The results and the subsequent discussion of the present studies conducted are depicted in this section.
4.1. Effect of treatments on the number of Aphid was recorded at early flowering stage
It is evident that the lowest population (15.33) of aphid was recorded from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) followed by T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense
@ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water). However, the highest aphid population (30) was recorded from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (48.9%) was found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (11.14%) was found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 3. Effect of treatments on the number of Aphid per ten plants at early flowering
Sl. Treatment Number of
Aphid
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 24.00 c 20
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
18.00 e 40
T3 Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 20.66 d 31.14 T4 Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
15.33 f 48.9
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 26.33 b 12.24 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 26.66 b 11.14
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 30.00 a -
LSD0.05 1.27
CV 4.91
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
27
4.2. Effect of treatments on the number of Aphid was recorded at mid flowering stage
It is evident that the lowest population (19.75) of aphid was recorded from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) followed by T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense
@ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water), T6 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water). However, the highest aphid population (37.21) was recorded from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (46.93%) was found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (1.93%) was found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 4. Effect of treatments on the number of aphid per ten plants at mid flowering stage
Sl. Treatment Number of
aphid/10 plants
Reduction over control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 29.33 d 21.18
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
21.32 f 42.71
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 24.34 e 34.59 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
19.75 g 46.93
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 33.38 c 10.3 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 36.49 b 1.93
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 37.21 a -
LSD0.05 0.63
CV 3.76
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
28
4.3. Effect of treatments on the number of aphid per ten plants at late flowering stage
It is evident that the lowest population (16.66) of aphid found from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) followed by T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water), T6 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water). However the highest population found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T7 (Untreated Control). The highest decrease over control (49.51%) found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (3.03%) found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 5. Effect of treatments on the number of aphid per ten plants at late flowering stage
Sl. Treatment Number of
Aphid/10 plants
Reduction over control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 25.66 c 22.24
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
19.33 e 41.42
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 22.00 d 33.33 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
16.66 f 49.51
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 29.00 b 12.12 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 32.00 a 3.03
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 33.00 a -
LSD0.05 1.29
CV 7.19
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
29
4.4. Effect of treatments on the number of thrips per ten plants at early flowering stage
It is evident that the lowest population (9.00) of thrips found from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) followed by T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water), T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T7 (Untreated Control). However, the highest thrips population (16.41) obtained from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (45.15%) found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (2.12%) found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 6. Effect of treatments on the number of thrips per ten plants at early flowering
Sl. Treatment Number of
Thrips/10 plants
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 13.00 b 20.78
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
10.33 cd 37.05
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 11.00 c 32.96 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
9.00 d 45.15
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 14.03 b 14.50 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 16.34 a 2.12
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 16.41 a
LSD0.05 1.92
CV 4.70
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
30
4.5. Effect of treatments on the number of Thrips per ten plants at mid flowering stage
It is evident that the lowest population (15.00) of thrips was found from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq.
m) which was ststistically similar to T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m) followed by T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water), T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water), T7 (Untreated control). However, the highest thrips population (22.66) was recorded from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (33.80%) found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (4.41%) was found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 7. Effect of treatments on the number of Thrips per ten plants at mid flowering
Sl. Treatment Number of
Thrips
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 19.00 c 16.77
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
15.66 e 30.89
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 16.66 d 26.47 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
15.00 e 33.80
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 19.66 c 13.2 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 21.66 b 4.41
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 22.66 a -
LSD0.05 0.81
CV
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
31
4.6. Effect of treatments on the number of thrips per ten plants at late flowering stage
It is evident that the lowest population (12.69) of thrips was found from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq.
m) which was ststistically similar to T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water) and T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq.
m) followed by T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water) and T7 (Untreated control). However, the highest thrips population (20.50) was obtained from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (38.09%) was found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (5.46%) was found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 8. Effect of treatments on the number of Thrips per ten plants at late flowering
Sl. Treatment Number of
Thrips
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 17.12 c 16.48
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
14.30 d 30.24
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 13.66 d 33.36 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
12.69 d 38.09
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 17.49 bc 14.68 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 19.38 ab 5.46
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 20.5 a -
LSD0.05 2.21
CV 5.27
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
32
4.7. Effect of treatments on the damage percentage by cutworm per plot at 30 DAS
It is evident that the lowest population (6.67) of cutworm was found from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) followed by T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense
@ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water) and T7 (Untreated control). However, the highest cutworm population (15.20) was obtained from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (56.11%) was found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (9.67%) was found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 9. Effect of treatments on the damage percentage by cutworm per plot at 30 DAS
Sl. Treatment % Damage by
Cutworm
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 9.67 c 36.38
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
8.31 cd 45.32
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 8.33 cd 45.19 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
6.67 d 56.11
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 12.33 b 18.88 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 13.73 ab 9.67
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 15.20 a
LSD0.05 1.83
CV 5.11
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
33
4.8. Effect of treatments on the damage percentage by cutworm per plot at 60 DAS
It is evident that the lowest damage (6.64) of cutworm was found from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq.
