Queensland's cultural landscapes represent an important part of Australia's cultural heritage resources in a way that is distinctly different from other states and territories. There is also the contribution of involuntary migrants, South Sea Islanders and their particular role in Queensland's cultural landscapes. There are conflicting approaches to managing cultural landscapes, including a strong push from natural heritage.
This limits the interpretation and management of cultural landscapes to the identification and management of heritage with limited recognition of the contested values associated with these landscapes. The cultural landscapes of all of Queensland have not been defined or mapped, except for limited maps on various regional bases. Second aim: to investigate the layered values of selected cultural landscapes in Queensland and their potential heritage significance.
Methodologically, due to Queensland's scale, the heritage significance of Queensland's cultural landscapes in this study is broad-scale and coarse-grained interpretations.
1 A NEW MODEL FOR CULTURAL LANDSCAPE INTERPRETATION
The environmental psychologist, Robert Riley (1992), suggests that such experiences become embedded in the memory of place. Images and Image Makers in the Process of Resolution' provided invaluable insights into the iconography of the Australian landscape. Also, the Cultural Landscape Research Unit (CLRU), established at UNSW in 1985, undertook a number of documentary studies on aspects of landscape in the 1980s (Armstrong & . Burton, 1986).
Included in the CLRU research were two important works, the pioneering heritage study undertaken by Craig Burton on the cultural landscape of Pittwater in Sydney (Pittwater Municipal Council, 1988) and the study and analysis of perceptions of environmental heritage in Australia ( Armstrong c). The work that is most relevant to this study is that of humanist geographers, Cosgrove &. The definition used in this study derives from a critique of various cultural landscape theories and the particular circumstances of the Queensland project.
The cultural landscapes of nineteenth-century pastoralism can have a different, but equally strong, effect.
Ideology/Iconography - the philosophical criterion Universal Australian icons
In terms of the meanings and values that can be attributed to heritage sites, the AHC criteria are defined by a very focused set of values; those of cultural heritage practice. As Avery (1999) points out, any form of management will be challenged and possibly sabotaged unless the values of the landscape are accepted. Using the work of cultural studies on different forms of 'capital' and 'fields of value' (Bourdieu, 1991), it is therefore possible to analyze the nature of the contests and determine the ways in which different interest groups can negotiate.
In each case, a discourse study of the conflicts was undertaken, using the domains of 'identity' and 'development'. One of the most significant aspects of Queensland's cultural landscapes is the issue of Aboriginal land rights and how to achieve effective co-management. The difficulties lie in the fact that cultural landscapes until now could only be protected within the parameters of heritage and environment.
Because hermeneutic studies allow for multiple meanings, it is inevitable that some meanings will be contested when proposals for the management of cultural landscapes are put forward. It is here that the project aims to ensure that cultural landscapes are managed in such a way that the continuum of meanings and values from the past and present continues into the future. Past cultures and urban transformation: the redevelopment of East London's Spitalfields Market.' In Anderson, K.
Identification and assessment of rural cultural landscapes in historic environments VII. ed) 'The Interpretation of the Ordinary Landscape'. Burton (1984) Visual Vulnerability in the Landscape: Control of Visual Quality. published by the US Dept of Agriculture and Forest Service. Landscape: CONTESTED TERRAINS, Discussion Paper August 1998, unpublished report, pp Historical Theoretical Context' in Preliminary Conceptual Framework,. prepared for Survey of Queensland Cultural Landscapes:.
1999) 'Designed Landscapes in Queensland Experimentation - Adaptation - Innovation', unpublished PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane. ed) (2000) 'A Thematic Study of Queensland's Cultural Landscape'. A conservation and interpretive study of the rural heritage landscape of the Lanyon-Lambrigg ACT area.'' In Historic Environment VII(2).
2 HISTORIOGRAPHY
To assist researchers in the 'Contested Terrains' project, an overview of traditional and emerging techniques for researching, interpreting, and writing histories was needed. In this description, Stanford offered a simple interpretation of the term “history”: “three premises are all we need for a definition of history. He observed three aspects common to most theories that threatened history at the end of the 20th century.
The works of conservation practitioners (who usually combine these resources) for individual areas show that a study of the landscape is necessary for a complete assessment. 17 Carment, David (1991), History and the Landscape in Central Australia: A Study of Material Evidence of European Culture and Settlement, Darwin: ANU, Northern Australia Research Unit, p A complete 'story' or description of nature includes due attention to changes over time , namely the 'history' of the object.
This involves identifying the players in the process of change (individuals, groups, institutions) and the factors (technologies, resource endowment, public policies, social or environmental disturbances), and their interaction over time.33. He also wrote about the practice of art history and its grounding in sound historical method, and many of these ideas coincided with those of the social. As mentioned in this extract, the distinctiveness of the Australian design scene was another point relevant to the Queensland study.
Further evidence of the contrasting and synonymous meanings of the two terms 'garden' and 'landscape' is demonstrated in the way their history has been approached and written. Several of these sources provide examples of preferred usage of terms and are reported here. The description of the cultural and natural context in Jellicoes' publication is important in examining the use and intent of the terms chosen.
Many of the most famous and most visited gardens of the 18th century were designed by such enthusiastic amateurs. There is a loss of beauty, especially that exquisite beauty of the small, the complex, and the unexpected. The Making of the English Landscape is one of the greatest history books ever written.
It is a case of the world of mind and physical reality combining as an interactive conglomerate.
3 HERITAGE CONSERVATION
The preservation and presentation of cultural heritage are therefore the foundation of any cultural policy. Managing the natural environment to ensure that it is not destroyed in the development process. Ken Taylor and Carolyn Tallents comment: 'Changes in the landscape are inevitable and part of the normal course of events.
It is equally foolish to expect that anything old is worth preserving or protecting' (Rural Landscape Protection – the need for a broader conservation base, Heritage Australia, Summer 1984, 3-8). A fusion of the Man's Charter and the Natural Heritage Charter could go some way to addressing this, such as The evolution of the concept of the term 'heritage' and the development of the 'conservation' movement in Australia is summarized in Davison & McConville, 1991, Heritage Handbook.
The establishment of UNESCO in 1946 gave international impetus to the idea of preserving and protecting the world's cultural heritage. These were probably two of the most influential international instruments for promoting the conservation of cultural and natural heritage. As a result of the report of inquiry [The Hope Report], the Federal Government passed the Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975.
Buildings were increasingly seen as elements of a wider whole – the historic environment – rather than as individual specimens" (Davison, 1991:23). Despite this obvious weakness, the Integrated Planning Act 1997 in Queensland contains a very broad definition of ' environment'. , to include:. a) ecosystems and their constituents, including people and communities; and (b) all natural and physical resources; and (c) the qualities and characteristics of places, places and areas, however large or small that contribute to their biological diversity and integrity, inherent or ascribed scientific value or interest, glory, harmony and sense of community, and. d) the social, economic, aesthetic and cultural conditions affecting the matters in paragraphs (a), (b ) and ( c) or affected by these conditions. However, the preservation of "cultural landscapes" will depend on the sensitivity of the "triggers" to control or manage changes in the landscape.
Definition of the "object/objects" to which the legislation relates – terms such as cultural heritage significance of a place, conservation, nature conservation, forestry, mining, landscape. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the existing administrative and legal framework for land management in Queensland, and to assess its suitability in relation to the conservation and/or management of "cultural landscapes".
4 MINORITY GROUPS – THEORETICAL CONTEXT
Today, a common awareness of the need to develop more appropriate indigenous landscape knowledge mapping tools is evident throughout the culture and communication sector. The intention of the indigenous landscape knowledge-mapping model presented here will hopefully increase the sustainability of a collective indigenous landscape knowledge base. It is a definitive model that does not aim to capture from the beginning the knowledge of the indigenous landscape of land.
-Space represents the reasoning that supports the goal of solving a problem or issue related to indigenous knowledge of the landscape. The politics of indigenous landscape knowledge about landscapes, however, has traditionally been limited by custom and tradition. This does not mean that all local landscape knowledge mapping processes will operate within the public domain.
Nevertheless, a viable process for mapping Indigenous landscape knowledge could promote broad participation in oral, analog, and digital cultures. Important points must be recognized if a successful application of Indigenous Landscape Knowledge Mapping is to take place. The fundamental task we must undertake is to develop techniques for the documentation, acquisition and transmission of indigenous landscape knowledge.
Again, for lack of better terminology, I refer to this concept as 'Local Landscape Knowledge Mapping'. From the position of this discussion, I am not interested in creating person-independent structures of formulating indigenous landscape knowledge. I suggest that different areas of indigenous landscape knowledge will require different ways of describing cause and effect.
Are they consistent with the landscape planner's entry level of knowledge and indigenous landscape context. 3. What are the additional characteristics of the organization of indigenous landscape knowledge that are needed in the planning process.
