Ills
4.10 Grain yield ton ha' Effects of salinity
Grain yield (ton ha1) of BRRI dhan29 decreased significantly as the level of salinity increased.
Highest grain yield ha' (5.376 ton) was recorded in So which was followed by 0 dSm' and the lowest grain yield was found in treatment S9 (2.142 ton ha') was observed in 9 dSm1at harvest.
((Figure 19and Appendix XIV)).
5.376 6
64
4.201
I,
2.767
2.142
[I]
50 53 56 59
So=o dSm', Sr 3 dSnr'. S=6 dSm and Sr9 dSm'
Figure 19. Effects of salinity on grain yield ton ha'of BRRI dhan29.
The loss of grain yield due to 150 mM salinity are 50%. 38%, 44% and 36% over control for the cultivars BR II, BRRI dhan41. BRRI dhan44 and BRRI dhan46, respectively (Hasanuzzaman et at, 2009). 1-le also studied that the all the yield components like grain yield also significantly decrease with the increased salinity level.
Effects of potassium (K)
Grain yield (ton ha') of BRRI dhan29 increased significantly on different amount of potassium application. Highest grain yield ha (3.892 ton) was recorded in Ko 5which was followed by 0.5 mMK and the lowest grain yield was found in treatment Ki.s (3.357 ton ha') was observed in 1.5 mMK at harvest. (Table 4.4). The results indicated that foliar application of fertilizer had a significant effect on grain yield which was agreed with Mocini cial. (2006).
Patra and Poi (1998) applied different forms of trace elements to rice and found that the maximum grain yield (2.39 t ha') was obtained with foliar application of different fertilizers.
4 3.892 3.9
- 3.8 3.74 I
.2
IL.
I 3577g 3.6 I
. 3.542I
ii3.3 3.2 3.1 3.4
1(0 KO.5 1(1 1(1.5 1(2
K0= no foliar application ofK ,K5 0.5mM K as foliar application, K1 = I mM K as foliar application. K, 5= Ii mM K as foliar application. K2 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the trcatmcnts. V311 oftotal
recommended dose of K (as MoP fertilizer) was applied in the soil.
Figure 20. Effects of different fertilization method of potassium on grain yield ton ha'of
BRRI dhan29
Combination effect of salinity and potassium
The effect of foliar application of K in different amount under different salinity level of BRRI dhan29 showed the result significantly. Highest grain yield ha4 (6.187 ton) was recorded in S0K0.s which was followed by 0.5 niMK and 0 salinity, the lowest grain yield was found in treatment ScKI 5(1.157 ton ha4 ) was observed in 1.5 mMK at harvest. (Table 4.6). From the result we found that the grain yield was highest in SoKos treatment but straw yield was highest in SoKo treatment where no saline was given .Thcse results are in agreement with that of Mehdi ci at. (2002) who stated that the supplementation of K (0,20.40,65 and 80mg K kg4 soil) in artificially developed salinity (5.6. 8.7 and 11.5 dSm4 levels) in soil of the experiment of rice the tillers, straw and grain yield significantly increased with increasing levels of K but increasing the salinity levels decreased tillers, straw and grain yield of rice. Similar results also found in the findings of Bohra &
Doerffling(1993). Ebrahimi ci at (2012) found minimum grain, straw, total biological yield and harvest index in 6 dS rn" and stated that this may be due to reduced growth of rice as a result of reduced uptake of water and nutrients and reduction of enzymatic and photosynthetic efficiency
mechanism of stomata movement, photosynthesis and osmoregulatory adaptation of plants to water stress in saline soils. Jurgens (1976) reported that potassium absorption by plant leaves is possible under saline conditions and potassium absorbed under such conditions might help the plants for regulating stomata opening and closing.
