L; Fig. 2I, K, N, R) with (4) transverse ridge at incisura capitis; (5) tuberculum dorsale proximodistally elongated (except species of Numenius); (6) caudal surface of crista deltopectoralis convex; (7) fossa pneumotricipitalis lacks pneumatic foramina. The facies articularis humeralis is round and distinctly displaced, ventrolaterally, from the cranial end of the scapula (Fig. 1A, B). Unlike in several of the scolopacids examined ( Fig. 2C ), the acromion is rounded and lacks the marked dorsocranial projection.
The cotyla scapularis is round and deep, with a maximum diameter of approximately half the length of the facies articularis humeralis (Fig. 1D). As in thinocorides, the caudal edge of the condyle dorsalis ulnaris extends clearly caudally, and the ventral surface is very broad craniocaudally (Fig. 1H, Fig. 2U, V). At the proximal end of the lesser metacarpal bone there is a well-developed tuberosity ventrally for ligamental attachment (Figs. 1N, 2BB).
At the distal end, the cranial projection of the dorsal facet of the facies articularis digitalis major (Fig. 1M) is spherical in shape and identical to that of P. The trochlea metatarsi II (Fig. 1P) at the distal end is located more proximally than that of most similar scolopacides. The plantar protruding flange on trochlea metatarsi II (in distal view) makes an indentation with the medial surface of the trochlea (Fig. 1S) – this condition is present in thinocorids and P.
These elements still exhibit a porosity in the shaft structure and well-defined longitudinal striations still remain (Fig. 2A).
Discussion
Although there have been few skeletal ontogenetic studies of newborn birds, the consistency of surface texture patterns and age classes across taxa (ducks, geese, cranes, herons, gulls; Gotfredsen 1997, Serjeantson 1998, Tumarkin-Deratzian et al. 2006, Watanabe) & Matsuoka 2013) suggests that the results may be broadly applicable to taxa within the Neognathae (Tumarkin-Deratzian et al. 2006). In immature but adult (i.e., subadult) individuals, furrows are usually absent on the bony surface of the bone (Tumarkin-Deratzian et al. 2006). Osteological details of muscle attachment structures and scars, which cannot be observed in detail in the chick stage, become gradually apparent from fledging to the adult stage.
As a result, much detail is missing from the sternal end of both juvenile coracoids of H. The general similarity in morphology to members of this clade is evident in all elements of the postcranial skeleton examined, particularly in the scapula, coracoid, humerus and tarsometatarsus. Despite the general derived morphology of the plains wanderer compared to other Scolopaci (Bock & Mc Evey 1969; Olson & Steadman 1981), we suggest a sister taxon relationship between H .
High endemism resulted from geographical isolation in Australia and New Zealand, while scolopacids breeding in the Northern Hemisphere formed a Neogene radiation characterized by migratory behavior. The absence of terrestrial predators has rendered several endemic New Zealand birds flightless (Tennyson & Martinson 2007), but there is still little evidence that the St Bathans Fauna possessed a large number of flightless birds (Worthy et al. The morphology of the humerus, carpometacarpus and ulna, which closely resemble those of seed fragments (Fig. 3), may indicate that H.
We propose that wading was likely the ancestral ecology of the clade, as suggested by the wading habits of other Scolopaci (Scolopacidae, Rostratulidae, and Jacanidae). Nevertheless, due to the lack of temporal data on terrestrial faunas for the Cenozoic of New Zealand, it is not possible to determine when H. pedionomids and Hakawai melvillei were part of the ancestral radiation of a lineage that, similar to sphenodontids (Jones et al . 2009), may have been more widespread in the past, but only managed to survive locally in the Australasian landmasses (Olson & Steadman 1981).
Nevertheless, contrary to biogeographical models proposed for songbirds (e.g. Ericson et al. 2003; Selvatti et al. 2015), vicariance alone is unlikely to explain these patterns, as the proposed sister taxon relationship between pedionomids and H. is due to its incomplete nature of the fossil record, this phylogeographic pattern might as well reflect 3. A parallel between other groups of vertebrates might be found in the divergence of the endemic mystacinid bats of Australasia (the extinct Icarops lineage in Australia and the surviving Mystacina lineage in New Zealand (Hand et al. 2013) from ancestral noctilionoids 51–41 Ma (Teeling et al. 2005) in East Gondwana before final fragmentation (Gunnell et al. 2014).
Acknowledgements
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Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in the long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis. Kroh (eds) Paleornithological Research 2013: Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications of an Early Miocene wren (Aves: Passeriformes: Acanthisittidae) from New Zealand.
Mensurae comparativae selectae postcranialium elementorum camporum errantium Pedionomus torquatus, Hakawai melvillei sp. Abbreviations: csc, calix scapularis; fah, facet articulationis humeralis; DW, lata lata; ML, longitudo maxima; MSW, scapus minimus latitudinis; pac, processus acrocoracoid; PW, latitudo proximalis. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; cdp, deltopectoral iugum; cdu, condyle ulnaris dorsalis; cdv, condyle ventralis; cih, summis hypotarsi; cmh, crista hypotarsi medialis; esc, calix scapularis; ctd, poculum dorsale; ctv, poculum ventralis; dfp, fossa dorsalis pneumotricipitalis; epv, epicondylus ventralis; ad os clauiculi.
Abbreviations: acr, acromion; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdu, condyle ulnaris dorsalis; cdv, condyle ventralis; cph, humeri caput; esc, poculum scapulare; dfp, fossa dorsalis pneumotricipitalis; stupidus, dorsalis metacarpi minus; bene, facies e claviculae articularis; fah, facet articulationis humeralis; fdl, canalis tendinis musculi flexoris digitorum longi; fdm, facies articularis digitalis major; Abbreviations: cdv, condyle ventralis; esc, poculum scapulare; stupidus, dorsalis metacarpi minus; bene, facies e claviculae articularis; fah, facet articulationis humeralis; m&l tr. Gondwanan proposuit diversificationem stirpis ostendens semen snipeum Americanorum Australium (Thinocoridae), campi Australiae vagi (Pedionomidae) et gene melvillei NZ Hakaway.
