This thesis is therefore an exploration of the broad approach to human security and how it can contribute to changing the way states interact in the pursuit of their own and global security. Advisors Dr. Craig Reynolds and Dr. Hazel Lang provided valuable insights in the early stages of the thesis program. My tendency to persist, rather than stubbornness, means that in the end the thesis is definitely all mine.
The thesis concludes that, if accepted by the UN Security Council, global governance and international development aid agencies, human security can be a bridge uniting them all in the common pursuit of individual security and well-being with benefit to national, regional and global security. United Nations General Assembly and Security Council resolutions are identified by number and topic in the UN Documentation Center system.
Introduction – Aims and Arguments
It is true that many of the issues covered by the broad definition of human security are similar to those addressed within human rights and human development frameworks. Thus, global, regional, national and human security objectives were all part of the peace agreement. Research on human security at the local level also draws attention to the role of ministries and departments.
Finally, the operation of the UN Security Council and international development institutions is seen from a human security perspective. The final chapter concludes that the broad definition of human security is both practical and desirable.
Human Security – Conceptual Framework
9 With Neil MacFarlane and Yuen Foong Khong, Human Security and the UN: A Critical History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 59. 22 The Commission on Human Security was co-chaired by Sadako Ogata (former United Nations High Commissioner). for refugees) and Amartya Sen (Nobel laureate in economics, 1998). 34;Kinship Relations: A Dimension of Human Security in the Vietnamese Village" (paper presented at the Conference on the Anthropology of Human Security, Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 29-30 August 2005).
A discussion of human security inevitably brings up questions of its relationship to human rights and human development. The chapter has traced a trail of comments and criticisms to the concept of human security presented in the UNDP Human Development Report 1994. The concept of human security was also the subject of a thematic debate in the General Assembly on 22 May 2008.
There is much debate about the meaning and usefulness of the concept of human security and different approaches to its study.
Human Security and International Engagement -
It will show how international humanitarian efforts and the peace negotiations themselves were at times hampered by the separate security interests of the states involved in the Cambodian conflict. However, America's allies in the Vietnam War provided the impetus for an eventual wave of support for the Khmer Rouge, mainly from the rural population, but also from parts of the educated urban class. 23 The United Kingdom drew the attention of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights to the issue of human rights violations in Cambodia in 1978.
28 There was also considerable fighting between the resistance parties and one wing of the Khmer Rouge refused to cooperate and even attacked PKNLF troops. How this affected the human security of people in the camps and within Cambodia is described in the following sections before turning to the peace process. There was little farming equipment, few animals, and the rice fields, in some places, had been damaged by irrigation works and the collectivization approach of the Khmer Rouge.
Attacks by the Khmer Rouge continued, although less and less, until the death of Pol Pot and the collapse of the Khmer Rouge in 1999. This was to overcome legal issues with the UN claiming Cambodia's sovereignty. This section also pointed out that the UN Security Council has not addressed the issues of global security and human security presented by the situation in Cambodia.
Temporary and often ad hoc arrangements were introduced in the first months of the new regime. Chandler notes that the Khmer Rouge was part of the ongoing history of the Cambodian communist parties. The Council of Ministers was well aware of the situation, which had been documented in a 1985 report to the Council.
All this requires a comprehensive and extensive reform of the state structure and administration and a change in the. Decentralization was part of the strategy in the belief that local government was vital for social, economic and ideological reform.
Human Insecurities in Rural Cambodia
4 The EIC raised doubts about the credibility of some of these in the absence of adequate accreditation. 22 Krom Akphiwat Phum, "Changes in the Villages: An Examination of the Development Process at Village Level, Battambang Province, Cambodia," (Battambang: Krom Akphiwat Phum, 1996), 42. Fish forms an important part of the Cambodian subsistence food intake; it is mainly caught during the wet season by villagers in the rivers, rice fields and flooded areas (including flooded forests).
