A study of the growth and maternal performance of Nguni and crossbred Brahman and Simmental cattle in Swaziland : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University, New Zealand

.ci. STU:UY OF �:x; GE.m!TH ���D 1·:.:�·:r::S:2.1TAL I'Zili<'O::::J,i..-1 ^.. 1;8E GF EGUEI AND C.:tOSSBRED B:EU.l-'J·�LN .:'L�D snm:s::T_:..L

C�'>.TTL:2 UT s·,·:; ^.. ziLA1TD

A ^th

e

_si_s

rresented in

rartial fcl::'i�e�t of the reguirer.:ents for the

degree

of

!·:aster of

Agric-u.l tural Science in ;�imal Scie nce at

Eas s

e

y rⁿi^v

e

_{rs i}

t y New Zealand

1982

ABSTRACT

82.J.d CO'.'T

:: roce ssi::::g

_{C::1i t}

::.ns.lysed..

d'.:i_ring

the

_�eriod

I S75 to

1

978

Jovernrr.en t

treedir�

_{st��ions:}

h�isi (st�tic�

1

) ,

^{�o��eld}

(Jt��icn 2)

an� cs.ttle a�e

r2iscd

en ns.tural pastures.

(

^{-� i:) I 1 \ {} \ >.) j ' ^{-:• '}

s t2 tior.s.

\1 11 ()^;.:, _J\

1 -::> I 1 ^{--,1 \ _::_ �}

(

^{� •1 1. \}

�� _;_) \ :_I ^{I 1 .:} -.;_J I 'T I ¹

(916):

( 1 7)

^{:l-11 cl - _c� b /J}

•T

(

^' _{c: c:: \}

-·· I �J ./ ) '

( 27).

r -- ·r \ . V'"�

\ 1. u 1

,

^Li.d .. \..1.

-· ,

1 1 ( ;1::.. '.

-=---· \ ''--')

,

-- ::..

( ' .• I \ ^•

\ -.., --,--r I •

( ,: _)::-

'·

\ -;- I '

of a totr�l of i

83

2 anim.c.:.ls i'ier·e

analy3e;d

:-�i tr.in

s

ta "';ions by le2..st s=1_ua�es

to i� .. ve stign

_te

the effe cts

_of

bre e d/ c ross, sire (within bre ed), bre e d

_of

dam, year,

month of birth,

age of daw, sex, and breed

x

ye ar, b re e d

_of

dam

x

ye::

.. r, and

sire

x

breed

of ciarn

int e ractions.

_�he

results indic ated that breed of c alf

had a highly sig�ificant effect on all the ^traits at each station,

(I<:::

^0.

01).

rar:1ced :

�-5,

^{2 b-....,, � � .u, ana r '}

In Staticn

1 ,

^{the breeds}

IT fer -'::�1e three ^weights.

iii

�he crossb�eds we�e u� tc

29.1

and

32.5

�g heavie�

ths.n tl:e ..l... ' ⁿ and 1 .9, _c.nd. ^'1 1 • • ^c::-_.; .J...-.... r"'\Y"\ i..tl.L..:.... ... .:..

i� [TO\i"tl: to 18 !":on tl1s. :reed x ye2r �nteracticns

�n st?tic�s

2

2nd )^, the �nte�acticn o� breed with ^yea� was i��ortant fer �11 tr��ts.

�6. 1

r· ·r;

" 11 ..I.. '

�ere ne ccns�2tent

1 C-MTH

,, ... . ^··TI

24.),

t '0

6 1 ( -g-· ^{\ , .} up o 1 ^• "·:g ^, ) i" J n.eo.vJ...er birth

s.nd t-s

^{ife:i-e ur: to}

11

in gro�·Tth to 1 8

JLon

_ths.

:r:-ercent

crcsse:;

";.T" ":j

� r

_:_.o,

" .. .!. '

3ire ^effects ivere non-sie;nificant for B-.?J: ruHi \f,/':2, but highly significant for

18-Io':TH

'.-!'1 in Station

1. !r..

StC:.tion 2, sire

effects v:ere highly sigr ... i::'ic<mt for

s.ll t::::-;.;.::.ts.

3 ^. .'T

and

^{·.n,rr. H �f .J..}

3reed

_of

dD.Il,

effe 8ts �·:ere .sie:;ni:'ic:.n t :fer

i� St::;.tion 1, and. :or ·i!v:'I. only i.::-^... :Jte. tion 2.

Irogen;y· of crossb:::'eds vlers hec::.vie::::- (::? L. C.

