Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Western Australia, Series 4
Volume 10
Number 11 November, 1969 Article 4
1-1-1969
Simple treatment will protect farm-stored grain Simple treatment will protect farm-stored grain
Department of Agriculture, Western Australia
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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation
Department of Agriculture, Western Australia (1969) "Simple treatment will protect farm-stored grain," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 10: No. 11, Article 4.
Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol10/iss11/4
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SIMPLE TREATMENT WILL PROTECT
FARM-STORED GRAIN
W I T H unusually large quantities of grain likely to be stored on farms this season, 1970 be an important year for the control of pests in stored grain.
w
Infested grain from farms is responsible for almost all outbreaks of infestation in bulk storages, leading to costly treatment by the grain handling authority. Effective control on the farm would eliminate most of this.
Thorough cleaning and treatment of all harvesting and handling machinery and grain storages is the first requirement for control of grain pests. If on-farm hygiene is good, protecting the grain from infesta- tion is relatively simple.
The following recommendations have been issued by the Australian Wheat Board:
H O W T O PROTECT STORED GRAIN
Keep wheat in farm storages free of insects with a protectant such as mala- thion. This insecticide is sometimes known as maldison. Pyrethrum can also be used as a grain protectant, especially for grain moths.
WARNING.—Other insecticides, such as lindane, DDT, dieldrin and aldrin must not be used to protect farm-stored grain.
Using malathion with grain
Apply a 1 per cent, dust formulation at the rate of 1 lb. of dust to 1,000 lb. of grain, or 6 lb. to 100 bushels. Mix dust thoroughly with the grain. Apply at any time between harvesting and filling storages. Liquid malathion—considerably cheaper to purchase than malathion dust
—may be preferred. It is generally applied through nozzles attached to the sides of augers when loading grain into farm storages.
Three conditions for success
For control of insects in stored grain, ensure that:
• The moisture content of wheat is not more than 12 per cent. Above this level malathion breaks down rapidly, and the risk of mould development increases.
• The malathion is evenly distri- buted.
• The dose rate of malathion is only sufficient to cover the time of storage. Too much will lead to undesirably high residues when the wheat is used, and too little will fail to give insect control.
465
Period of Effectiveness
For liquid m a l a t h i o n formulations in p a r t s per million.
Storage up to 6 months—apply m a l a - thion a t 12 ppm.
Storage 6 to 12 months—apply m a l a - thion a t 18 ppm.
Storage 12 m o n t h s or more—apply m a l a t h i o n a t 24 ppm.
Rates of dilution
Malathion concentrates must be diluted in clean w a t e r before applying to grain.
For 12 ppm application, dilute 1 pint m a l a t h i o n 103 concentrate in 9 gals, water.
For 18 ppm application, dilute 1$ pints m a l a t h i o n 103 concentrate in 9
gals, water.
For 24 ppm application, dilute 2 pints m a l a t h i o n 103 concentrate in 9 gals, water.
These dilutions should all be applied at the r a t e of l i pints per ton of grain.
How to check application rates
Use only spray nozzles of correct size to deliver insecticide a t operating pressures of between 20 a n d 50 lb. per square inch.
M a n u f a c t u r e r s usually supply c h a r t s show- ing delivery rates for nozzles at different pressures.
Adjust equipment to apply l i pints of t h e dilution to one ton of grain. Adjust- m e n t will be correct when t h e output of nozzles in two m i n u t e s in fluid ounces is equal to t h e capacity of the conveyor or auger in tons per hour.
Some nozzles h a v e a constant applica- tion r a t e . For these, different application r a t e s c a n be gained by varying t h e con- c e n t r a t i o n of spray. See m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' tables.
Fumigation
If insect infestation of stored wheat develops despite good hygiene a n d use of p r o t e c t a n t s , fumigation will be necessary.
Follow these rules:
(1) Use correct dosage of fumigant.
(2) Leave grain under fumigant for correct time.
(3) Make storage as gas-tight as pos- sible, using fumigation sheets.
(4) Level t h e surface of grain to allow b e t t e r diffusion of surface-applied fumigants.
(Remember all fumigants are poisonous to m a n as well as insects. F u m i g a n t s can be h a n d l e d safely if m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' r e - commended p r e c a u t i o n s are followed care- fully).
Recommended fumigants
PHOSPHINE is a gas formed by t h e decomposition of Phostoxin tablets. Probe tablets into bulk grain a t t h e r a t e of 4 to 6 per ton of w h e a t , or for each 45 cubic feet of storage space. Keep storage under fumigation sheets for two to t h r e e weeks before ventilation. Do n o t move grain u n t i l fully ventilated.
CARBON BISULPHIDE can be supplied to bagged or bulk w h e a t by sprinkling on empty bags laid on t h e top of t h e wheat.
T h e grain t e m p e r a t u r e should be a t least 80° F . to get full effect. Apply 2 lb. carbon bisulphide p e r 1,000 bushels of grain keep- ing t h e grain covered for 7 days, or 4 lb.
p e r 1,000 bushels, covering t h e grain for 2 to 3 days.
Note.—Carbon bisulphide is highly in- flammable a n d m u s t be stored in a cool place.
A m i x t u r e of CARBON TETRA- CHLORIDE, ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE and ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE, sometimes known as No. 1 G r a i n F u m i g a n t , can be used for bulk w h e a t in vertical storages.
Sprinkle on empty bags laid on top of the w h e a t in store a t t h e r a t e of 3 gallons per 1,000 bushels, w i t h a n exposure of 48 hours.
METHYL BROMIDE is a n odourless n o n - inflammable fumigant.
WARNING.—Methyl Bromide h a s extreme p e n e t r a t i n g powers—only a n expert operator should use t h i s material.
466
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