In many villages affected by floodwaters from Tonle Sap, or in floating villages on the lake itself, fishing takes on a more important commercial role in people's lives. These include off-season river fishing using the method of tree branches placed in the river and nets, which were seen throughout the lower reaches of the Sangke River during the dry season. I did not take up the matter, as there are statistics of land holdings in the region and in general.
Some in the fishing villages complained that in the dry season, “there is not enough land and water. Fish is nevertheless important and is caught by villagers in rice fields and flooded areas (including flooded forests). Many still depended on access to the mundane in the off-season, but resources there were increasingly scarce.
In the case of the cow bank, all the cows and calves were being properly cared for and, except for two cases, the money borrowed had been repaid. What emerges from the associations is that food security for many villages is an important issue and people need access to credit to survive. The people interviewed were very skeptical of the commune councils, saying that they only cared about their own, had no power over the police and the army, and were not interested in the villagers – especially the poor.
In the villages visited, there was a positive relationship between the NGOs and the council members on a fairly regular basis. Freedom, peace and security are ultimately basic conditions that depend on the outcome of access to resources, protection of rights and governance.
Governance and Human Security
They identify approaches to the study of governance through the traditional authority of the state. The third aspect of the power shift is outward to the private sector and non-governmental organization, which are increasingly involved in the delivery of public sector services on behalf of governments. More recent manifestations of the liberal governance approach based on individual freedom include the Thatcher reforms in the UK.
The following sections, in turn, deal with the processes of state-building in Cambodia and the institutions that directly involve the population; nation-building in the form of culture and legitimization of state processes; and finally participation and distribution in relation to the institutional processes. Here we look at nation building and the legitimacy of the state and its institutions and political system in relation to people's loyalty and commitment to them. With the depopulation of the Angkor area, people dispersed and were no longer tied to the city bureaucracy.
Thus, the exploitation and poverty of the people were explained rather in terms of excessive demands from officials and not attributable to the king. Independence, in 1953, brought a resurgence of loyalty to the person of the king (Sihanouk), who was especially revered in the countryside. It could be argued that nation-building and the legitimation of the state in the eyes of the people, along with state-building, were primary objectives of the UNTAC intervention in Cambodia.
A further assumption was that an elected government would act on behalf of the people and create loyalty and commitment to a democratic state. Instead of becoming managers of government policies and programs on behalf of the people, state institutions – especially ministries – have become captives of political parties and leadership's personal gain. The first is consultation with villagers in the early stages of development planning, and the second is the role and outcome of the DIW process.
Conclusion
Fishing lots near Battambang
It becomes a question of governance, not only for the fisheries sector, but also for the military, the police, the judiciary and other responsible departments and the local councils. Cambodian territory.”90 From my fieldwork, there is no evidence that any of the human security roles have been fulfilled by the military. Most of the associations avoided criticizing the local councils or considering cooperation with the councils on matters of concern.
While the fieldwork focused on the issues facing people, it was unable to undertake a detailed assessment of the function of the communal councils. One of the more telling statements was that by the health officer who highlighted the issue of control. 17 UN General Assembly, "The Role of Public Administration in the Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General," para.
The political and social aspects of how governance works at the commune council level in Cambodia have been largely overlooked. John Tully, France on the Mekong: A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia (Lanham: University Press of America. It was not a royal administration designed to ensure the safety, welfare and prosperity of the population.
This meant that the French, who believed that the idea of town. 53 The reforms in 1911 also changed the role of the Resident Superior and the structure of the Council of the Protectorate (replaced in 1913 by a Native Consultative Assembly). This suggests that to the extent there was a "social contract" it was the responsibility of the populace to support the king through taxes, corvée and so on.
Popular participation in the early forms of the Cambodian state, embodied by the king, was limited to audiences with the people who, often against the wishes of officials, came to petition or file complaints. The continued role of the NGOs in encouraging interaction between associations and councils is important.