Table 4.6 Combined effect of different fertilization methods of potassium and salinity level on Grain yield ton ha ', Straw yield ton haS' and Root yield ton ha -'of BRRI dhan29
Treatment
}_Grain yield ton ha 1 Straw yield ton ha 4 Root yield ton ha
S
'K0
I
5.417 b 7.050 a 2.283 aK0.5 6.187 a 6.170 b 2.147 ab
So K1 5.097c 5.133e 1.950cdef
KLs 5.177c 5.79cd 2.123b
1(2 5.003cd 6.087b 2.08bc
3.6531 5.727cd 2.150ab
K03 4.850d 5.813cd 2.003bed
X1 4.167e 5.763d 2.073bc
KLS 4.183e 5.913c 1.913del
4.150e 3.787ij 2.00bcde
Ko 2.30I 4.363gh 1.623g
1(03 2.3801 3.773j 1.950cdef
S6 KI 2.660h 3.777j 1.850del
KI-s 2.910g 4.483gb 1.833
1(2 2.3331 4.857I 1.843el
So K0 2.340I 3.590k 1.430h
Ko,s 2.150j 4.493g 1.227I
1 2.3831 3.947I 1.347hi
K3.5 1.157k 4.320h 0.846 j
K? 2.680h 4.9001 0.8733j
1.50 0.1734 0.1653 0.1568
Significant level 0 *
CV(%) 2.95 1.98 5.45
S00 dSm* S. = 3 dSm', S6 dsm1and So=9 dSm'
Ko' no Ibliar application ofK .K5 = 0.5mM K as foliar application. K1 = I mM K as foliar application. K1 s= 1.5 mM K as foliar application. K2 = 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the treatments, 2/Y oftotal
recommended dose of K (as Mo!' fertilizer) was applied in the soil.
-Signiflcant at 5% level
4.11 Straw yield ton lia' Effects of salinity
Straw yield (ton ha) of I3RRI dhan29 decreased significantly as the level of salinity increased.
Highest Straw yield ha1 (6.047 ton) was recorded in So which was followed by 0 dSnf' and the lowest Straw yield was found in treatment S9 (2.142 ton haS') was observed in 9 dSm4at harvest and it is statistically similar with S6 (4.251) (Figure 2land Appendix XW). Dolatabadian n a?.
(2011) observed that the increase of salinity level significantly decreased shoot affected while studying with Glycine max.
'-4 I, a C 4 3
50 S3 S6 S9
S00 dSni'. S= 3 dSm'. S66 dSm4 and S9 dSmt
Figure 21. Effects of salinity on Straw yield ton ha"ofBRRI dhan29 Effects of potassium (K)
Straw yield (ton ha1) of BRRI dhan29 increased significantly on different amount of potassium application. Highest Straw yield ha4 (5.532 ton) was recorded in Ko which was followed by 0 mMK and the lowest Straw yield was found in treatment K1 (4.566 ton ha4) was observed in I mMK at harvest. (Table 4.4). Nelson (1978) believed that potassium has a positive role in plant
6 5332
5.041 5.128
5 4566 4.669
' Hi
1(0 1(0.5 1(1 1(1.5 1(2
Ko= no foliar application ofK ,K, = 0.5mM K as foliar application. K1 I mM K as foliar application, K1 s 1.5 mM K as foliar application. '(2 = 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the treatments, 2I3 of total
rceommcndcd doss: of K (as MoP fertilizer) ;as applied in the soil.
Figure 22. Effects of different fertilization method of potassium on Straw yield ton ha'of BRRI dhan29
Combination effect of salinity and potassium
The effect of foliar application of K in different amount under different salinity level of BRRI dhan29 showed the result significantly. Highest Straw yield ha (7.050 ton) was recorded in SoKo which was followed by 0 mMK and 0 salinity, the lowest Straw yield was found in treatment 59K1 (3.590 ton ha') was observed in I mMK at harvest. (Table 4.6). Aref (2013) studied on the effect ofdifTerent growth stages on all yield, irrigation with saline water at the early growth stages has more negative effect on yield and its components. Nelson (1978) also reported that potassium has a positive role in plant yield under saline conditions, because this element plays an essential role in photosynthesis.
4.12 Root yield ton ha' Effects of salinity
Root yield (ton hif') of BRRI dhan29 decreased significantly as the level of salinity increased.
Highest Root yield ha-' (2.118 ton) was recorded in Sn which was followed by 0 dSni' and the lowest Root yield was found in treatment S9(I.145 ton ha-') was observed in 9 dSm'at harvest.
2.5
2.118
2.028
2 1.82
-C S
c 1.5
1.145
4- 0 0
1
I
0
0.5
41
so $3 56 59
So=O dSnr'. S 3 dSnr', S6 dSm' and S9=9 dSm'
Figure 23. Effects of salinity on root yield ton ha'of BRRI dhan29
The researchers Awala ci aL (2010) observed that relative root biomass was significantly reduced in (),za glaberrirna than others under different doses of salinity.
