwater tank

44 gal drum for garden watering metal dish

fishing box lid

rainwater tanks (screened) tyres

laundry trough with dripping faucet

rainwater tanks tyre

washing machine tub

\ 44 gal drum

wash trough

plastic wash bowl

Number of communities visited 8 Number of containers with water 55 Number of containers with breedi.ng l 7 Number of species found 7

Larvae Species Found

Ae notoscriptus T.x speciosus Cx annulirostris

Ae notoscriptus Ae tremulus

Cx quinquefasciatus

Ae tremulus

Ae notoscriptus

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PAGE 1

NORTH COAST_Ae ..ie~i _& Vl::CTOR MO~Q_U[TO SURVF.Y - MAY/JUNE L982_ -_CO₂TRAP - N"UHBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES PER TRAP NIGHT

- - -- -- -

SPECIES RECORDED

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DATE LOCATION ^:i ^u ^l1l ^{r l} ^<1l ^<1l ⁽¹⁾ ⁽¹⁾ ^.c: ⁰ ^0. ^tJ1 ^E ^·rl ^:i ^...-1 ^{r l} ^C: .,., <1l <1l ^.j.J 4-i

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l9.).82 TreJ~~e_!}'_ ~.1y E. enJ of be.ich bchinJ

front.al June .iJj. t.o mangroves & monsoon 24 l 144 2184 24 72 24 2473

vine tbicket

Tred~l~y_~~ w. ^endof beach behinJ

frontal dune in Ac..1cic1 vine thicket. * * * * *

backing onlo m.1ugrove fl.it. 3rd from end sample damaged

of be..1ch.

!_re.i~~.i' ..!::t ^'w. ^enJof be.icb. 8ehilld

f rant.al dune in 111011so0n vine t.hickc:t * * *

at eJge of m.ingrove. flats. 2nd trap from sample dam.1ged

enJ of beach.

Tre..1che_!}'_ B..11 'w. enJ of be:ich behinJ

front...1l dune ne..1 r mo11tb of creek ..It 40 56 1920 24 120 44 2204

'w. enJ in mons0on vine thicket. ls t t.rap J t. 'w. enJ.

20.).82 QjiJl_~ch Sout.h enJ of beach in Junes

near mouth of m.ijor creek, behind frnntal 8 72 1280 64 48 8 1480

June with Tam..1rLnds & mousoon vine thicket..

l2ii.di_ Beach South enJ of dunes near

mouth ot rnJj or creek, behind f ro11t..l l 16 56 1136 56 104 64 1432

June ..It cret:k edge in mangroves . Qj_i.ii_~~~ North eud of beach ne..ir

poi.nt. in large t...1m..1rtnJ grove behind 8 56 8 8 16 152 2960 8 16 160 200 3592

low front.al dune, with open fore::;t behind.

9.li ~i__~~':~ N0rth enJ of beJCh near point

16 32 8 8 8 24 40

la rgt: t.1m..1 r i nJ & vine thicket. ^{120 1800} ²⁴ ⁴⁰ ²¹²⁰

Ln grove

,-- r-- -

^--,

---, --, --, --, - , - ,

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NORTH COAST ..\e_ac~ypti & VECTUI{ ~IOS~l_lTO SUkVEY -_H.A'f/JGNE_ll:l82 - CQi___'!'RAP - NlJHBt'.R OF FWALE MOSQUf'l'OES PER TRAP NlGHT

DATE LOCATION

(/}

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0..

·rl r l ::, C:

C:

r1l

·rl

·rl µ 4--.

0 H u

C:

Ill ..Q

·rl r l r l

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(/}

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r1l C: H QJ µ r l

r1l

•rl ..c:

u 0 ,l(

(/}

::, µ

·rl 0..

u H

(/}

µ 0 0 C:

SPECIES RECOl-illED

•rl (/}

QJ QJ

>-4

(/}

::,

r l ::, E

(1J

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Q) I'(

(/}

·rl µ H

(/}

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C: ,o

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·rl ..c:

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Ill C/l

.µ r1l

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---·- - - ^- - - - -·- - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - - 22.5.82

23.5.82

26.5.82

27.5.82

l. 6. 82

2.6.82

r-

Hauth of H~y~_l{_~".~r tn !:i,rnJ dune:; :.it

mangruve edge.

On board Alegri.1s. Port KeJts. 3/4b. SE of COJSt drtd chJnnel mouth Mouth of Moyle River

Ho~~~ ~~ -~~l-~ Riv_~£ ^.'.lttempor:.iry c.1111p in dune depre:;s i.ein & mangrovt!S.

Channel Point Nimrod SJfari. Camp. Behind Bigfo0C-Carup!00111 from freshwJtcr sw;.11nµ.

GarJen Point - ~elville Isl3nd.

io-C:Ollllllllrlity lll fl!..IC yard of CO!IVt!Ot.

GJrJe11 Point - Helvtlle IsLJnJ ^dtmargin of scrub adjJcent to power house.

Garden Point - Melville Island. In p.idctock aJjacenr:-toPolice Dept. house near SW<lmp

area ia old dun~s.

Snak~ ~!z'. - Melville Island. In front yard of housing a1J11agers house.

SnJke_B~y - Hclville lslanJ. ReJr of barge

[JnJing in swJmpy .1reJ Jmongst Helaleucas.

Sn:i_k!:_B~y - Helvi.lle IsLind. In front ydrd of Conservation Couunissi.on house.

