CHAPTER 5: DATA SYNTHESIS AND RESULTS................................................... 26-67
5.4 Synthesis of Primary and Secondary Data
5.4.4 Economic Aspect
The hard engineering measures usually employed in the coastal region typically involve heavy construction with concrete and steel structures. This inevitably is very costly, especially for financially constrained countries. Moreover, these heavy constructions require regular maintenance. When such intervention measures fail structurally, then there is often a huge economical loss inflicted by natural disasters. Several studies in the South East Asia region have investigated this issue and validated that the economic loss after severe natural disasters such as cyclones is always higher for locations with existing hard engineering protection measures. This loss is the lowest for the locations with soft engineering protection measures such as dense forest buffers. Even the locations without soft or hard engineering measures record less economic loss than the locations with only hard engineering measures (Badola and Hussain, 2005). Whereas the bioengineering measures are self-healing interventions and require comparatively very little initial expenses as well as very little maintenance or monitoring costs. With the recent advancements in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or drone in civilian use, a large area can easily be monitored effectively and in a cost-efficient way to identify and rehabilitate the locations in need of particular engineering attention. The livelihood aspects highlighted by the respondents can be particularly important for improving the socioeconomic condition of the coastal population as well by generating extra income for the households, which is in agreement with the findings of Warren-Rhodes et al. (2011), that the minimum annual value gained from mangroves ranges between USD 345 to 1501 per rural household which can contribute to the local economics. Hence, the strategy of bioengineering in combination with hard engineering measures is also economically very effective and bears high untapped potential in the case of Bangladesh.
68 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This thesis work was aimed at investigating the potential of one of the soft engineering measures, namely bioengineering in the form of green coastal buffers in the coastal area of Bangladesh to mitigate the destructive effects of cyclones. Primary and Secondary data were collected through freely available satellite images, wind speed data, water level data, and semi- structured interviews with respondents living in the coastal area of Bangladesh following the mixed research method. The mixed research method was chosen to be employed for this thesis due to its flexibility and advantage of extracting more coherent and practical data without being constrained in a rigid framework and the interpretative process.
Conclusions:
After data analysis and synthesis of Primary and Secondary data, the following conclusions have been drawn:
a. The overall coastal zone of Bangladesh lacks in dense vegetation buffer, with the Central Coastal Zone having minimal coastal vegetation. However, in recent years, there is a trend of increase in the vegetation extent and density in the central coastal zone as found through the NDVI analysis in this study.
b. The Western Coastal Zone has been found to be largely protected by the Sundarbans and there are mangrove strip buffers in elongated shapes in the Eastern Coastal Zone. These vegetation extents play a significant role in retarding cyclonic impacts in these regions.
c. Consistently lower wind speeds have been recorded during historical cyclones at BMD stations situated behind mangrove covers (i.e. Mongla) compared to the BMD stations at exposed coasts, with the Mongla station recording 45.5% lower maximum wind speed compared to the adjacent exposed Khepupara station.
d. The effect of reducing cyclonic wind speed is most prominent in the case of cyclones with maximum wind speeds of ≤100 km/hr; while the effectiveness somewhat reduces for stronger cyclones, but still the mitigative effects remain noticeable.
e. Comparatively lower water levels are recorded in the BWDB stations located around the green buffer of the Sundarbans area during cyclonic events while the exposed stations often see a dramatic rise in water levels.
f. The storm surge levels have generally been found to be lower in the western coastal zone where mangrove covers are present, while higher surge levels are found in the central and eastern coastal zone. Even when the cyclone landfall location is at the western coastal zone, the storm surge was found to be only 19.48% higher than the central coastal zone; while up to 80% lower storm surge has been found in the case of lower strength cyclones or depressions.
g. As found from primary data analysis, people in the coastal zone are aware of the mitigative effects of the green coastal forest or mangrove cover from their previous experiences with cyclones and they hold positive views for increasing the forest cover to help reduce storm surge and land erosion.
69
h. Land space constraint is an issue that has often been highlighted by coastal people during the semi-structured interviews. This issue can be mitigated by adopting bioengineering strategies in conjunction with hard engineering – reducing the overall space requirement for the buffer zone to be effective.
i. Primary data analysis revealed that the coastal populace was generally positive about taking responsibility for protecting and maintaining their local forests. They acknowledged the livelihood opportunities from such forests as well as the threats of over-extraction. This awareness will make the management of the forests and bioengineering interventions easier.
Recommendations:
The following recommendations may be considered for future policy considerations and further detailed studies:
a. The combination of soft and hard engineering options may be considered by the policymakers for proper management of the coastal zone of Bangladesh under an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) framework which can be effective in protecting the coastal people from natural hazards such as cyclones, land erosions, and also help eradicate poverty and alleviate the socio-economic condition of the coastal population by creating livelihood opportunities
b. Formulating a strategy with the help of experts in the field in identifying the appropriate locations for implementing hard engineering measures, bioengineering measures, and a combination of measures will reduce the economic burden in maintaining the highly expensive coastal infrastructure and reduce the personal and economic loss in the events of destructive events such as cyclones
c. As this study was limited to data from stations scattered around the coastal zone, further detailed studies may be carried out on a larger scale with more community involvement and community-based pilot projects for overall continuous quantification throughout the coastal zone
d. Similar studies can be carried out with a focus on the livelihood aspects associated with bioengineering measures as well as the salinity intrusion and agricultural yield in association with coastal buffer zones
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