J1)

t�1�::-� -::r ^... cse Ereed of d8.ill :c:: ye::.::.· :>.r�G. sire ��

�:::'eed

Results c� the e:f:fec�s c:f t�s

envircnnen-:cl

_fac-:ors

illciics.ted. ^-:t.:.it

.:!c�lving sec...sor� &r.d

cv;-;-

"bre

^sds il:ciicc:: te:G.

1,i22..11Cd ^• c 0\: s ^•

esti::1ated by ;atern2.1 r...al:f-s::.b rr:eti.:�cl. .::eri t::b:..li ty

0.89

^{tc ("'} \..,e I_, ^i'i

SlJ.d 0.18 to

0.53 :or

^{B .• ·T,} ,•i.iT,anC. 12·-1-:::::: · ^. .'T, res;ectivc;ly.

Genetic

corre:::..atio!ls ;;ere all :;;:ositive,

but·

ITost of the values ^v.rere

greater

_th.:.n

1

^• rooled rher...otypic correlations

viere 0.27, 0.21

^and

0. 67

^:for

B'dT-·�r.rT,

3iiT-18-ETH ·.·;T, a..."l.d :·!�vS:-18-I·-1TH -.,'T, respectively.

V

Repeatabilitjt-

of ;::�·!T

^K3.S estiw.a.ted. i·.·itllin cm:-!Jreed b�,r the L:.. -:;re.- class correlation

(

oJ ;,;_., ^'

, ... -... . - ....

^l0.L1

1 ) 2.2-:..d

_-:;he

rsgression of later en earl�er records

(3ta-:;ion 2)

^�ethcds.

The es-:;i�ates r�nged :rcw G.Z� to

0.)9.

breeding st��icna indicated t��t there ��s

ina�:ficient

clata on i·:hicr. reliab:..e ge�e�ic rar:1::eter es":;ir:;ates co�__;_ld.

be based.

tl:is rroblerrl.

ACKNO\'/LEDGEHENTS

It is with

pleasure

^tr...:::. t I

a.ck:nmrled.ge

t�;.ose :people

·dw have contributed· to -:b.is stud.y.

Lr. l ^{• •} � ^.... :Earton

for

_their ir:.vs.l'.l2.ole g-o..icic.nce ar..d.

cf s

�cuclies.

of the:

::='he

'::' o-ope r:.:. ti ^{ves -}_l-,-lSlCE; ^{. . . \}

r;'Y",..

=---\.4

very ^{T • .} 1·.T. \ ^1-.J.l. u J ^{--· \} tis k�ar:.se D.ss:...stc::r.ce

.:::.ince:!:'e

ths.nks 8-:!:'e s.lso

d "'.le

^.:...,., uv

T�e enccur2.geruer..t of :·:�r ^{• .. . .u.} �le:=.ss.E�3 ^tc stuC.y c.t

r.:assey l'":r�i

versi

ty is

_a: so grc:.tefl..i.lly ac:.:Cno•�·le dged.

cf to

To Lrs. I' -1.C. I·:cil.usland I ex:;;:ress apprecic."':;im:. fer

her

skilful tyring of _t�is

thesis.

The support

of IY relatives

��d friends

tb=ougho�t the ccurse cf study is also 6re�tly

�prreciated.

N •

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.

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THREE

\

(

ⁱ

)

^'l'li.e

Genetic

^{and 82}

Phonotypic Rel�tionships between lre-weuning

GrO\·ith Trc.i

ts

( ii)

^' he Cenetic

and 89

Ihe.£wtypic 1 ^.. ela tionships betvreen

l're-weo.ning

and Post-weaning GrO\vth ^{TrQi ts}

( iii )The

Genetic .:ind 93

I l enotypic .l.c�:�lutionshi:t-:.s Let :een lo::>t-i'teaning

Grc11·:th T1·:ti t ^s

·Ll.�.e: rel-C'=.!.t�tbili ^{ty of} pre­

�� e��1dn6 l)erformc...r.�.ce IvlAThRIALS AND NETHODS

).1 1-,:...t�..-rL.i.lS

).1 . 1 l'l.�.c

oraeJ.ing st:..�.tiuns

j.l _.2 �uurc� of d�t� - Tho

Jc..L t'-� l,..�.·u \...e::H::iine; unit sysiclli

98

1 05

1 05

105 108

11

0 (i)

D:...ta �xtracted from the

110

Calf £ecord ^Files

l.:i..i) .Ja·LL

...:.xtracted

^{from the} 112 Co·,i :leccrd Files

1 1 3

3.2.