m) followed by T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water) which was statistically similar to T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water) and T7 (Untreated control). However, the highest cutworm population (15.83) was obtained from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (58.05%) was found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (15.54%) was found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 10. Effect of treatments on the damage percentage by cutworm per plot at 60 DAS
Sl. Treatment % Damage by
Cutworm
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 9.66 c 38.97
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
8.42 d 46.81
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 8.33 d 47.37 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
6.64 e 58.05
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 12.33 b 22.10 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 13.37 b 15.54
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 15.83 a -
LSD0.05 1.14
CV 6.13
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
34
4.9. Effect of treatments on the damage percentage by cutworm per plot at 90 DAS
It is evident that the lowest population (6.52) of cutworm was found from T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) followed by by T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water) which was statistically similar to T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense
@ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T5 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T6 (Radial 20 EC
@ 3.0 ml/L water) and T7 (Untreated control). However, the highest cutworm population (15.19) was obtained from T7 (Untreated). The highest decrease over control (57.07%) was found from T4 (Neem seed kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m) whereas the lowest decrease over control (12.24%) was found from T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water).
Table 11. Effect of treatments on the damage percentage by cutworm per plot at 90 DAS
Sl. Treatment % Damage by
Cutworm
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 9.66 c 36.40
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
8.31 d 45.29
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 8.33 d 45.16 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
6.52 e 57.07
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 12.82 b 15.60 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 13.33 b 12.24
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 15.19 a -
LSD0.05 1.14
CV 6.12
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
35
4.10. Effect of treatments on the number of healthy flower
From this table it is clear that highest number of healthy flower (38.5) was obtained from T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m) which was statistically similar with T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), followed by T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m), T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water) and they both are statistically similar. However, the lowest (24.5) number of healthy flower was found from control (untreated) which was statistically similar with of T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water), T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water).
However, the highest increase (57.14%) over control was obtained from T2 and lowest from T6 (0.77%)
Table 12. Effect of treatments on the number of healthy flower
Sl. Treatment Number of
healthy flower
Increase Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 36.66 a 49.38
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
38.50 a 57.14
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 28.77 ab 17.42 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
33.50 ab 36.73
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 25.82 b 5.39 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 24.69 b 0.77
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 24.5 b -
LSD0.05 11.37
CV 12.23
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
36
4.11. Effect of treatments on the number of infested flower
From this table it is clear that highest number of infested flower (22.5) was recorded from T7 (Untreated control) followed by T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water), T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water), T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water), T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m). However, the highest decrease (48.31%) over control was obtained from T4 and lowest from T6 (16.13%)
Table 13. Effect of treatments on the number of infested flower
Sl. Treatment Number of
infested flower
Reduction Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 18.00 bc 20
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
15.33 cd 31.86
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 14.23 d 36.75 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
11.63 e 48.31
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 18.71 b 16.84 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 18.87 b 16.13
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 22.5 a -
LSD0.05 2.74
CV 6.13
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.
37
4.12. Effect of treatments on the number of plants per plot
From this table it is clear that the highest number of plants (54.66) was recorded from T1 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water) which was statistically similar that T4 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water + Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq.
m) followed by T3 (Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water) which was also statistically similar to T2 (Neem oil @ 3ml/L water + Trichogramma evanescense
@ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m), T5 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water), T6 (Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water) which was statistically similar to T7 (Untreated control). However, the lowest (47.00) number of plants was found from T7 (Untreated control). ).
However, the highest increase (15.59%) over control was obtained from T4 and lowest from T6 (1.59%).
Table 14. Effect of treatments on the number of plants per plot
Sl. Treatment Number of
plant/plot
Increase Over Control (%)
T1 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water (T1) 54.66 d 16.29
T2 Neem oil @ 3ml/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/ 6 sq. m (T2)
53.33 c 13.46
T3 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water (T3) 53.00 cd 12.76 T4 Neem seed Kernel @ 200 gm/L water +
Trichogramma evanescense @ 0.5 gm/L 6 sq. m (T4)
54.33 d 15.59
T5 Ripcord 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/L water (T5) 48.33 b 2.82 T6 Radial 20 EC @ 3.0 ml/L water (T6) 47.75 a 1.59
T7 Untreated Control (T7) 47.00 a -
LSD0.05 3.47
CV 16.45
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability.