BOLT-C ,

-'--~20MM THIS END SHOYJD BE FIXED

WITH THE UrM .

PLATE. IV

PIAL GAUGE

VERT ICAL STAND

EXTENSION BAR

MAGNETIC BASE

ON

Figure: 3.10 Schematic of an extensometer .

25

Z 20

"'"

c

<3

..J 15

10

5

o

o 100 200 300 400

MICRO STRAIN

500 600 700

FIGURE-3.11 The relationship between the uni-axial compressive load imposed on the load cell and micro strain reading recorded bythe strain meter.

VI~

APPLIED TORQUE(N-m) =3.5588X MULTIMETER READING(mV) 25

- 20

Ii' .

~w :>

~~ 15

ow :J

8:

« 10

5

o

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MUL TIMETER READING ( mV)

FIGURE-3.12 The relationship between the wrenching torque (N-m)applied to the torque transducer & its corresponding mV reading recorded by multimeter.

Ul ok

35

E

~ 30 w:>

a ²⁵

c::0

•...e 20 w::J

it

¹⁵

«

10 5 0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

•

800 900

MICRO STRAIN

FIGURE-3.13 The relationship between the wrenching torque (N-m)applied at the bolt head and its corresponding micro strain reading of the torsion shear strain gauge fitted with the bolt shank recorded by the strain meter.

--- --_. _._-

VIVI

lJot.r 1\

--- ..

•.•!lOt

t-..!::

- -'f-s

.~- - - "ot r IJ

....,._-

._-

TlHltl~IG

\lOLt

1l0lr 1\

-~r=;J-.~

0-- ---[-,..__ '

(1~.

-

'.';

~~r~Nso:. ~

METErI /~~'" I,,}.~

---

r:- - -C _,1__----,

t~J. -.-.]-~lur-

DOLT C

}'

Flgute: 3.14 iJeh,i1s of (he test set-til' which

WitS

used to "I,ply (he

extern"1 (cnsile lond (usin,~ fhe univl'l"snl fl'sling

lII:lchinc).nflcl" fighfcning fhe ""If.

25 D

5 20

c

10 15

ELONGATION (mm)

. FIGURE-4.1The uni axial tensile load applied on the bolt by universal testing machine vs its corresponding elongation of the bolt measured by the extensometer.

35 30 25 Z:.

c 20

0«

...J

15 10 5 0

0

-- -~_._---_.---~~~--- ---

Ul

--..)

• Without lubrication curve

• With lubrication by VG-15

• With lubrication by VG-46

120 100

40 60 80

APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE (N-m) 20

1. CLAMP LOAD(kN)=0.28 x applied wrenching torque(N-m) VG-46 2. CLAMP LOAD(kN)=0.23 x applied wrenching torque(N-m) VG-15 3. CLAMP LOAD(kN)=0.19 x applied wrenching torque(N-m) WIO Lub.

5

o o

10

25

. 20

Z

,"'"

c

~ 15

...J

w0::

:Q.

FIGURE-4.2The relationship between the wrenching torque (N-m) applied at the bolt head and pre- load . developed in the bolt due to applied wrenching torque under different lubricating condition.

coVI

SHANK TORQUE(N-m) =0.5219 APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE (N-m) 20

E

~ 15 w:J

0

ll:

0l-

:.: 10

z«

III:I:

5

o

o

⁵ 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE(N-m)

FIGURE-4.3 The relationship between the wrenching torque(N-m) applied at the bolt head & the amount of torque (N-m) transmitted to the shank of the bolt without lubrication.

- --- .--- --~---^{--- --}

VIIe

25

SHANK TORQUE(N-m) =0.5108 X APPLIED WRENCHINGTORQUE(N-m)

o

o

^{5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45}

APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE (N-m)

FIGURE-4.4 The relationship between the wrenching torque(N-m) applied at the bolt head &

the amount of torque (N-m) transmitted to the shank of the bolt without lubrication.