)

^{_ _ ..} ..-.. r..alysis of c:rov1th records 113

(i)

Introduction

113

( ii)

The Mathematical J.1odels 11 4 :tLd �olutions ^{to tle}

least S,uares E;uations

(iii)

Estim�tion ·of lhenotypi c

121

Correl..J.tions

(iv)

Estim�tion of Genetic

122

Correlations and Heritabilities

FOUR

ix

3 .

2. 2 ;�nalys

is O:i.' tile cmv re ^cor us

1

^{3 0}

(

ⁱ

)

^The MRtle��tical �odel 13 0

�nd �ndly3is Procedures

(ii)

:t:stimc..tion of Repeatability 131

(u)

^The Variance Component 13 1 Techni1ue

(t) The

Recression _Method 134

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 136

4.1 ....;nvironmc:ntJ.l Influences on Birth . 1 36 '.!ei;ht, _{'.Jeqning �Ieight,}

81ld 18-month

'..Jeight

-1.1

^{.1 l�il·th HGi:3bt}

1,

^{. • 1 •} 2 ^',,' er\ninc:S •,;eight

�.1

.3

1G��onth weight

�.1 .4

�i�c�ssion

13 6 144 145 146

4

^.• 2 Gt.:notic Influ..::nces on Di:r·th \'!eight,

1 52

;1 7 .,

.

^_,1

\.'e:-.t.cd.ll� ',.'cit;ht, m:d

1

D-month \,!eicht

�.2.4

Discussi�n

4.2.6

JiscusGion

l·'l<1 tc2·n,_l T e:..�fo-r:Lu!C�.; of ?�CU.'li, B1·ahrr.un, :1 d ·'Jl"us::.:brL;;d Cm-is 4.3.1 Station

4.3.2 :t�tion

2

4.4 Heritability, Genetic _and Phenotypic Correlat_ion^s and Repe�tnbility Estimates 4.4.1 Heritability

4.4.2 Genetic

and

phenotypic correlations

1 52 1 57 1 61 1 68

170 177 185

185 189

1

92

192 1 97

BIBLI OGRAIHY AI'P3NDIC:SS

2�2

':'e.ble

2. 1 2. 2

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

2.8

2.9

2. 1 0

2.

1

2

2.

1 3

3.

¹

3.2

LIST _OF TABLES

':'he 3ir"tl:

'·:ei��:t of so:!Ile B^eef Cattle breeC:s '::he C Ol're2-c.. "':;icn

3irth �-!eigl1-'c c;f bet1·:eerr ^{�.�eie:ht} of :=:=.ru 2.�=1

n,....-: �

v:.::.-J....�

Corre2-a"':;ions of �nl� Aver�ge ^Daily Gain �nd

;,,!ee.r_i!'lg �·reict.t ":·.�i th I':1.lli' s

I'-�ilk �ie:d

8orr!e :2stiiTc."':;es cf the Eerit2.oil.::...t:,· of Dil'-':;1:

TTO.; �\-...1-t::)•J.V -i .. +

2o:c.e Est�u:...t8s

� .. -e2.::�:_nb 2ro·,·.:-::: !"re-

r. -f' -'.J..

The

Rer�t�bi2-ity

Est�2a�es o� some ?oEt­

we�Ling Gro�t� �rn��s So�e 3stin::.tes

�_;o�rel� tic:.1 of

1·;e2.ninc:;

_Gro·,:tr�

�Jome �stir._::: tes 8o1 ^... 1"s:...:.1.:ion o::

'.·reani:::J.g Gro�.,tl1

of �e�etic and Iheno"':;y�ic

n.� Y>.J..ll T·�e·; -l�.J.. "" ..; '"-r'l I�"'--

�-- V-- ·� --b•..&.\.1 ••-V .._....,

�v:..d ·.11 6E.J1=-�;- �-.-9i&;l1�

�Jf

2-e:�::e

^{t:_ s} 8:d PherlJ t:{l= ic

��rth �eiG�t �ith �oat­

'2:re.i

_ts

So�e Es"':;i��tes of the Genetic Co:::::'rel<J. ticn of ·.,' ^e2.nint; l·;ei

ch

^t

3.l�.:.d �·ost-� ^.. -ean.i�'lb }T�o�"-tl1

8c=e 3s-:�r.�& �e2 c-: t!'ls 8-e::e7ic 2..�---�a. !�"le:cJ.ot.;-l:ic 8or�re2.:: ^.. �ion bs-::�·:eel'"' ^...

