The use of whey powder in meal mixtures for early weaned pigs : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science in the University of New Zealand

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Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for

a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and

private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without

the permission of the Author.

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MASSEY COI_LEGE LIBRARY

PALMERSTON NORTH, N.Z.

Tflli U"S:C.: Ol•' '. /I-�Y POWDER IN i,IEAL LLCT0Rt:S FOR EARLY

.. i!.:PiiTm PIGS

J\ Thesis :C)resented in l?ar>tio.l l''ulfilment of the ReQuirements f'or the Degree

of M

a

ste

r

of

Agricultural Science

in the University of �ew �ealand

by C.M. Palmer

Massey Agricultural College

October 1 961

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REQUIEM

On L1onday, \Vhen the sun is hot,

I wonder to my self a lot:- 11�fovr is it true o1� is it not

That whe.t is which and

n�1ich

is what?11

On 'luesday, uhen it hails and snows The fee ling on me grovrs c:md grows That hardly anybo dy knows,

If those are these c.md these are those.

On .:ednesdny, when the sky is blue, iUld I hc.ve nothing else to do,

I sometimes wond er' i:f it s tr•ue 'l'ha t

\Jho

is vrhat and rrhat is who.

On 'l'hursday, when it s t&Pts to f'reeze l1nd hoe:.r•-fros t tninkle s on the trees IIow very readily one ^sees

'l'hut these O.I'e VIllose - but vrhose are these?

On 2.•'riday

• • • • •A. A. rii lne

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishe s to gratefully thank his su pervi s or, Mr .

A . C . DWlkin f'or tte cons tant as s is tance and advic e given through

out this p roje c t .

Acknowledgeme n t is due to s everal othe r members of' the Mass ey Colle ge Staf'f'. The s e include Dr . J .C . Hawke , Mr . G . M. Wallace

and Mis s _E. Coxhead of' the Bi oche mis try Departme nt f'or advic e o n the Hennebe rg analys is , c hr omium oxide de terrtina ti ons and gross energy e s ti mates; Dr . D . s . F lux f'or guidanc e on s tat

i s ti cal me thod , experimental des ign and thes i s p re s entation;

Mr . R . Brown Manager of' t he Re s earch Piggery

(

at the time o f'

the trial

)

f'or his ass is tance; Mr . B . A. Reyn o ld s fo r bac teriolog ical e xaminati on

of'

f'aecal sample s and Mi s s _M.G. Campb e ll and he r l ib

rary staf'f' f'or as sis tance in obtaining li teratur e .

Further acknowle dge ment i s giv en for the he lp of Mr . A . C .

Glenday , Ap plied.Maths . Lab . D . S.I . R . in s tat is ti cal me thod; the Dairy Re s earch Inst itut e for :r:ermis s i on to us e th eir dry matter oven s , an d memb e rs of the I n s tit ute Staff' f'or de tails of' whey ut i l i za t i on and c hemis try; Mr. H . de Lange n of Ruakura Animal Re search Stati on f'or demons trating h i s me thod of c hromium oxide analys i s and Dr . J

. c .

Hutton, als o of' Ruakura far advic e on the use of' t he Bomb Calorime te r .

Spe cial thanks are due t o Mrs. F. Puckey f'ar typing this the s is .

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INDEX

Chapte r Page

I INTR ODU C T ION

1 .

General

2.

Scope of Study

I I REVIEW O F LIT�RATURE

1 2

PART I: THE NUTRITION OF THE YOUNG PIG. 4

1

^• INTRODUCTION

4

2.

THE GROWTH CURVli: AND ^FEED .r.;NER GY RELATIONSHIP 4

3.

.r.;ARL Y _vfli:ANING 7

4. ^THE SPECIFIC NUTRITI_V_E REQUIRE�lliNTS OF THE

YOUN G PIG

1 1

Limitations of Feeding Requirements a

l

^Protein

b

Carbohydrate s c Fats

d Minerals , vitamins and othe r growth factors

5. ^THE USE OF' \.'HEY POr/DER IN MIXTURES FOR

1 1 1 2 1 6 1 8 1 9

YOUN G

PIGS 1 9

a)

Overs e as

21

i. As a replac ement for other

carbohydrate s in the ration

21

ii. As a repla c ement for carbohydra te

and protein concentrates

23

b )

New Zealand

26

1 . VALUE

OF �ffiEY POVVDER F OR FATTENING PIGS

a l In

b As c As d As

an all me a l rati on

a s upplement for fodder bee t a suppleme nt f or liquid whey a s upplemen t for skim mi lk

2.

USE OF WHEY PO�IDER IN EAR LY WEANING MIXTURES .

3.

CONCLUS I ONS

28

2 9

30

31

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Chapter Page PART I I: THE li:STIMATION OF APPAR ENT DIGE STIBIL ITY

1 .

INTRODUCT ION

3 2

2. MBA.SUREM.b:NT: TOTAL COLLECTI ON V INERT

REFERENCE SUBS1'ANCE METHOD

33

3.

