H. Staining and mounting
I. Microscopic observation
5.4 Condition Indices
Condition index, meat yield etc. condition indices are also influenced by different physicochemical conditions and related to the reproductive season. In this study meat yield was observed throughout the study period but condition index was recorded in 9 months. Monthly significant variation was observed for both the parameters but significant differences between male and female was evident only in case of Meat yield. This happened may be because not collecting the dry CI data from November 2017 to January 2018 as these month showed significantly active gametogenesis.
Average mean CI and Meat yield both showed highest mean value during resting
34
period. It can be explained that energy was stored during the resting phase for further gametogenic activity. Mean CI value reduced when gonad development started and for both MY and dry CI, gradual rise in the mean level was observed until maturation and lowest value was found in the month of May when all the gametes were released.
The range of CI values for P. viridis in this study was relatively within the range reported in the literature (Table 9).
Table 9: List of condition index from previous study Species Ranges
(g⁄cm³)
Location Reference
P.viridis 10.15 - 20.92 Malaysia Yap et al. (2003) P.viridis 12.06 - 16.15 Muar, Malaysia Barwani et al.(2007) P.viridis 15.18 - 19.41 Pasir Panjang, Malaysia Barwani et al.(2007) P.viridis 21.06 - 27.18 Sebatu, Malaysia Barwani et al.(2007)
Barnes and Barnes (1977) emphasised that under tropical marine conditions, factors such as temperature and food availability were maintained at near constant levels, and therefore, seasonal breeding cycles were often superimposed.
The drop in CI in May 2018 and again in October 2018 due to release of gametes through spawning (Lutz, 1980; Vakily, 1989; Seed and Suchanek, 1992). This is also supported by the salinity data. This phenomenon was reported to naturally induce the spawning in P. viridis (Choo, 1983; Cheong and Lee, 1984).Walter (1982) reported that spawning of P. viridis in the Philippines had no obvious relationship with temperature fluctuations. The use of CI in reproduction evolves since reproductive cycle of marine bivalves is regulated by many exogenous and endogenous factors (Giese, 1959; Bayne, 1976). The effects of those factors are apparent on the condition of the bivalve which in turn can give an indication of the reproduction status of the bivalve (Orban et al., 2002). The most important environmental stimuli influencing bivalve reproduction are water temperature (Sastry, 1979) and food availability (Newell, 2002) which was also documented to influence the condition of the bivalves (Lutz, 1980; Hickman and Illingworth, 1980; Okumus and Stirling, 1998).
The present study supports the use of CI as a potential indicator of reproductive cycles of P. viridis. Site selection of areas free from tourist activities and pollution sources would help in sustaining the culture industry and provide a suitable culture product.
35
Chapter six Conclusion
Green mussel (Perna viridis) at Moheskhali channel had shown a yearly major gametogenic cycle starting from October till April and a minor peak in the month of June and July. A true resting phase also observed in May and August. The overall sex ratio of male and female was 1:1 with male dominance in early development stages and female dominance during mature stages. Gonadal index results show that spawning event in the spring not year round though a primary development is present in the monsoon. Gonadosomatic index of male is higher than female. Water quality parameters play a vital role in gonad development and maturation. Decreasing water temperature during the prewinter season triggers the gonad development and spawning occurs when temperature begin to rise. Before starting summer season when temperature reaches 30°C mussel spent all the gametes and a resting phase starts.
Relationship of length dimension and weight dimension showed positive correlation with allometric growth pattern where shell length will be the ideal indicator of growth for both total weight and soft tissue weight. Condition indices (Meat yield and dry condition index) was proved to be related to gametogenic cycle and physicochemical parameters. The present study supports the use of CI as a potential indicator of reproductive cycles of P. viridis. Site selection of areas free from tourist activities and heavy developments would help in sustaining the culture industry and provide a suitable culture product. This basic biology study related to reproduction will be the baseline information for aquaculture practitioners who will take steps in artificial breeding technology development and mussel culture establishment.
36
Chapter seven
Recommendation and future perspectives
Through study on different biological aspect like feeding behavior, reproductive system, impact on ecology are the primary need not only in green mussel population of Moheskhali channel but also in other coastal mussel habitat. Culture of mollusks especially mussels and oysters considered as rising an urgent option of coastal aquaculture. Side by side an export market in the neighboring Southeast countries needs to be explored so that excess product can be sold. A large quantity of mussel and oysters’ meat is destroyed during the collection, which can be prevented through improving methods of exploitation, transportation and storage. The most important of all, a distinct local community in the southern region should be identified who consume mollusk to develop local market. Proper processing technology can also ensure quality supply in local restaurants. This study provide the baseline information regarding the development of this culture. Culture development is necessary to reduce stress on natural stock of green mussel and will ensure the conservation of shellfish biodiversity as well as keeping harmony with the future fast growing industry. Culture development will also provide economic support to the small scale fisher’s life by creating employment opportunity.
37
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APENDIX 1