·.:s2.1J.2.L.b -�elc���t

�.?-:_ t:::

later 'l·:ei.;�ts

:;o�e 3s ti��.:. tes c� -'c�'lG 3-e�':e tic ex. d. :-rl.e:--.o��:r-;i 8

Correl�tion betl·:een SOI:le r·ost-uear.�.ing Gro·.;t�

Traits

Some Repeatability E^st irr:ates of

';!e:lning

\·;e::.,;h"':;

Some :!:�vs::.c:ll ?e::.t-...:..res of the Three f.:ain :Scolot;i

�

al I'et;ions of S1·:aziland

Nurrber of Calf Reccrds obtai�ed _{from the} St3..tions

xi

1 3 26

31

66

75

35

87

S6

1

02

1 05

11 2

4.

1

� h

' . /

-t.6

I C'

�· -·

The Data froo the

Cov; :Record Files

E'actor and S'..A.bscrir:t Descriptions

�n�lysis of varian ce for Eirth weight,

\·!ea�ni�g ,,reigT!.t, 2.Yld 18-:nonth ^v.�eight

Iec�s t 3:1 ^.. J.2.2.,ee !·1�e2.�'ls :;..r1d :=;t2.l�j-�_rd ..::;::--��0:::'2 :cl�

"tl1e

2::f2ct

^{of B�eed c-:'1 3i:'tl-:} wei;-1:�, '/.;e2.l-.Li::_g we�c�t 2.:::d 1 S-mcnt:1 weic�t ^- Jt:o_-';ion I

':'he �u1:e�iori ty ::.n �i�t!-_ � ^.. -eizl:t, T._7e?.:.J.ir1.g vei£�t and 1 S-mo�t� weic�t e�o�m by the Pr:c:.hr::s..n ^2.l1d ::'rs..i:J.r:::e;.:n c::.�o.::> s"!Jreds ^o-:.rer -l:;l:e Nsvni ^- St�tion

1

least S�""'�""C.c..rea ?�ealJ.Z ?.l3.d :J-to.::1d��·cl :r�c:rs

�or the ·E�fect of Ireed x �e�r I�te��ctio�

on \•!eichts ^;:�t Birth, ·.'e::::.:1ing and

1 2-Dc::J.t}!.S

:�t::;_-':;ior:

2

le2st S:�i1.1.2.res l':ea11s a�J.d St::.lJ.d.ai�d e·::��crs ::oY t�e �ffect cf ^{�reed x} Year Inter�ctio� on Eir�h \ ^.. :eic;��, ···!e�.�i:1g \,:e i;l1t _2-r. .. :. 1 f--r.:cl"l �l�

weight ^- :t�ticn 3

ln�lys�s of varia�ce for �irth �ei�h�, T�·!earJ.int; �-:�i6ht 2:.�.d.

1

E-�c!ltb. �:eiG�1t from r.:ociel 2

���lysis of Varianca fer WeiGht of :al�

':.'eaned ·

4.

1 0

least 3l_Uares !':eans and �taECie.rd :Srrcrs for

the

::::ffect of Breed of Cm; ^{on ;:!eight} cf Calf ·�·.1e::.ned ^- Station 1

4. 11

Lee.st 21uares r·:eans and Star�dard ^:Srrors for the Effect of Breed x Year Inter�ction on

\·!eight of 8alf \'!eaned ^- Stc.tion

2

1 1 6

137 1 41

1

54

1 g 1

188

1 90

-1'- ^{.. r·�} -I-"'

-.:] C:T\ '·Jl

__ , p [:' --� 1.-J ()0 0�·1 C:J �:s ^{('J CD ()} 0 1-f) ^H) CD

I p_,,+ 1·'·0 ^•;t �-. 0'1

i1 ^1-'· C'1 1-' (') i_j 0 1-1

0 1·-j ;1 :s (!) I '· �J m i� i) p:. c+ r,J 0 f-1) f--' Ul cl- \D ^< t· H) I-I) H) Ul

�J' : ·) <D 0 :·j (]) f-J·

,, {'J 1-', Cl l ^.f IS ^: _:; ()

>: ^c �- Cl !-'· tD CD :�

(]) <,.: 0 Cl �1 H)�� !'.l 1-'·'.--1 H) f'J (ll I-f) c-1- �-: : '!

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1 62

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A STUDY

OF

THE

GHO,/JTH

AND �'L'\TERNAL PERF0Ili1ANCE OF NGUNI AND CROSSBRED BR/\HJI1AN

AND

3IMMENTAL CATTLE IN SviAZILAND