The occurrence of chromatiaceae in waste treatment lagoons and their utilisation to treat fellmongery effluent : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biotechnology at Massey University

(1)

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for

a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and

private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without

the permission of the Author.

(2)

THE

OCCURRENCE OF CHROMATIACEAE IN WASTE TRLAT��T LAGOONS

Ah�

THEIR UTILISATION

TO

TREAT FELLMONGERY EFFLUENT

A thesi s pres ent ed in parti al fulfi lment of the requirement s for the degree of Doctor of Phil osophy in Biot echnology at Massey Univ ersity.

PAUL NORTHCOTE McFJl.RLANE

1979

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THE OCCURRENCE OF CHROMATIACEAE IN LAGOON SYSTEMS

AND

THEIR UTILI SATION

TO

TREAT FELLMONGERY EFFLUENT ABSTRACT

A study o f the occurrenc e of Chromat iac eae in wast e t reatment lagoons was made. To det ermine th e import ant factors l eading to their dominanc e, an invest igat ion o f the effect of various envi ronment al paramet ers on the grovrth of a Chromatium species was made .

Chromat ium minuti ssimum was i solat ed and ident ified from an anaerobic l agoon treat ing meatworks effluent .

An

experiment al design was used to sc reen the effect s of t emperature, pH, sulphide and ac et at e conc ent rations and light int ensity on th e batch growth of thi s bact erium in pure culture . Empirical models were developed which describ ed the maximum popul ation �Dd the exponential growth rat e as a funct i on of these vari ables. Compari son o f these models wi

-'.;h

l agoon dat a indicat ed that they provided a conservat ive

estimat e of th e exponenti al growth rat e and maximum populat ion under lagoon condit ions and that , under the rru1ge of environment al condi

tions expect ed in N ew Zealand , the hydraulic ret ent ion t ime i s o f maj o r import anc e i n limiting the d evelopment o f thi s photot rophic bact erium in l agoons . The developed models may po ssibly be used t o charact eri se the growth of other Chromat i ac eae.

To study the growth of the Chromat i ac eae in mixed culture various lagoon samples were incubat ed in daylight . A succ ession from anaerobic non-photo t rophic bact eri a to phototrophic bact eri a t o algae was

obs erved in these batch cultures . Thus , in addition to low hydraulic ret ention t im es prevent ing the growth of the Chromat iac eae, compet iti on from the algae p rec ludes thei r dominanc e at longer ret ent ion t im e s .

S even l agoon syst ems in which the Chromatiac eae were known t o

occur were then investigat ed. The lagoons studi ed ranged from

facult at ive to anaerobic. The wast es t reat ed vari ed from domest ic

sewage to st rong indust rial and agricultural effluent s . A suc c ession

from non-photot rophic anaerob es to Chromatiac eae to algae was observed

in many inst anc es and a three st age succession theory was formulat ed.

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Thi s theo ry was used t o explain the occurrenc e of the Chromat i ac eae in all the lagoon syst ems studi ed

and

it may be us ed to design lagoons in whi ch the dominanc e of the Chromat i ac eae i s favoured o r prevent ed .

The study o f the lagoon syst ems indicat ed the pot ent ial of the Chromat i ac eae fo r t reating effluent s cont aining reduc ed sulphur compounds . In N . Z. , fellmongery effluent is the mo st important sulphide-b earing effluent . Experiment s were therefo re performed to develop crit eri a fo r the design of anaerobic lagoons using the Chromat i ac eae to t reat fellmongery effluent . Experiment s were con

duct ed t o det ermine the effect s of t emperature and sulphide

conc ent rat ion on the performanc e of .088 m3 laborato ry lagoons , in which Thiocapsa ro s eopersicina was dominant , treat ing a synthet ic

0 0

fel lmongery effluent . Temperatures from 10 C to 25 C and influent sulphide conc ent rat ions of 200 mg/l to 1 , 500 mg /l were studi ed. Good t reatment was obtained under a wide range of condit ions although inhibit i on of growth occurred at influent sulphide conc ent rat ions of approximat ely 900 mg/1. Conc ent rat ed fellmongery effluent s may therefore be t reat ed by these l agoons . COD removal s vari ed from 66. 1% - 87 . 1% and sulphide removal s from 89. 5% - 98 . 4%.

iii

Design equat ions which described the performanc e of the laboratory lagoons were develop ed. To c onfirm the accuracy of these equat ions , pilot sc al e experiment s were conduct ed on a 5·74 m3 l agoon syst em treating actual fellmongery effluent . A good degree o f t reatment was again achi eved and the laborat o ry-developed equat i ons provided a good estimat e of the pilot-scal e effluent over the range of conditions studi ed . Sui t ab l e c rit eri a have therefore b een developed for the

design of anaerobic lagoons using the Chromatiac eae to t reat fellmongery

effluent .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wi sh to acknowledge the following:

- Dr. H . Melc er for his enthusi astic supervi sion and guidanc e . - D r . G . J .