20

5

E z

. ;;; 15 :J

o

a::

~ :.:: 10 z

~en

C'I Q

25

+

SHANK TORQUE(N-m)=0.6335 X APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE (N-m)

Ii' 20

~

UJ::::l

~ 15

:::

:.:::

z

«

10 :I:en

5

o

o

^{5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45}

APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE (N-m)

FIGURE-4.5 The relationship between the wrenching torque(N-m) applied at the bolt head and the amount of torque (N-m) transmitted to the shank of the bolt with lubrication by VG- 15

-

01

SHANK TORQUE(N-m)=0.6258 X APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE(N.m)

25

E ²⁰

~w

5

_{a:: 15}

oI-

:.::z

«iJi ¹⁰

5

o

o ^{5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40}

I .

45

APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE (N-M)

FIGURE-4.6 The relationship between the wrenching torque(N-m) applied at the bolt head and the amount of torque (N-m) transmitted to the sha~k of the bolt with lubrication by VG-15

- ----- ---~-~~----

N0'1

30

SHANK TORQUE(N-m) =0.6851X APPLIED WRENCHINGTORQUE (N-m)

25

- 20

zIi'

iii"

o:J

I:t: 15

g

lI::

Z

~

Ul 10

5

o

o ^{5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45}

APPLIED WRENCHING iORQUE(N-m)

FIGURE-4.7 The relationship between the wrenching torque(N.m) applied at the bolt head and the amount of torque (N.m) transmitted to the shank of the bolt with lubrication by VG-46

~

SHANK TORQUE (N-m)=0.6769X APPLIED WRENCHINGTORQUE(N-m) 25

- 20

~Ii'

w::>

o

'" 15

g

"

z-0:

:I:

III 10

5

o

o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

APPLIED WRENCHING TORQUE (N-m)

FIGURE-4.8 The relationship between the wrenching torque(N-m) applied at the bolt head and the amount of torque (N-m) transmitted to the shank of the bolt with lubrication byVG46

--~~--_. ----

0'1

••••

--Uni axialtensilecurve

~Load vs elongation curve of tightenedboltw/o lub.

-- Load vs elongation curve of tightened bolt with lub by VG-15 __ Load vs elongation curve of tightened bolt with lub by VG-46

20 25

10 15

ELONGATION (mm) 5

35

30

Z 25

:c

~ 20

..J

W0:

11. 15

10

5

0 0

. FIGURE-4.9 (a)Curve-1,The uni-axial tensile load vs elongation on the bolt curve, (b) Curve-2, Pre-load developed on the bolt head vs elongation of the bolt w/o lub. (c) Curve-3, Pre-load developed on the bolt head vs elongation of the bolt wllub by VG-15 (d) Curve-4,Pre- , load developed on the bolt head vs elongation of the bolt wllub by VG-46.

0'1 . 'JI

35

30

Z 25

"'"

~

o

20

..J Wa::

a.. 15 10

5 ^-- Uni axila tensile curve

~ External loading on tightened bolt curve

o

o

⁵ 1~LONGATION(mm;5 20 25

//'---:

)

FIGURE-4.10 Comparision of maximum load carrying capacity of a well tightened bolt up to combined yield point and then applied simply external tensile load with that of a virgin bolt.

~

0'1 0'1

-- Uni axial tensile curve

-- External loading on tightened bolt 30

~ 25

a

C5 20

..J W

g:

15 10 5 0

0 5 10. 15 20 ₂₅

ELONGATION (mm)

FIGURE-4.11 Comparision of maximum load carrying capacity. of a well tightened bolt without lubrication followed by external loading when plastic deformation of 6 mm with that of a virgin bolt.

<:f\

-!

35 E

-- Uni axial tensile curve

__ External loading on tightened bolt without lubrication.

25

10 15 20

ELONGATION (mm) 5

o

o

5 10 30

Z

25

'"

~ 20

..J Wl:t:

Q. 15

FIGURE-4.12 Comparision of maximum load carrying capacity of a well tightened bolt without lubrication followed by external, loading when plastic deformation of 10 mm with that of a virgin bolt.

