Crystallizer Drop – A reduction in the purity of the mother liquor resulting from treatment in the crystallizer. Dry matter - the weight of material remaining after drying the product examined under specified conditions, expressed as a percentage of the original weight. Java ratio - the percentage ratio between half percent cane and half percent first pressed juice.
Final Express Fluid - The fluid expressed between the top and delivery rolls of the last mill in a line. Other Organic Matter (O.O.M.) - The sum of the constituents of raw sugar other than pol, reducing sugars, ash and water.
Net Titre (N.T.)—An empirical value used as a measure of the percentage
Void volume - The volume of cane (or bagasse) calculated on the basis of the fact that it consists only of juice and fiber, i.e. primary mud - Discharge from a clarifier flow prior to the addition of tailings. Reducing Sugars (R/S) - Reducing substances in cane and sugar products calculated as invert sugar.
Sugar - The crystals of sucrose, together with any adhering molasses, as recovered from the pulp cakes. Undiluted juice – The juice squeezed out of the mills or retained in the bagasse, corrected for dilution water.
Part of the light is reflected along O L' at the same angle i on the opposite side of the normal. For any transparent medium, the refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in air to its speed in the medium. Fig. 5 — The principle of the Abbe refractometer method.. is therefore the most sensitive method of measurement and is the one commonly used.
The adjustment of the refractometer should be checked periodically on a sample of known refractive index. The angle through which the analyzer is rotated is the rotation of the specimen.
I II III
When it changes, however, there is a change in the zero point of the analyzer. In a Bendix polarimeter, the current in the compensating Faraday cell is a measure of rotation. For each set of readings, it is recommended to check the zero of the instrument with a sample cell containing distilled water.
Care when actually using the microscope is also important to keep the instrument in good condition. At the end of the season they should be cleaned and stored in a dry atmosphere.
THE BALANCE
Place the scale on the bench and thoroughly clean the inside of the case. The scale housing is then closed and further adjustments are made using the rider. The pycnometer is filled with the solution at a temperature of 2 to 3 °C above room temperature and the mass of the contents is determined as before.
The density of a solution is equal to the weight W of the hydrometer divided by the volume V of the portion submerged. The Brix scale marked on the hydrometer relates to the density of the solution at the standard temperature (20 °C).
In the case of a water meniscus, the upper edge of the graduation line is set tangentially to the lowest point of the meniscus. Corrections must be used for the buoyancy of the air and the temperature of the liquid. The flask must be weighed to an accuracy better than 10% of the prescribed tolerance.
The bottom of the plane must be smooth and square to the axis of the plane. Delivery time determination is done with the pipette in a vertical position and in contact with the side of the receiving container. The tip of the jet is kept in contact with the receiving vessel and no drain time is allowed.
The scale is checked at each end of the range and at a third point approximately in the middle. The container usually hangs in the sap flow of the first roller of the train. Weigh 1.0984 g of the dried salt, dissolve it in distilled water and dilute it to 250 ml in a volumetric flask.
Phosphate Standard Solution - Pipette 10.0 mL of Stock Reagent into a one liter volumetric flask and dilute to volume. Prepare a sodium hydroxide stock solution by dissolving 53 g of the chemical in 50 ml of distilled water. Pour off 12 ml of the stock solution and transfer it to a liter measuring cylinder.
This same volume should also be used in the initial standardization of the Fehling solution. Exploratory titration – Add approximately 15 ml of the test solution from an offset burette to the prepared Fehling burette. Weigh the mixture while cool and express the weight of the residue as a percentage of the original sample.
Determine the conductivity of the solution, making corrections for the temperature at which the determination is made. Discard the first 5 to 10 ml of filtrate and do not return any of the filtrate to the filter. A scale correction based on the reading from the standard quartz slab is then applied to the observed reading.
Add a weight of standard filter aid equal to 2 1/2 percent of the weight of the solids in the syrup. Determine the amount of filter aid equal to 0.48 percent of the solids in the syrup. Method – Pipette 10 ml of the sample into a porcelain container and acidify with 1 ml of 0.5 N hydrochloric acid.
Read the temperature of the solution and adjust the instrument's temperature compensator to the desired setting. Pol in sugar—This is derived from the weight of sugar and the pol of the sugar, with correction for stock. The expression for undiluted juice in sugar cane is derived from the first part of the c.c.s.
Some of the reasoning involved in the calculation is open to doubt and the method is not recommended for adoption. The figure for pol in molasses obtained in this way can be used directly in the calculation of the pol balance.
Wood.-The calorific value of wood depends mainly on its condition, that is, how much moisture it contains. Furnace oil and diesel fuel.—The average gross calorific values of these fuels may be taken as 18,800 and 19,200 respectively. The last column also shows the importance of complete combustion, e.g., the reduction in heat loss caused by improving the C 02 from 11 to 14 percent will be completely nullified if the combustion efficiency deteriorates sufficiently to leave an unburned gas reading of one per to deliver. cent on a Mono or similar recorder.
T H E STATION BOILER 173 The way to avoid corrosion in a tube or plate type air heater is to arrange foi .. the entering air to be at a temperature at least equal to the dew point temperature of the flue gas. This dew point temperature depends on the moisture content of the bagasse and the percentage of CO2 in the flue gas. This is consistent with the internal scale prevention method discussed in the previous section, and ensuring the correct alkalinity serves a dual purpose.
Oxygen enters the boiler in the feed water, so conditions in the feed system must be maintained so that a minimum amount of dissolved oxygen is present. The residual oxygen remaining in the inlet after the deaerator is processed in the boiler. For sugar mill plants, deaerators are usually uneconomical since the oxygen present in the feed water can be chemically removed inside the boiler.
Corrosive embrittlement - There has been a certain amount of argument regarding the existence and severity of cracks caused by a corrosive environment, but it is now generally agreed that corrosive embrittlement can only occur under the following conditions: -. a) The water in the boiler must contain free hydroxide alkalinity. Sodium Sulfite—The limits necessary for this compound to work effectively depend on the available reaction time and whether or not a catalyzing agent is used. To counteract the acidity from sugar contamination, more caustic soda must be added to the boiler, resulting in increased, and sometimes dangerously high, solids levels in the boiler.
Irrigation of the eye should be continued for at least ten minutes, and often for longer periods after alkali splashes. If the bleeding is profuse and the wound is in a position where a tourniquet cannot be applied, place a piece of sterile gauze soaked with acriflavine in the wound and place a bandage. Repeat at short intervals and rinse the mouth with one of the above materials.
Unless accidents with cyanide are more than an unlikely possibility, it should not be necessary to have ampoules of antidotes in hand, but the capsules described below are essential. If the surface of the eyeball is injured, use only irrigation and see a doctor. If the surface of the eyeball is damaged, apply the albucid drops, pad and bandage and call a doctor.
T I T L E Page I Temperature Corrections for Readings of Brix Hydrometers (calibrated at 20 °C.) 186 II Schmitz's Table for Sucrose (Pol) in Juice for Use in the Dry Lead. Table I—Temperature Corrections for Readings of Brix Hydrometers (Calibrated at 20 °C) £ Temperature °C Observed Percent of Sugar. The table should be used with caution and only for approximate results when the temperature is very different from the standard temperature or from the temperature of the surrounding air.
Table H—Schmitz's table for sucrose (Pol) in juice for use in the dry lead method with undiluted solutions. Table IIA—Table of Factors for Calculation of Pole Percent Juice from Pole Reading for Use in the Dry Lead Method with Undiluted Solutions. Provided sufficient significant figures are used in the calculation, the values obtained using the pole factors in this table should be considered the correct results.