Effects of potassium (K)
Root yield (ton ha) of BRRI dhan29 increased significantly on different amount of potassium application. Highest Root yield ha' (1.872 ton) was recorded in Kowhich was followed by 0 mMK statistically similar with K.5 (3.832), and the lowest Root yield was found in treatment K, 5(1.679 ton hi') was observed in 1.5 ntMK at harvest, statistically similar with K2 (1.701). (Table 4.4).
1.9 1.872
1.85 M 1.832
1.8 I,
1.75
1.7 0 0
1.65 1.6
1.55
1(0 1(0.5 1(1 1(15 1(2
Ko= no foliar application ofK ,K, = 0.5mM K as foliar application, Ki= I mM K as foliar application. K1 fl 1.5 mM K as foliar application, K2 = 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the treatments. 213d of total
recommended dose of K (as MoP lertilizer) siis applied in the soil.
Figure 24. Effects of different fertilization method of potassium on root yield ton ha'of BRRI dhan29
Combination effect of salinity and potassium
The effect of foliar application of K in different amount under different salinity level of BRRI dhan29 showed the result significantly. Highest root yield ha4 (2.283 ton ha1) was recorded in SoKo which was followed by 0 mMK and 0 salinity and statistically similar withSoKo5. S3Ksj (2.147, 2.150 ton). The lowest root yield was found in treatment S9K1.5 (3.590 ton ha') was observed in 1.5 mMK at harvest and it is statistically similar with S9K2 (0.873 ton hat).
4.13 Potassium content in grain (%) Effect of salinity
Potassium (K) content in grain and straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the various levels of salinity. Highest K in grain (0.8590 %) was recorded in 0 dSm' and it is statistically similar withS6(0.8520 %) the lowest (0.6763 %) was observed in 9 dSm'. Highest K in straw (2.060%) was recorded in 0 dSm' which is statistically similar with S3 (2.127%) and the lowest (1.693 %) was observed in 9dSm'(Figure 25and Appendix XVII). Highest K was found in
1.805
1.70 1 1.679
So treatment. Saqib etal. (2000) found that concentration of Na' and Cl- increased with decreased concentration of K.
0.859 0.852
0676
S
SO 53 56 59
SrO dSm'. S,= 3 dSni'. S=6 dSm' and 5:9 dSnv'
Figure 25. Effects of salinity on potassium content in grain of lIRRI dhan29
Effect of Potassium
Potassium (K) content in grain and straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the various foliar application of potassium and soil fertilization. Highest K in grain (0.8583 %) was recorded in K2 which is statistically similar withO.82 17 % (Kos) and the lowest (0.7150 %) was observed in ICo. Highest K in straw (2.362%) was recorded in Ko which is statistically similar with 2.252 % (K2) and the lowest (1.325 %) was observed in K1. From this experiment observed that the highest K was found in K2where 2 mMK was applied.
1
0.9 0.8217 0.8058 0.7954
0.8583 0.8 0.715
.E 0.7 0.6
0 0.5 0.4
I!
C 0.3 0 U 0.2
0.1 0
1(0 K0.5 Xl XiS K?
K0 - no foliar application of K,Ks = 0.5mM K as foliar application, K I= I mM Kas foliar application. Kn 1.5 mM K as foliar application, K1 = 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the treatments. VY oftotal
recommended dose of K (as MoP ferlilizer) s applied in the soil.
Figure 26. Effects of potassium on potassium content in grain of BRRI dhan29
Dinet at (2001) found that foliar application of K increased the K t concentration in rice shoot and straw compared to soil application.
