Materials and Methods
Chapter 4 Results
4.1 Description of the selected farms .1 Housing conditions
In clean milk production practices, hygiene of animal house is an important part because most of the farmers used traditional cattle shed even though they took enough care of health of their animal and hygienic practices for clean milk production practices. Result from the following table revealed that, in the selected farms adequate space for the animal were given 100%, 70%, 60% and 40% cases by military farm, category A, category B and category C, respectively. Cleaning animal house daily were adopted 100%, 90%, 90%, 90% and washing of floor, manger, gutter regularly were adapted 100%, 90%, 90% and 90% by MFC, category A, category B & category C farms, respectively. Collection of urine in a pit outside the animal house were accustomed to 100%, 60%, 60%, 50% and collection the dung and dispose away from the animal house were accustomed to 100%, 50%, 50%, 40% by MFC, category A, category B & category C farms, respectively. Construction of the pucca floor and well drainage system in the animal shed were followed 100%, 70%, 50%, 40% and provide bedding material like sand or sawdust during cold weather or in damp or marshy floor were followed 100%, 60%, 60%, 50% as well as fill up cracks and crevices in animal house were adopted 100%, 70%, 60%, 60% by MFC, category A, category B &
category C farms, respectively. Provide ventilation to animal house were adopted 100%, 80%, 80%, 70% and observation of the milking barn, water tank and feeding manger were adopted 100%, 80%, 80%, 80% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively (Figure 20, 21 and Table 1).
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Table 1: Housing management of the selected farms
Animal house MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Provide adequate space for each animal to move around
1 100 7 70 6 60 4 40
2. Clean animal house daily 1 100 9 90 9 90 9 90 3. Washing of floor,
manger, gutter regularly
1 100 9 90 9 90 9 90
4. Collection of urine in a pit outside the animal house by providing sloppy drainage system
1 100 6 60 6 60 5 50
5. Collect the dung and dispose away from the animal house
1 100 5 50 5 50 4 40
6. Construction of the pucca floor and well drainage system in the animal shed
1 100 7 70 5 50 4 40
7. Provide bedding material like sand or sawdust during cold weather or in damp or marshy floor
1 100 6 60 6 60 5 50
8. Fill up cracks and crevices in animal house
1 100 7 70 6 60 6 60
9. Provide ventilation to animal house
1 100 8 80 8 80 7 70
10. Regularly observation of the milking barn, water tank and feeding manger
1 100 8 80 8 80 8 80
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
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4.1.2 Milking area
The conditions of the milking area of the selected farms are described in Table 2.
Cleanliness of milking area and practice of using disinfectant were 100%, 80%, 70%
and 60% in case of MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively.
On the other hand cleaning of animal shed 15 minutes prior milking were practiced 100%, 40%, 20% and 30% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively (Figure 22, 23).
Figure 21: Poor housing condition of other selected farms Figure 20: Good housing condition of MFC
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Table 2: Condition of milking area
Milking area MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Keep milking area clean, disinfested and free from flies and insects
1 100 8 80 7 70 6 60
2. Clean animal shed 15 min.
before milking
1 100 4 40 2 20 3 30
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
Figure 22: Cleaning of floor before milking in MFC
Figure 23: Milking in dirty flooring condition in other selected farms
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4.1.3 Care and management of milking animal
A close look at the following table stated that regular examination of milking animal by veterinary doctor were obtained 100%, 30%, 30%, 20% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively (Table 3). Deworming of milking animals regularly and also vaccinate milking animals regularly were obtained 100%, 90%, 90%, 90% and 100%, 70%, 60%, 70% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively (Figure 24). Washing and cleaning of animals every day were obtained 100%, 90%, 80%, 80% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively and there were no farm (0%) that adopted clip hairs around the udder and hind quarter of the milking animal for clean milk production practices (Figure 25, 26).
Table 3: Care and management of milking animal
Care of milking animal MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Regular examination of milking animal by
veterinary doctor
1 100 3 30 3 30 2 20
2. Deworming of milking animals regularly
1 100 9 90 6 60 4 40
3. Vaccinate milking animals regularly
1 100 7 70 6 60 6 60
4. Wash and clean animal every day
1 100 9 90 8 80 8 80
5. Clip hairs around the udder and hind quarter of the milking animal
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
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4.1.4 Feeding of milking animal
An analysis of the following table (Table 4) showed that provide 20-25 kg green fodder and 3-5 kg dry fodder (straws), 2 kg concentrate mixture and 1.5 kg additional concentrate per 3-3.5 liters milk were given 100%, 70%, 60%, 60% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively and provide clean and fresh water to milking animal for drinking were given by maximum farms (Figure 27, 28). The following table also showed that, not to feed cabbage, turnip tops and onions couples of hours before milking were 100%, 60%, 80%, 80% and not to feed pesticides sprayed fodder to milking animal were adopted 100%, 90%, 90%, 90% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively.