, 0'1 QO

-- Uni axial tensile curve

-.- External load on tightened bolt without lubrication at 6 MM elongation -+-External load on tightened bolt without lubrication at 10 MM elongation.

20 25

10 15

ELONGATION (mm) E

5 35

30

Z 25

~a C3 20

..J W0::

ll- 15

10

5

0 0

FIGURE-4.13 Comparision of maximum load carrying capacity of a well tightened bolt without lubrication followed byexternal loading at different level of plastic deformation with that of a virgin bolt.

Q\

I,Cl

-i

-- Uni axial tensile curve H

20 25 15

10

-II- External loading on tightened bolt with lubrication byVG~15 G

5 40

35

30

Z ²⁵

"'-

c

~ 20

..J W

'"

0.. 15

10

5

0 0

ELONGATION(mm)

FIGURE-4.14 Comparision of maximum load carrying capacity of a well tightened bolt with lubrication byVG-15 followed byexternal loading when plastic defonnation of10.mm with that of a virgin bolt.

~

35

30

Z 25

""

C

<5 ²⁰

..J Wa<:

a. 15 10

5

o

o

5

L

--Uni axial tensile curve

--- External loading on tightened bolt with lubrication by VG46

10 15

ELONGATION(mm)

20 25

FIGURE-4.15 Com parisian of maximum load carrying capacity of a well tightened bolt with lubrication by VG46 followed by . external tensile loading when plastic defonnation of 9 mm with that of a virgin bolt.

-I.

_~ I

35

30

25

E

~w 20 ::l

o

0::

15 •.•.

o

~z

10

:2

en

5 curve-1

curve-2 EXTERNAL TENSILE LOAD

SHANK TORQUE 40

35

30

25

z"'"

o ²⁰

~0

..J

15

10

5

0

o

o

^{2 4 6 8 10 12 14}

ELONGATION (mm)

.FIGURE:4.16 (a) curve-1 Represents the state of the shank torque of the bolt with respect to the elongation of the bolt when external tensile load was applied (b) Curve-2. Represents the external load applied on the bolt vs .elongation of the bolt without lubrication condition.

-.l N

" _"

~.'\

/ /';.

/

-'

35

30

5 10 25 Ii'

z

w

:>

20 oQ:

o

...

'"

z 15 ~ i

o

12

I I

i

___ I

10 CURVE-2

CURVE.1

4 8 2

SHANK TORQUE EXTERNAL TENSILE LOAD 35

30

25

Z'"

C 20

«0

-J

15

10

5

0

0 6

ELONGATION (mm)

FIGURE-4.17 (a)Curve-1. Represents the state of the shank torque of the bolt with respect to the elongation of the bolt when external tensile load was applied.(b) Curve-2,Represents theexternal load applied on the boltV5 elongation of the bolt under lubrication condition byVG.15 .

...:l

(H

40

F -

^-- EXTERNAL TENSILE LOAD ^f40

35

+

^'\

^. •

_CURVE-2

^•

^{.•• 35}

30

+

^{\ /' }30 _}

Ii'

25

...-..r

^{25 ~}

Z

•

^W::l

"" a

a

^{20 20 ll<:}

<I; 0

0

...

oJ l.:

15 15 z

CURVE-1 ^<I;:I:

'"

10

+

^{~ 10}

:i.

SHANK TORQUE

, , ,

I ^{, , , ,} I ^{, , , ,} I ^{, , , ,} I ^{, , , ,} I ^{, , , ,} I ^{, , ,}

.t

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

ELOANGATION (mm)

FIGURE-4.18 (a)Curve-1, Represents the state of the shank torque of the bolt with respect to the elongation of the bolt when external tensile load was applied.(b) Curve-2, Represents the external load applied on the bolt vs elongation of the bolt under lubrication condition by VG-46 .

-..J

,j>,

[1] Finkelston, RJ. and Wallace, P.W.," Advances in High Performance Mechanical Fastening", 1980, SAE Paper No 800451.