Ma.'Ylde rson

for hi s supervi sion and advic e o n matt ers

microbiological.

Professor R. L. Earle for hi s continued int erest in the pro j ect and for the provi sion of research facilit i es.

- Dr. M.D . Earl e for her expert guidanc e in the preparat i on of thi s thesi s .

- D r ' s . S .H. Richert and I . F. Boag and

Mr.

L. E. O'Bri en

for their guidance with

the experimental

design a.'Yld the a.'Ylal

y

s i

s of data.

Professor W . W. Eckenfelder for his advi ce on the �'Ylalysis of the laboratory lagoon dat a.

Mr.

J . T. Alger and Mr. D . W. Couling for their assi st anc e in const ruct ing and maint aining equipment .

The D epartment of Sci entific and Indust ri al Research and the

.Meat Research Inst itut e of

N.Z.

fo r funding thi s research .

The many people c it ed in Chapt er 4 who kindly provided informat ion on their lagoon syst ems .

Mrs . C . Clouston for typing thi s thesi s . J an for moral support .

iv

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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

2 . 2. 3 . 2 Act ivat ed Sludge . 6

2. 2. 3 . 3 Bio filtration 6

2 . 2 . 3 . 4 Aerobic Lagoon Systems 7

2 . 2. 3 . 5 Anaerobic Proc esses 7

2. 2 . 4 Conclusio�s 9

2. 3 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 9

2. 3 . 2 Anaerobi c Oxidat ion of Sulphur Compounds 10

2. 3 . 2. 1 Rhodospi ri l lineae 10

2.3 . 2 . 2 Rhodospi ri l l ac eae 10

2 . 3. 2. 3 Chromat i ac eae 1 1

2. 3 . 2.4 Chlorobiineae 12

2. 3 . 2 . 5 Chlo robi ac eae 1 2

2 . 3 . 2. 6 Chlorofl exac eae 1 2

2. 3 . 3 Anaerobic Reduct ion of Sulphur Compounds 13

2 . 3 . 3 . 1 D esulfovibrio 13

2 . 3 . 3 . 2 D esulfotomaculum 13

2 . 3 . 3 . 3 D esulfuromonas 14

2 . 4 TRANSFORMATIONS OF SULPHUR

AND

CARBON C OMPOUNDS

BY PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA 14

2 . 4 . 1 Met abolism of Sulphur Compounds 14

2. 4 . '2 M�tabolism of Carbon Compounds 18 2 . 4 . 3 C arbon Met abolism of the Chromat iac eae 19

2. 4. 3 . 1 C arbon Dioxide Fixat ion 19

2 . 4. 3. 2 Metabolism of Organic Compounds 21

2 . 4. 3 . 3 Met abol ism of Ac etat e 23

2 . 4 . 3 . 4 Met abolism of Pyruvat e 24

2. 4. 3. 5 Anaerobic D ark Met abolism 26

2 . 4. 3 . 6 Aerobic Met abo lism 27

2. 4 . 4 Conclusions 29

V

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CONTENTS ( cont ' d )

2o5 THE ECOLOGY OF THE PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA 30