Figure 24: Regular examination and vaccination in MFC
Figure 25: Washing and cleaning of animal in MFC
Figure 26: Milking animals in dirty condition of other selected farms
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Table 4: Feeding practice of milking animal Feeding of milking
animal
MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Provide 20-25 kg green grass, 3-5 kg dry fodder (straws) and 2kg
concentrate mixture and 1.5 kg additional concentrate per 3-3.5litres milk.
1 100 7 70 6 60 6 60
2. Provide clean and fresh water to milking animal for drinking
1 100 10 100 10 100 9 90
3. Not to feed cabbage, turnip tops and onions couples of hours before milking
1 100 6 60 8 80 8 80
4. Not to feed pesticides sprayed fodder to milking animal
1 100 9 90 9 90 9 90
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
Figure 27: Providing green fodder and clean water to animals in MFC
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4.1.5 Personal hygiene of dairy farmers
Regarding personal hygiene of dairy farmers the following table (Table 5) stated that washing hands with plain water before milking were maintained by all the farms (100%) whereas milking by healthy person were maintained 100%, 80%, 80%, 70%
and always stop milk handling while showing disease symptoms were maintained 100%, 80%, 60%, 50% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively. Changing/wearing the clean dress before milking were maintained 100%, 30%, 20%, 10% and trimming of nails regularly were maintained 100%, 40%, 30%, 30% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms , respectively (Figure 29, 30). On the other hand the following table also stated that there were no farms (0%) that maintained care for the hairs of milking person not to fall in the milk as well as protect milk from being exposed to coughing and sneezing for clean milk production practices.
Figure 28: Feeding and watering condition in other farms
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Table 5: Personal hygienic practices of dairy farmers Personal hygiene of
dairy farmers
MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Washing hands with plain water before milking
1 100 10 100 10 100 10 100
2. Milking by healthy person
1 100 8 80 8 80 7 70
3. Changing/Wearing the clean dress before milking
1 100 3 30 2 20 1 10
4. Care for the hairs of milking person not to fall in the milk
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Protect milk from being exposed to coughing &
sneezing
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6. Trimming of nails regularly
1 100 4 40 3 30 3 30
7. Always stop milk handling while showing disease symptoms
1 100 8 80 6 60 5 50
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
Figure 29: Personal hygienic management in MFC
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4.1.6 Cleaning of animals before milking
Cleaning of animals is the foremost step of hygienic maintenance of clean milk production. An analysis of the following table (Table 6) revealed that cleaning udder and teats of cows before milking were practiced 100%, 100%, 100%, 90% and washing entire animals were practiced 100%, 50%, 30%, 20% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively. Washing hind quarters or back of cows before milking were practiced 100%, 30%, 20%, 10% and splashing of water on teat/ udder before milking were practiced 100%, 40%, 20%, 20% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively (Figure 31, 32).
Table 6: Hygienic maintenance of animals before milking Cleaning of animals
before milking
MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Cleaning udder and teats of cows before milking
1 100 10 100 10 100 9 90
2. Washing hind quarters or back of cows before milking
1 100 3 30 2 20 1 10
3. Washing entire animal 1 100 5 50 3 30 2 20 4. Splashing of Water on
Teat/ Udder before Milking
1 100 4 40 2 20 2 20
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
Figure 30: Unhygienic personal management in other farms
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4.1.7 Care of milking utensils
Cleaning of the milking utensils is one of the major parts of the clean milk production practices, where utensils are prone to aspects related to milk deterioration. A close inspection of the following table (Table 7) revealed that all of the farms (100%) cleaned their milking utensils with plain water before milking, as well as milking with a clean milking bucket. Dry and hygienic utensils for milking purpose were practiced 100%, 80%, 80%, 60% and using separate utensils for milking of healthy and sick animal were practiced 100%, 70%, 60%, 60% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively. Use milking utensils made up of stainless steel or aluminum were used 100%, 80%, 70%, 60% and not to use rusted cans for milk
Figure 31: Hygienic maintenance of animals before milking in MFC
Figure 32: Unhygienic maintenance of animals before milking in other farms
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collection were practiced 100%, 100%, 80%, 80% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively (Figure 33, 34) which also shown in the following table.