^THE ^USE ^OFC HR OMIUM OXIDE IN SW INE

DI GE STIB IL I TY

STUDIES 34

a

l

^General

34

b Use

35

c Excre t ion pat tern and diurnal variation

37

PART I II : THE HENNEBERG AN.A.LYSIS OF FEED S AND OT HER _C^HEMICAL PROCEDURES INV OLV ED

IN NU TR ITI ON STUDIES.

43

1

2 .

• HENNEBERG ^'l'HE E STIMATI ON OF ANALYS IS AND ITS LI MITATI ONS CHR OMIUM OXIDE

43

44

3 .

GROSS ENERGY DATA

45

I I I EXPER I MENTAL

I . INTR ODUC TI ON

47

I I . ivlATER IALS AND METHODS

48

PAR T

1:

PREL I M INARY T RIAL

49

1

^• ^ANIMALS ^USED

49

2. EXPERDIIENTAL CONDITI ON S

AND

^TREATMENT

49 3 .

^T

E

^C^HNÎ^QÛÊ^S ^MiD OBSERVATI ONS

51

(

^a

)

Con s truc t ion of pen appara tus

i

�

Self' f'eeders

51

i i Drinking troughs

51

i i i Sleeping quarters

51

(b)

Incorporation of

cr2o3

ⁱⁿ ^{the food}

i

�

Mix i ng in the food

53

i i Prob l em of "s e t tling out" of

the indic a t or

53

(

^c

)

Sampling of feed and faeces

54

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Chapter

( d ) Chemical analys is of samples

il Cr 0

⁵⁵

i i C ogp d s i tion of feed and faeces

⁵⁶

iii Other ana lys es

⁵⁶

( e ) Recording data ( f' ) Gene ral

PART 2: MAIN TRIAL

1 .

ANIMAlS USED .Al'ID EXP.t!.;RirilENTAL DESIGN

2. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

3. EXPERirllEN'rAL FE1£D MIXTURES

(

^a

l

^U

p to

²¹

days of age (b

^21-28

days of age ( c After

²⁸

days of age

4 . INCORPORATI ON

^OF

Cr

⁰

5. FEEDING PRO CEDURES 2 3 6. SAMPLING OJ:t, FAECES

7. GROWTH DATA

8.

C HE

^M^I

C

^A^L ^{A NALYSES}

( a ) Proximate cons t i tuents (b) c r

²

o

³

( c) Gross ene rgy

9.

R_E_PLI

C

^ATI

ON OF CHEMICAL

^ANALYSES

10. C_ALCU_LA

T

^I

O N

OF APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY

COEFFIC IENTS 11 .

OBSERVAT IONS

( a )

^Dung

cons is tency and incidence or sc our ing

Feeding habi ts Water consumption I I I .

STATISTICA L

METHODS

56 56

57 58 58 58 58 60 61 61 62 64

64 65 65

65 67 68

68 68 68

70

IV RESU LTS

PART I: _EXPER

I

^MENTAL

CONDI'riONS

1 . ADAPT ION

TO EXPERI!v1ENTAL

CONDI TIONS

2. SUITABILITY OF PEN APPARATU

S

1 a l Self f'ee ders b Water t roughs c Sleeping quarters

73 73 73 74 75 75

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Chapter

V

3 .

SUITABILITY OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES PART II: U_SE OF CHROMIUM OXIDE

1

^• INCORPORATION INTO FEE D MIXTURES

(a) Preliminary trial (b ) Main trial

2.

^C

H

_E

M

I_C

AL

A NALYSIS OF FEED ^AND FAECAL SAMPLES

( a ) Preliminary tria l (b ) Main trial

75

76 78 76

78 8 2

PART III: SAMPLING Al\TD COLLECTING TECHNIQUES

82

PA RT IV : OBSERVATIONS

83

1. D

UNG CONSISTENCY ^AND INCIDENCE OF _SCOURING

83

2 .

FEEDING HABI_TS

85

3.

V/ATER CONSUMP'riON

87

4 .

^GENERAL

88

PART V : llliNNEBERG .ANALYSIS OF FE�D AND FAEC ES

89

PART VI: GROWTH DATA

91

1 .

^SEX

92

2 .

HATB OF GAIN

92

3 .

RELATIVE GROWTH HATE

95

PART VII: FE�D CONVERSION EFFICIEN CY

96

PART VIII: APPARENT COEFFICIKNTS OF DIGESTIBILITY

99 days

days days days

of' age of' age of' age of' age

PART IX : G ROSS DIGESTIBLE ENERGY

DISCUSSION Al�D CONCLUSIONS

I. ADAPTABILITY OF .ANIMALS TO EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

II. USE OF CHROMIUM OXIDE

1 . Inc orporat i on into the die t 2

_{. C}

r 2o 3 analysis

III. OBSERVATIONS

1 . Dung cons is tency and inc idence of'

100 99 1 01 100 103

106

106 106 107 108

111

scouring 111

2 . Feeding habi ts 113

3 . W ater consumpt ion 114

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Chapter

IV.

