Studies on the flora and fauna of the bovine rumen : a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Massey University of Manawatu

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§rr:UDIES_ _ON THE FLORA AND FA!lt¥\ OF THE BOVINE Rm�l

A Thesis Subm1 tted for' ^{the Degree of}

Doctor ^of Philosophy in the

ft'assey Un! vera! ty ot Yamt'ltl ^tu

by

R.T.J. Clarke

January ^I 1964

--- --- --

ACKNOV1LEDGEMENTS

Rt'e1tl_

I am indebted to _my two supervisors, Dr J. ^C. HatJke am Or A. T. JO�JW, Plant Chemistry Division, _D.S.I.R.j for tbelr help _ani encouragement.

I also wish t^{o thank}

1 . The Department of Scientific and IDiustr1a.l Research for granting _me leave on full salary.

2. Dr r�. P. Bryant# United States Departmant of Agriculture, Eeltsville, Marylam, tor details of the dry-ice box for culture storage and tor ^the L34 ^{strain of} Ram1bacteri�.

3. ^{Dr o.} IAlb1nsKy, lJn1vers1ty of Manitoba, l'l1nn.1peg, _tor comments on the identificat10n of the e1l1ates.

4. Dr R. ^\11. Bailey for the ^analyses of ^{total soluble sugars} of forage materials.

5.

r·ll' A. C. Glenday for the statistical analyses _of the ^ciliate

counting mthod.

6. {.'l1ss 14. Soulaby for the photographs of _the "camera lucida"

drawings of e111ates.

7 . Dr B. H. Maqard" ROfaett Research Institute, Aberoeen,9 for

mny helpful discussions.

PREFACE

1 • THE RUMEN CILIATES

CONTENTS

- .

A. ID§N:tIFICATION _{OF SPECIES}

Introduction

14.:.\ ter1ala ^{and Methods}

Results

Discuss10n

B. OOCmmENCE ^. AND POPUIATION _DENSITY

Introduction

M:tterials am Methods

Exper1!Ental and Results Disoussion

c. SEA,SOliAL VARIA�ION IN EPmmm1 Introduction

}.� terials ani ^Methods E.�per1mental am Results Discussion

2,. ::! _{THE CULTURE} F OF _St»1E Rm1EN CILIATES 1 . •

Introduction

�aterials and ^Methods E."lper.1mental am Results

(a)

The Cu1 ture of 011gotr1chs

(b)

^{The CuI ture of} Holotrichs Discussion

]age 1

7 1 1

1 4 40

45 47 48 49 57 59 59

62

66 68

71 T7 78

3. T� ^.. ISOLA�I.PiY, IDEl-lTIFICATlorI ^ill'ID CHAi¥\CTERISTICS ^OF

SOVlE RUlJIEN BACTERIA

... . .

Introduction

�bter1als am. I�thcx:l Exper1mntal _am Results Discussion

4. �OMETRIC STUDIES$,QIi 1t,U'MEN ACTIVITY

110

Intr<Xluet1011 12-0

�Ja.ter1als ^am M-ethoos 123

Exper.1melltal am Resul ta 125

A. Experimnts _\'J1 th l'lhale �n liquor 125 B. E..�per1ma.nt8 with fiaact10mted rut:1'eD liquor 135

Discussion

143

REFERENCES 157

PLATES 189