Table 7: Cleaning of the milking utensils
Care of milking utensils MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Cleaning of utensils before milking with plain water
1 100 10 100 10 100 10 100
2. Using clean, dry and hygienic utensils for milking purpose
1 100 8 80 8 80 6 60
3. Using separate utensils for milking of healthy and sick animal
1 100 7 70 6 60 6 60
4. Use of clean milking bucket for milking
1 100 10 100 10 100 10 100
5. Use milking utensils made up of stainless steel or aluminum
1 100 8 80 7 70 6 60
6. Not to use rusted cans for milk collection
1 100 10 100 8 80 8 80
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
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4.1.8 Udder management
Udder management of animals is a crucial step of hygienic maintenance of clean milk production. An analysis of the following table (Table 8) stated that examine udder, teat or milk regularly by veterinary doctor were 100%, 30%, 20%, 20% and wash udder for removal of mud and dung were practiced 100%, 70%, 60%, 60% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively. Wipe udder with dry cloth after udder washing were 100%, 30%, 20%, 10% that were practiced by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively. Use of KMnO4 in water for cleaning of udder and teats as well as dip teats in potassium permanganate solution before and after milking were practiced at MFC and some of the farms of category A, which can‟t practice at category B and category C farms (Figure 35, 36). On the other
Figure 33: Cleaning of milking utensils in MFC with hot water
Figure 34: Cleaning of milking utensils in other farms with tape water
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hand use different cloth for cleaning of udder of diseased animal only practiced in MFC that can‟t performed by other farms and not to inject hormonal preparations solution before and after milking were not given by any farm (0%) in the study period.
Table 8: Udder management of animals
Udder management MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Examine udder, teat or milk regularly by
veterinary doctor
1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. Wash udder for
removal of mud and dung
1 100 7 70 6 60 6 60
3. Wipe udder with dry cloth after udder washing
1 100 3 30 2 20 1 10
4. Use different cloth for cleaning of udder of diseased animal
1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Use of KMnO4 in water for cleaning of udder and teats
1 100 1 10 0 0 0 0
6. Dip teats in potassium permanganate solution before and after milking
1 100 1 10 0 0 0 0
7. Not to inject hormonal preparations solution before and after milking
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
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4.1.9 Milking techniques
It is revealed in the following table (Table 9) that, all the farms (100%) applied full hand milking techniques (Figure 37). Complete milking within 6-7 minutes were accustomed to 100%, 80%, 80%, 70% and before starting milking, drop out few strips of milk from each teat were practiced 100%, 20%, 20%, 10% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively. Milking high yielding animal three times a day were only accustomed to some of the farms (20%) of category B and Collect 2-3 stripping of milk before milking in a separate pot were practiced 100%, 10%, 0%, 10% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively.
Figure 35: Hygienic udder management in MFC
Figure 36: Unhygienic udder management in other farms
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Table 9: Techniques of milking
Milking techniques MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Apply full hand milking techniques
1 100 10 100 10 100 10 100
2. Complete milking within 6-7 minutes
1 100 8 80 8 80 7 70
3. Milking high yielding animal three times a day
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4. Before starting milking drop out few strips of milk from each teat
1 100 1 10 0 0 0 0
5. Collect 2-3 stripping of milk before milking in a separate pot
1 100 1 10 0 0 0 0
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
Figure 37: Full hand milking technique in MFC and other farms
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4.1.10 Pattern of milking the animals
A perusal of the following table (Table 10) showed that milking the healthy animals first were practiced 100%, 40%, 20%, 20% and milking randomly were practiced 0%, 60%, 80%, 80% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively but no farms (0%) practiced milking the sick animals first which was a favorable indication for clean milk production practices in the study period.
Table 10: Pattern of milking the animals Pattern of milking the
animals
MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Milking the healthy animals first
1 100 4 40 2 20 2 20
2. Milking the sick animals first
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. Randomly 0 0 6 60 8 80 8 80
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
4.1.11 Post milking care
If the teat canal of milch animals remains open for few minutes and not to close after milking it may cause serious diseases like mastitis to the milking animal which may causes devastating loss to the farmers. For checking this, animal must be feed after milking so that it may remain in standing position. The following table (Table 11) showed that passing the milk from a sieve or muslin cloth for removal of the dirt were maintained by 100%, 90%, 70%, 70% and keep animal in standing position for 15 minutes after milking were maintained 100%, 50%, 40%, 40% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively (Figure 38, 39). The following table also showed that transfer the milk to processing unit immediately after milking were practiced 100%, 60%, 50%, 30% by MFC, category A, category B and category C farms, respectively which play a vital for clean milk production practices.
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Table 11: Post milking care and management of the animals
Post milking care MFC Category A Category B Category C
f % f % f % f %
1. Passing the milk from a sieve or muslin cloth for removal of the dirt
1 100 9 90 7 70 7 70
2. Transfer the milk to processing unit
immediately after milking
1 100 6 60 5 50 3 30
3. Keep animal in standing position for 15 min. after milking
1 100 5 50 5 50 4 40
[MFC = Military Farm Chattogram, f = Frequency, Category A = Small scale farm (3-25 cows), Category B = Medium scale farm (26-50 cows), Category C = Large scale farm (≥ 51 cows).]
Figure 38: Keeping of milk in clean and hygienic condition in MFC
Figure 39: Keeping of milk in other farms
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