2 . 5 . 2 Photot rophic Bact eri a in Lakes 31

2 . 5 . 2 . 1 The Effect of Sulphide 32

2. 5 . 2 . 2 The Effect of Light Int ensity 34

2 . 5 . 2 . 3 The Effect of Oxygen 36

2 . 5 . 2 . 4 The Effect of Organic C ompounds 36

2. 5. 3 Phototrophic Bact eria in Ponds

^·

37 2. 5 . 4 Photot rophic Bact eria in Wast e Treatment Lagoons 37

2. 5 . 4. 1 Int roduct ion 37

2 . 5 . 4 . 2 Common Genera of Chromat i ac eae in

Lagoons 38

2 . 5 . 4. 3 The Occurrenc e of Chromat iac eae in

Lagoons 40

2. 5 . 4. 4 The Effect of Chromatiac eae on

Effluent Quality 42

2. 6 TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS CONTAINING

REDUCED SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 43

2 . 7 TREATMENT OF FELLMONGERY

AND

BEAMHOUSE EFFLUENTS 45

2 . 7 . 1 D epilatory Proc esses 45

2. 7 . 2 Effluent Charact erist ic s 46

2. 7 . 3 Treatment Technology 49

2 . 7 . 3 . 1 Precipit at ion with Met al Salt s 49

2 . 7 . 3 . 2 Chemical Oxidation 5 2

2 . 7 . 3 . 2.1 Sulphur Dioxide 52

2. 7 . 3 . 2 . 2 Oxygen 54

2. 7 . 3. 3 Acidification Proc ess es 56

2 . 7 . 4 Bio logical Treatment Processes 58

2 . 7. 4 . 1 Activat ed Sludge 59

2 . 7 . 4 . 2 Biofi ltrat ion 6 1

2 . 7 . 4 . 3 Lagoons 62

2. 7 . 5 Conclusions 63

2 . 8

GENERAL CO

N

CLUSI

ON

S FROM L

ITE

RATURE

SURVEY 63 3 STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF CHROMATIUM MINUTISSIMUM IN

BATCH CULTURES

3 . 1 INTRODUCTION 65

3. 2 ISOLATION

.AND

IDENTIFICATION OF CHROMATIUM

MINUTISSIMUM FROM

'AN

ANAEROBIC

L

AGOON 66 3 . 3 THE �T OF TEMPERATURE , pH , SULPHIDE

_I AND

ACETATE

CONCENTRATIONS

AND

LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE GROWTH OF

CHROMATIUM MINUTISSIMUM

68

3. 3 . 1 The Experiment al D esign 68

3 . 3 . 2 Experiment al Proc edure 7 1

3. 3 . 3 Measurement of Grovrth 7 1

3 . 3 . 4 Analysi s of Results 7 3

3 . 3 . 5 D evelopment of G rowth Models 77

3. 3 . 6 Int erpret at ion o f Growth Models 79

3 . 3 . 6 . 1 Consideration of the Isolat ed Effect s

of the Variables 83

3 . 3 . 6. 2 Consideration of the I so l at ed Int er-

action of Two Vari ables 87

3 . 3 . 6. 3 Considerat ion o� the Combined Effect s

of Mor e than Two Variables 89 3. 4

#'PLICAT

ION OF

THE MODELS TO WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS

90

3 . 5

CONCLUSIONS

94

vi

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CONT�TS

(

^cont'd

)

4 OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHROMATIACEAE IN WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS

4.1 IRTRODUCTION

4. 2 METHODS OF' STUDYING LAGOONS

4.2.1 Organic Loading Rates on Lagoons 4. 2. 2 Lagoon Retention Ti.me

4.2.3 Ana1y�ica1 Techniques

95 95

4.3 BATCH CULTURE OF LAGOON LIQUORS 99

4. 4 CHROMATIACEAE IN A LAGOON SYSTEM TREATING

MEATWORKS EFFLUENT 102

4.4.1 System Description 102

4.4.2 Observations of M�atworks Laeoon System 103

4.4.3 Discussion 104

4. 5 CHROMATIACEAE IN LAGOONS TREATING PIGGERY EFFLUENT 106

4. 5.1 Piggery Lagoon System A 106

4.5.1.1 System Description 106

4.5.1.2 Observations on Piggery Lagoon

System A 108

4.5.1.3 Lagoon 1 of Piggery Lagoon System A 109 4.5.1.4 Lagoon 2 of Piggery Lagoon System A 110 4.5.1.5 Lagoon 3 of Piggery Lagoon System A 111