Da~~~-~oio~ BehinJ fore dune between uno~cupied house anJ bedch.

t!_~ ~ a lJ n g - C co k e r I s lJ n d . I n pa n d a nu s clump ia f rant of pol 1ce111Jns house in village.

r-

184

16 4

176 32

6

15 28 l 30 l

16 )0 4 2 20

35 4

--

800 12 12 20 20 1048

2 25 7 34

7 208 1 6 242

1200 64 480 19S2

140 2 l 156

157 6 2 24b

800 ⁶ 2 664

65 25 2 93

18 l 24

17 l 25

13 2 9 150 14 4 231

4 4

--, --, --, --, --,

(17)

NOHTH COAST Ae --·--- - ----- aegwt i & Vl::CTL)k H~U ITU SURVtY - ^!1AY/JUNE ¹⁹⁸²- ^CO2 TRAP - ^NUMBER^QFE'EMALE ~10sguITOES PER TRAP NIGHT

SPECIES RECORDED

- ---- _Ill

µ ::,

Ill U1 <1l

. ..., Ill . ..., •rl H

Ill U1 ::, H u ¹¹⁾

·rl . ..., h ^.µ µ U1 <1l .µ

Ul . ..., _Ul _<IJ _Ul _;:i. _U1 _U1 _<1l _U1 .µ Ul Ul

.~

µ h C: h . ..., ::, Ul 0 4-< ::, u <1l . ...,

4-< ⁰ ·rl ^.µ ^.x<IJ . ..., ^::i ^' ·rl ^rl <1l ^h H û 11) ^>-< ^{r l}::, X ^<1l ^•rlH Û1 <IJ ^::i Ul ^h Ul ⁰ ^N •rl ^µ ⁰CJl I ' ûl

e

^(J\^'<1'

r l ... ^::i ^.^..., ^::l CJl I r l H ·rl Ul ::l ... ::l ^{r l} ... •.-t ::l CJ' <IJ ~ ^M ^Ul ^..c: ^{r l} ⁰ ^{r l}

DATE LOCATION ^::i û Îll ^{r l} ^<1l Îll ^<IJ ^<IJ .c 0 0. 1/l E: . ..., _::l r l r l C: ·rl <1l µ 4-<

h i:: H r l ... ;, :l ^µ u µ H ^Q) <IJ CJl C: ^{r l} rl ·rl µ ::l

0. ^µ ^h 0. ^·rl 0. ~

C: ^<1l ~ ^4-<^<1l ^·rl^,s:::. ^<IJÊ: ⁰î:: 8. ^{r l}^<1l .x ⁰ ^c:;⁰ 0. ^::l ^<IJH µ ^... ^·rl> î:::^<1l ^•rl.c ^::,0. ^::l^0' ^•rlÛ1 ^CJ'Ûl Ul u ^<1l ^<1lX Ul ^C:::, Ul

ai ai ai x x

x

^"O ^O' ⁰ ^i.: ^£-<

~. ~ ~ ~. ~ ~. ~. ~· ^Q) ^,ct; ^,ct;^<IJ ^,ct; ^~ ^,ct;^Q) ^~^ai ^u u u u· ₆ u ^('j. ~ u· :x: ~ ^;::, ⁹^c-<

2.6.82 Hinjala~g - Croker [s land. Between fresh-

water S\ol3DI[) and setLlemi:nt - 100m from 163 1 2 1 4 97 13 281

workshop.

Hi~l~n__g - Croker lslanJ. In grove of

trees nt!ar hill top behind village, 1 2 1 28 2 98 4 4 140

adj act!nt to Adult EJucators house:!. 7.6.82 _~~~fiEi~~ I u Lira ind gt! line SW side of

C rocod i. lus Rese.irch Stati.on. ⁶ ³ ² ⁸ ^l ¹ ⁶ 45 2 3 1 78

9.6.82 Elcho Is lane.I Ou bo.1 rd Ale gr i.is l\ km

south-oYsett leint!11t with offshore w inc.ls. Nil catch 10.6.82 Q_E'y_sd.1 ~~ 1.rnd In sand dunes Nth end of

beach Nil C<1tch

Dryydd le Is ldnd [n sane.I dune:; N/R seep<1ge

from rocks. Nil catch

11.6.82 Wessel Islands BcJch on south side of

Cwulierl.rnd Strdit. Nil CdtCh

Wes St! 1 Is lands l.lt::JCh OU south siJe of

C~mti~ r l.;,·1J-Str,li.t. Nil catch

12.6.82 Gedge Point Nil catch

TOTAL 13 COMMUNI'l'lES 24 619 99 24 36 12 91 8 l 8 2 2 2 616 14959 1 8 2 334 13 658 255 924 8 34 l 18741

a) M a) ..0 N q, -.() M ul ,..., _rl _{r l} _{r l} _r-

°' ¹¹⁾ ^,..., ^..-; ^N °' ^{r l} ^{r l} ⁰ ^,..., ^{r l} ^ul ⁰

PERU:.NTAGE Of TOTAL ^N^{r l} ⁰^,..., ^N"" ^N^..-; ^{r l}^O'I ^~⁰ ^,I)^<;r ^'<1'⁰ ⁰⁰ ^'<1'⁰ ^..-;⁰ ^.-1⁰ ^{r l}⁰ ^..0^N "' ^l]) ⁰⁰ ^'<1'⁰ ^..-;⁰ ^{I '}^..0 ^-!)⁰ ^{r l}^ul ^-.()^M ^M^(J\ ^q⁰ ^,I)^{r l} ⁰⁰ ⁰⁰

0 0 0 c:i c:i c:i 0 ci 0 0 0 c:i M m ⁰ 0 ci 0 M ...; q ₀ ₀ _c:i ₀

r- 0

...;

,-- ,-- ,-- ,-- ,-- --, -, --,