Combination effect of salinity and potassium
Potassium (K) content in grain and straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the interaction effect of salinity and potassium. Highest K in grain (1.143 %) was recorded in S6K2 and lowest (0.4583 %) in SOK2 statistically similar with 0.5167 % recorded in SoKo. Then in highest K in straw (3.033%) was recorded in SoK2which is statistically similar with 3.033% (S0K2) and lowest (0.733 %) in S0K1.Combinedly K contents was highest in the treatment SoK2 where the lowest was found in the treatment S9K2 in grain. It was found that the K content in shoot was decreased with the increased levels of salinity. The highest K content (1.77%) in shoot was found in Birtadhan- 10 at 0 dSm4 . The highest Na content (1.69 %) in shoot was found in BRRI dhan47 at 12 dSm'. Between these two varieties Binadhan-10 showed better performance at salinity stress up to a certain level except plant height (Sultana et at, 2014)
Table 4.7 Combined effect of different fertilization methods of potassium and salinity level on Potassium content in grain and straw (%)
Treatment Grain Straw
Ks) 0.5167 k 2.250 C
lQts 0.9000 cd 1.750 fgh
So K1 1.058 b 0.7333
1(13 0.9500 c 2.533 b
0.870 de 3.033 a
Ko 0.7833 fgh 2.900 a
K0.5 0.806 efgh 2.550 b
S3 Ks 0.6617 j 1.733 fgh
KLS 0.8350 del 1.550 h
0.9617 C 1.900efg
Xc 0.823 efg 2.083 cde
Kos 0.8233 efg 1.950 del
Sc Ks 0.7000 ii 1.683 gh
Xi.s 0.770 fghi 1.597 h
1.143 a 1.873 efg
K0 0.7367 hi 2.217 c
Ko.s 0.7567 ghi 1.250 i
Sg K1 0.803 efgh 1.150 i
0.6267 J 1.650 gh
K2 0.4583 k 2.200 cd
LSD joosi 0.07392 0.2507
Significant level
CV (%) 5.29 7.88
SrO dSnv'. S= 3 dS&, S6-6 dsni1and S9 dSni'
}(! no IbliarapplicationorK .K, 0.5mM K as foliar application, K1= I mM K as foliarapplication. K1 s= 1.5 mM K as folio: application. K3 = 2 mM K as folios application and in all the treaunents. 2/3" oftotal
recommended dose of K (as MoP fertilizer) was applied in the soil.
'-Significant at 5% level
4.14 Sodium content in grain and straw (%) Effect of salinity
Sodium (Na) content in grain and straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the various foliar application of potassium and soil fertilization. Highest Na in grain (0.5139%) was recorded in S9 and the lowest (0.3236 %) was observed in So which is statistically similar with 0.3373% (S3). Highest Na in straw (2.913 %) was recorded in S9and the lowest (2.332%) was
7 -.
61 .
S
observed in So. Na which enters leaf cells is pumped into vacuole before it reaches to toxic level for enzymatic activities. This pumping activity is controlled by valuolar Na4fH antiporters (Blumwald etal.. 2000)- So. with increase of salinity level the uptake of Na is increased.
0.6
0.5 139 U.S
0.411
20.4
r
1
2 0.3 0.3236 3373 Iiiui
0.2
.3 I.
0_i
I..
0
SO 53 56 59
s0 =o dSrn", S3= 3 dSm', 56 6 dSnv' and S,=9 dsnv'
Figure 27. Effects of salinity on Sodium content in grain of BRRI dhan29.
Effect of Potassium
Sodium (Na) content in grain and straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the different foliar application of potassium and soil fertilization .Highest Na in grain (0.4979%) was recorded in Ko.s and the lowest (0.3050 %)was observed in Kos which is statistically similar with 0.3106 (Ki s). Highest Na in straw (2.678 %) was recorded in Ki and the lowest (2.121%) was observed in Ko.
3
2678
2.578 2.567
2.5 2.399
2.121
I- 2
2 13
'S. 0
111 11 1
ci 4' C
3 0.5
KO KO.5 Xl 1(1.5 K2
I(= no foliar application of KX5 = 0.5mM K as foliar application. K1 I mM K as foliar application. K1. 1.5 mM K as foliar application. K2 = 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the treatments, 213rd oftotal
recommended dose of K (as Mop tèrtilizcr) was applied in the soil.
Figure 28. Effects of potassium on Sodium content in straw of URRI dban29.
Combination effect of salinity and potassium
Sodium (Na) content in grain and straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the interaction effect of salinity and potassium. Highest Na in grain (0.8833 %) was recorded in S9K0.s and lowest (0.1500%) in S6K1.5 statistically similar with0.1723 % (SoK,). Then in highest Na in straw (3.733%) was recorded in S9K, and lowest (1.838 %) in S3K0.s (Table 4.8).