4.5.2 Piggery Lagoon System B 112

4.'5.2.1 System Description 112

4.5.2.2 Observations of Piggery Lagoon

System B 112

4.5.2.3 Discussion 114

4. 6 CHROMATIACEAE IN LAGOONS TREATTNG TANNERY EFFLUENT 116

4.6.1 Tannery Lagoon System A 116

4.6.1.2 Observations of Tannery Lagoon System A 116

4. 6. 2 Tannery Lagoon System B 121

4.6.2.2 Observations of Tannery Lagoon System B 121

4.7 CHROMATIACEAE IN A LAGOON SYSTEM TREATING FELLMONGERY

EFFLUENT 125

4. 7.1 System Description 125

4.7.2 Observations of the Fe11mongery Lagoon 125

4.7.3 Discussion 127

4.8 CHROMATIACEAE IN A LAGOON SYSTEM TREATING DOMESTIC

SEWAGE 127

4.8.J. System Description 127

4.8.2 Observations of a Domestic Sewage Lagoon 129

4.8.3 Discussion 12&

vh

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CONTENTS (c ont 'd)

4.9 THEORY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF CHROMATIACEAE IN WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS

4.9.1 Underloaded Anaerobic Lagoons 4.9.2 Overloaded Facultative Lagoons

4.9.3 Lagoons Treating Selective Effluents

130 131 133 134 4.10 APPLICATION OF THE SUCCESSION THEORY TO LAGOON DESIGN 134

4.11 CONCLUSIONS

5 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANAEROBIC LAGOONS USING THE CHROMATIACEAE TO TREAT FELLMONGERY

136

EFFLUENT 13 7

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 LABORATORY PLANT DESIGN 5.2.1 Equipment

5.2.2 Synthetic Fellmongery Effluent 5.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

5.3.1 Experimental Design 5.3.2 Experimental Control 5.3.3 Analytical Methods

5.3.4 Methods of Data Analysis 5.4 RESULTS

5.5 CONSIDERATION OF CHRONOLOGICAL PLOTS 5.6 CALCULATION OF REMOVAL RATE COEFFICIENTS

5.6.1 COD Removal Rate Coefficients 5.6.2 COD Removal Rate Coefficients c 5.6.3 Sulphide Removal Rate Coefficients 5.6.4 Summary

137 137 137 138 138 138 140 141 142

143 143 147 149 149 150 150 5. 7 COMPARISON OF DEVELOPED MODELS WITH OBSERVED DATA 150 5.8 EFF:EX::T OF TEMPERATURE ON REMOVAL RATES AND RESIDUAL

CONCENTRATIONS 153

5.9 APPLICATION OF THE DEVELOPED MODELS TO FELLMONGERY

.LAGOON DESIGN 155

5.10 CONCLUSIONS 157

6 PILOT-SCALE EVALUATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANAEROBIC LAGOONS USING THE CHROMATIACEAE TO TREAT FELLMONGERY

EFFLUENT 158

6.1 INTRODUCTION 158

6.2 DESIGN OF THE LAGOON SYSTEM 158

viii

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CONTENTS (

^cont'd

)

6.3

OPERATION OF THE LAGOON SYSTEM

6 . 4

DEGREE OF TREATMENT ACHIEVED AT VARIOUS RErENTION

6 . 5

DErERMINATION OF REMOVAL RATE COEFFICIENTS

6 . 6

COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND PILOT PLANT RESULTS

6 . 7

CONCLUSIONS ON THE DESIGN OF FELLMONGERY EFFLUENT LAGOONS

7

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

ABBREVIATIONS _AND

NOMEl'JCLATURE

REFERENCES

APPE�illiCES

� 159

TIMES

16o 160 160

165 166

169

171

l Parsimonious Models Developed Prior to the Final 201 .,...-up a."l.d Maximum Cou."l.t Model

2 Example Calculation of the Data Used to Compare 205 the Predicted and Observed Responses of�p to the

Isolated Effect of pH

3 The Predicted�p a."l.d Maximum Count at Various Extreme 207 Lagoon Conditions

4 Raw Data from the Six Experiments Performed on the 208 Laboratory Fellmongery Lagoons.

ix

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X

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Between pp.

2.1 Effect of pH on Hydrogen Sulphide-Sulphide Equilibrium.

2 . 2 The Sulphur Cycle.

2.3 Classification of the Phototrophic Bacteria 2 . 4 Pathways of Sulphur Metabolism in Phototrophic

Bacteria

2 . 5 Pathways of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Carbon Metabolism in Chromatium spp.