^HENNEBERG

M�ALYSIS

1 ^•

Crude fibre

2 . Nitrogen free extract V. GROWTH

VI. FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENC Y

VII. APPARENT COEFFIC IENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY VIII. GROSS DIGESTIBLE ENERGY

IX. GEN ERAL

1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 7 1 1 7 1 1 8 1 20

1 23 1 23

1 . Nutrition aspects 1 23

2 . Manc,gemen tal factors 1 24

3 . Economic considerations 1 2 5

X. FuTURE

RESEARCH FIELDS 126

1 . Levels of whey powder 126

2 . Physiology of whey powder digestion 12 7 3 . Economic production of whey powder 1 2 7 4 . Digestibility studies in pigs 1 27

VI SUMWlAR Y

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPEND ICES

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Table 1 2

3

4 5 6 7

8 9

1 0

1 1

1 2 1 3

1 4 1 5 1 6

LIST OF TABLES

�ne rgy required f r om c reep fe ed. 7

Summary of s ome baby pig prot ein requii' ement

det e rnunati ons . 1 5

Minin1um cru de protein requirement s in mea l mixtures c ont aining f i s hmeal , s oya bean mea l ,

dri e d mi lk and c erea ls . 1 6

Henn eb e rg ana ly s is of unneutra lis ed la ct ic

c as e in whey poV! der .

^{1 9}

Some data on c on stituents of unneutra lis e d

lacti c c a s e in whe y powder . 20

Exp erimenta l feed mixtures us ed in ea rly we aning

tria l , Ma s s ey Col lege . 31

C ompa r i s on of d igest i on c oeffic ient s det erm ined c onventi ona lly , w ith thos e derived f rom us e o f

C r2o3 - rati o method . 3 9

C omp os iti on of expe rimental d iet f or pre l imina ry

t r ia l . 50

C ompo sit i on of c on� on starter rati on (21 -28 days

of age ) . 59

C omp os it ion of exp e r imenta l fee d treatments

( 28- 57 days ) . 60

Fa e ca l san1p le s s e le cted for duplicat e Henneberg

ana lys is . 66

C oncentrat i on of c r2o '5 in feed sample s : c ompa ris on of result s obtaine d b y two ana lyti cal methods .

⁸¹

Average dai ly wat er c onsun1pt ion ( gals . ) per pen

over three 3- day obse rvati on periods· . 87 Ana lys is of varia nc e of data on dai ly water

c onsumpt i on . 88

H enn eberg analys is of pr incipal ingredient s in experimental feed mixture s .

Henn eberg and c r2o3 analyses of expe rimental f e e d mixtures .

Fac ing Page

90

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Table

1 7 1 8

1 9 20

21 22

23 2 L�

2 5 26

2 7

2 8

2 9

Average wee kly weights (lbs) of pigs o n the experimental feeds.

Statistical analysis of liveweight data for differences due to sex.

Analysis of variance of liveweight gains per pig, from

35

to

58

days of age.

Analysis of covariance and significance of regression where y = liveweight gains per pen from

35-5 8

days of age and x = initial liveweight per p en.

Analysis of variance of liveweight per pig, at

58

days of age.

Analysis of covariance and significance of regression where y = final vreight per pen at

58

days of age and x =

35

day v1eight per pen.

Analysis of variance of relative gr owth rate

(35-58

days of age).

1\.verage weekly meal consumption per pen from

2 1-56

days; average meal consumption and foo d conversion efficiency

(35-57

days of age).

Analysis of variance of feed conversion efficiencies

(3 5-57

days of age).

Block means for the �parent digestibility coefficients at

2 8

days of age (collection period

1

) ^•

Treatmen t means for the apparent digestibility coefficients at

42

2 ) .

Treatment means for the apparent digestibility coefficients at

49

days of age (collection

period

3 ) .

Treatment means for the apparent digestibilit y coefficients at

56

4 ) .

91 9 2 9 3

Facing Page

94

Page

94

Fo.c ing Fage

95

9 5

96 9 7

Facing Page

99

1 00

1 01

1 02

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Table

3 0

31

3 2 33

Average apparent digestibility coefficients for the five fractions at each faecal

collection period.

Gross energy of faecal samples and gross digestible energy percentages of treatment comparisons at collection periods.

Gross energy; mean G.D.E % and G.D. E. of the experimental feed mixtures.

P�alysis of variance of gross digestible energy

%

of f eed treatments.

Page

1 02

1 03

1 04

1 05

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Figure 1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8

LIST OF FIGURES

Growth curves and reed intakes or early weaned pigs.

Requirements for digestible energy rrom sow's milk and creep feed.

Development of the proteolytic enzyme systems.

Development of the amylolytic enzyme system�.

Variations in the percentage of cr2o3 in dry

matter of pig faeces.

Effect of the number of random samples of faeces collected, on the maximum error in the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients.

Interior view of experimental f attening house, Iviassey College Piggery.

Exterior view of same.

9 , 10 Individual pen payout

&

11

1 2 Experimental plan - main trial.

13 Mean growth curves of animals on experime ntal feeds.

14 Food intake age graph.

15 Food intake - liveweight graph

Following Page 5

Facing Page

6

1 2 1 2

40

Facin f

₈

Page

_'

48

Following�

51

56 Facing Page

91

Following Fage 97

97