Table 4.8 Combined effect of different fertilization methods of potassium and salinity level on Sodium content in grain and straw (%)
Treatment Grain Straw
K0 0.3083 ef 1.745 m
____Ko5_____ 0.2617 fg 2.393 gh
K2 0.1723 hi 2.627
K.s 0.2757 fg 2.646
0.6000 C 2.247
Ko 0.2500 fg 1.927 k
Kim 0.4467 d 1.838 I
53 K1 0.3733 de 1.610 n
KLS 0.226 gh 2.334 I
K2 0.3900 d 2.724 de
4 0.3933 d 2.434 g
0.4000 d 2.420 gh
0.7183 b 2.742 d
56 Ki.s 0.1500 I 2.440 g
K2 0.3933 d 2.673 ef
4 0.2683 fg 2.377 hi
0.8833 a 2.943 b
K1 0.5610 C 3.733 a
K1.5 0.5900 C 2.890 c
0.2667 fg 2.623
L.SD O.OS 0.07392 0.05227
Significant level * 8
CV (%) 10.88 1.25
so dSnr, S; 3 dSm1. Sr6 dsm4and So=9 dSrW'
4= no foliar application ofK .1Cc = 0.5mM K as foliar application, K1 = I mM K as foliarapplication. Kt.5 1.5 mM K as foliar application. K1 = 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the treatments. 2/3' of total
recommended dose ott (as MoP fertilizer) was applied in the soil.
-Signilicant at 5% level
4.15 Calcium (Ca) content in straw (%) Effect of salinity
Calcium (Ca) content in straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the various foliar application of potassium and soil fertilization. Ilighest Ca in straw (0.3493 %) was recorded in Soand the lowest (0.2507 %) was observed in S9 which is statistically similar with 0.2507 % (So). In grain Calcium (Ca) is found 0%.
Effect of Potassium
Calcium (Ca) content in straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the different foliar application of potassium and soil fertilization. Highest Ca in straw (0.3175%) was recorded in K1 and the lowest (0.2558%) was observed in K1.5 Bohra and Doerifling (1993) was observed potassium application significantly increased potential photosynthetic activity (Rid value), percentage of filled spikelets, yield and K concentration in straw. At the same time, it also significantly reduced Na and Mg concentrations and consequently improved the K/Na, K/Mg and K/Ca ratios.
0.35
0.3175 0.3
0.3 0.2817 0.2792
0.2558 0.25
0.1 U
0.05
1(t) K0.5 1(1 1(1.5 1(2
no foliar application of K, Ks 0.5 mMK foliar application ofK Kr' I rnMK foliar application of K, K1 s 1.5 mMK foliar application of K. K., = 2 mMK foliar application olK and 2/3 soil application of total MoP fertilizer in all the treatments.
Figure 29. Effects of potassium on calcium (Ca) content in straw of BRRI dhan29.
Combination effect of salinity and potassium
Calcium (Ca) content in straw (%) of BRRI dhan29 were affected significantly by the interaction effect of salinity and potassium. Highest Ca in straw (0.4033 %) was recorded in SoKo. statistically similar with SOK2, S31(1.sand S6K1 (0.3800, 0.3600 and 0.3600% respectively) and lowest (0.1467
%) in S9KI s In grain no K was found in flame photometer.
Table 4. Combined effect of different fertilization methods of potassium and salinity level on Calcium (Ca) content in straw (%)
Treatment Straw
SO
Kii 0.4033 a
K0.5 0.3500 bc
Ki 0.3500 bc
0.2633 del 0.3800 ab
53
0.3100 cd
1(0.5 0.3500 bc
I<i 0.3100 cd
K13 0.3600 abc
K2 0.1533 hi
1<0 0.1600 hi
Kas 0.2800 de
Xi 0.3600 abc
0.2533 ef
K2 0.2000 gh
K0 0.2533 ef
Kos 0.2200 Eg
K2 0.2500 efg
0.1467 I 0.3833 ab
1.50 jo.os) 0.05227
Significant level $
CV(%) 6.12
Sr'O dSm'. S3= 3 dSm, So=6 dSnv'and Sr9 dSm1
}(= no foliar application ofK ,K 5 = 0.5mM K as foliar application, K1 = 1 mM K as foliar application, K1 5 = 1.5 mM K is foliar application, K: = 2 mM K as foliar application and in all the treatments, 2/3" oftotal
recommended dose of K (as MoP lertilizer) was applied in the soil.
5Signiflcant at 5% level