2 . 6 The Two Patterns of Vertical Distribution of Phototrophic Sulphur Bacteria in Lakes

3.1 Photograph of Anaerobic Perspex Incubator 3 . 2 The Effect of Wavelength on the Absorbance of

Washed Cells of Chromatium minutissimum 3 . 3 Growth Curves for Trial 7

3 . 4 Plot of Residual versus Y for ln/Up Model 3 . 5 Plot of Residual versus Y for Inverse Maximum

Count Model

3 . 6 The Isolated Effect of Temperature on the

5-6

�-10 10-11 15-16 20-21 30-31 67-68 68-69 73-74 81-82

81-82

Dependent Variables 83-84

3 . 7 The Isolated Effect of pH on the Dependent Variables 84�5 3 . 8 The Isolated Effect. of Sulphide on the Dependent

3 . 9 3 . 10 3 . 11

3 . 12 3 . 13 3 . 14 4 . 1 4 . 2 4. 3 4· 4 4 . 5 4 . 6 4 · 7 4 . 8 4·9 4.10 4 . 11 4 . 12 4 . 13 4-14 4 . 15 4 . 16 4·17

Variables

The Isolated Effect of Acetate on the Dependent Variables

The Isolated Effect of Light Intensity on the Dependent Variables

The Isolated Temperature-Sulphide Interaction of the ln,/Up Model

The Isolated pH-Sulphide Interaction of the ln,l"'llp Model

The Isolated Temperature-Sulphide Interaction of the Maximum Count Model

The Isolated pH-Sulphide Interaction of the Maximum Count Model

Sample from an Anaerobic Lagoon Treating Meatworks Effluent

Sample from Lagoon l of Piggery Lagoon System A Sample from Lagoon 3 of Piggery Lagoon System A Meatworks Lagoon Environmental Parameters (1974) Meatworks Lagoon BOD Data (1974)

Meatworks Lagoon Environmental Parameters (1975) Meatworks Lagoon BOD Data (1975)

Meatworks Lagoon COD Data (1975) Meatworks Lagoon Sulphide Data (1975)

Phototrophic Bacteria Observed in the Meatworks Lagoon

Lagoon l of Piggery Lagoon System A (19 7 1-7 2) Lagoon l of Piggery Lagoon System A (19 7 5) Lagoon 2 of Piggery Lagoon System A (197 1-72) Lagoon 2 of Piggery Lagoon System A (19 7 5) Lagoon 3 of Piggery Lagoon System A (1971-7 2) Lagoon 3 of Piggery Lagoon System A (19 75) Mode of Operation of Tannery Lagoon System A

85-86 85-86 85-86 87-88 88-89 89-90 89-90 99-100 100-101 101-102 103-104 103-104 104-105 104-105 104-105 104-105 106-107 109-110 109-110 110-111 111-112 112-113 112-113 116-117

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Figure 5-l 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5.8 5-9

5.10 5-ll 5 . 12 5-13 5-14 5-15 5 . 16 5-17 6 . 1 6 . 2 6 . 3

LIST OF FIGURES

(

^cont'd

)

Title

Schematic Diagram of Model Lagoon

Schematic Diagram of Lagoon and Ancillary Equipment

Chronological Plot for Run l Chronological Plot for Run 2 Chronological Plot for Run 3 Chronological Plot for Run 4 Chronological Plot for Run 5 Chronological Plot for Run 6

Plots Demonstrating the Effects of Temperature and Influent Sulphide Concentration on the Treatment Efficiency of the Lagoons

Plots to Determine the COD Removal Rate Coefficients

Plots to Determine the CODe Removal Rate Coefficients

Plots to Determine the Sulphide Removal Rate Coefficients

Plots to Determine the pH Removal Rate Coefficients

Plots Showing the Fit of the COD Models to the the COD Data

The Effect of Sulphide on Runs 2 and 4

Plots Demonstrating the Effect of Temperature on the Removal Rate Coefficients

Plots Demonstrating the Effect of Temperature on the Residual Concentration

Dimensions of the Pilot-Scale Lagoons

Schematic Diagrams of the Pilot-Scale Lagoons Regression Plots to Determine the Removal R ate Coefficients and Residual Concentrations for the Pilot-Scale Lagoons

Plot to Compare the Effluent Quality Predicted from the Laboratory Scale Lagoons with that Observed in the Pilot-Scale Lagoons

xi

Between pp.