[2] Junker, a.H. and Wallce, P.W.," The Bolted Joint Economy of Design Through Improved Analysis and Assembly", Proc. Instn, Mech Engrs,

1984, 1,255-266.

[3] Duff, B. and Monaghan, J.M., "Behaviour of Fastener Tightened to Yield ",Proc IMC-I, trinity college dublin, 1984, pp. 119-143.

[4] Morrison, J. L. M. and Shepherd, W.M.,"An Experimental

Investigation of Plastic Stress-Strain Relations", Proc, Inst, Mech. Eng., Vol. 163, 1950, p-l.

[5] Monaghan, J.M, and Duff, B., "The Influence of Friction on the Stress Distribution within Yield Tightened Fastener ", Proc. IMC-2 University of Ulster, 1985, pp. 113-135.

[6] Monaghan, J.M and Duff,B., "The Effect of External Loading on A Yield Tightened Joint", Int, J. Mach, tools manufacture, 1987,27,443-455.

[7] Boys, J.T. and Wallace, P.W., "Design and Performance of an Automatic Control System for Fastener Tightening", Proc Inst. Mechanical

Engioneers, Vol. 191, 1977, pp. 371-380.

[8] Chapman ,1., Newnham ,J.,and Wallace, P.," The Tightening of Bolts to Yield and The Performance Under Load ",ASME Journal of Vibration, Acoustics, Stress, and Reliability in Design ",Vol.! 08,pp.213-221, 1986, [9] Monaghan, J.M., "The Influence of Lubrication on the Design of Yield

Tightened Joints", Journal of Strain Analysis, vol. 26, No 2, 1991.

[10] Hagiwara, M., Ohashi, N., and Yoshimoto,!.," Characteristics of Bolted Joints in Plastic Region Tightening ", Bull Japan Soc. of prec.

Engg.,VoI.20,no.4,1986.

[II] Hariri, B. H., "M. Engg. Thesis", Dublin City University ,Ireland, 1990.

[12] Monaghan, J. and Duff, B.,"The Effects of External Loading on a Yield Tightened Joint ", April, Int. J. Mach Tools Manufact 7 Apr. 1986.

[13] Newnham ,J. and Curley, L.,"Bolted Joints Under Tensile Service Loads:

The Effect of Torsion in the Bolt on In-Service Clamping Loads ", ASME journal of Transactions , Vol. 115, p-36, 1993.

[14] Morrison, J.L.M. and Shepherd, W.M., " An Experimental Investigation into Plastic Stress-Strain Relations ", Proc L., Mechnical Engineers. Vol.

163, pp.l-9,1950,

[15] Ford, H., "Advanced Mechanics of Materials, Longmans ", London, 1963.

[16] Meyer,G. and Strelow, D.,"How to Calculate Pre-load loss Due to Permanent Set in Bolted Joints.", Assembly Engineering, Mar 1972.

[17] Von Mises, R., "Mechanik Der Festen Koerper im Plastisch Deformable Zustant, Goettinger Nachar ", Math.- Phys., KI., pp. 582-592, 1913.

[18] Newnham,1. Curly, L., and Boos, H.P.," The response to External Loads of Bolted Joints Tightened to Yield.", VDI - Berichtsheft No.

766, Verein Deutscher Ingeniere Conference "Schraubenverbindungen.", Essen, Oct. 1989

[19] VDI 2230, 1986., "Systematic Calculation of High Duty Bolted Joints", Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 1986.

[20] Boys, .LT. and WALLACE, P.W.," Design and Performance of An Autometic Control System for Fastener Tightening '''Proc. lnst. Mech Engng 198B, (14) 255 (1984)

[21] Tresca, H., "Sur, l' Ecoulement Des Crops Solids Soumis a de Fortes . Pression ",compt. Rend.59, pp.754, 1864.

[22] 1. Chakrabarty.,"Theory of Plasticity. ", McGraw-Hill,Inc., 1987.