137-138 138-139 143-144 143-144 143-144 143-144 143-144 143-144

146-147 148-149 149-150 150-151 150-151 150-151 152-153 153-154 155-156 158-159 158-159

161-16 2

164-165

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Table 2 . 1

2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7 2 . 8

2 . 9 2 . 10 2 . 11 3 . 1

3 . 3 3.4 3-5 3.6 3-7 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 10 4^-l

4-3 4-4

4-7

LIST OF' TABLES Title

Enzymes of Dissimilatory Sulphur Metabolism in the Chromat iac eae

Partial Inhibition of Ribulose Diphosphate Carboxylase by Organic Compounds

Microstratification of Phototrophic Bacteria in Two Meromictic Lakes in Michigan, U.S.A.

Summary of Data on the Observation of Chromatiaceae in Lagoons

Composition of Fellmongery and Beamhouse Effluents Process Contributions

Composition of Total Fellmongery Effluent

The Effect of Flue Gas Treatment on Lime Liquors

Summary of Operating Parameters and Oxidation Rates for the Treatment of Fellmongery and Beamhouse Effluents by Catalytic Oxidation Systems

Activated Sludge Treatment of Diluted Lime Liquor Performance of a Pilot-Scale Flocor Biofilter Treating Fellmongery Effluent

Performance of a Batch-Loaded Stone-Packed Biofil ter Receiving Screened Fellmongery Effluent

Definition and Levels of Independent Variables Selected to Test the Growth Response of Chromatium minutissimum The Experimental Design used and the Response of

Chromatium minutissimum to the Independent Variables · Correlation Coefficients for the Dependent Variables Parsimonious Model and Regression Statistics for

ln�p

Parsimonious Model and Regression Statistics for the Inverse of the Maximum Count

Decoded ln,/UP Model

Decoded

Inverse Maximum

_Co��t

Model

Summary of the Effect of pH on the Sulphide-Acetate Interaction of the ln/UP Model

Extinction Coefficients Observed in Five Waste Treatment Lagoons in North and South Dakota

Range of the Dependent Variables Predicted Under Extreme Lagoon Conch tions

Generalised Surface BOD Loadings for Facultative Lagoons under Various Environmental Conditions

Cell Counts of the Chromatiaceae Observed During the Incubation of Meatworks Lagoon Liquor

Characteristics of Meatworks Lagoon System

Physical and Operational Characteristics of Piggery Lagoon System

A

Physical and

Operational Characteristics

of P

i

ggery Lagoon System B

Physical and Operational Characteristics of Tannery Lagoon System A

Results of a Sampling Survey Performed on Tannery Lagoon System A on 18 . 2 . 77

xii

16

20

33 39 47-48

50 53

57 60 61

62 69 75 80 7�- 81 82 8 2 9 0 91 9 2 9 7 lOO 103

107 113 117 118

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Table

4-9 4.10

4.12 4 . 13 4-14 5. 1 5-2 5-3 5-4

5·5 5.6

5·7 6.1 6.2

LIST OF TABLES

(

^cont'd

)

Title

Cell Counts of Chromatiaceae genera observed in Tannery Lagoon System A Samples on 10 _May, 1977 Physical and Operational Characteristics of Tannery Lagoon System B

(March 1976)

Results of a Sampling Survey Performed on Tannery Lagoon System B during March 197 6

Ta�nery Lagoon System B Parameters Observed on 28 January, 1977

Physical Characteristics of Fellmongery Lagoon Operational Characteristics of Fellmongery Lagoon Characteristics of Domestic Sewage Lagoons

Composition of Synthetic Fellmongery Effluent Experimental Conditions Investigated '

The Retention Time at which a

SO%

COD Removal Occurs as a Function of the Experimental Conditions

Effluent Quality at the Longest Retention Time for Each Trial

Summary of the Removal Rate Coefficients, the Residuals and the Correlation Coefficients Obtai.."1.ed for Each Run Temperature Coefficients for the Removal Rate

Coefficients and k10 Values

Temperature Coefficients for the Residuals and SrlO Values

Results of the Pilot-Scale Lagoon Treatment of Actual Fellmongery Effluent

Comparison of the Results of the Pilot-Scale Regression Analyses with the Predictions from the Laboratory Scale Model

6 . 3 Analysis of the Difference Between the Observed and Predicted Removal Rate Coefficients and Residual Concentrations

xiii

120 122

124 124 126 126 128 139 139 144 146 151 154

154 161

162