Strength of pulsation of tissue-motion

List of Abbreviation

CHAPTER 1 2 UfI

4.3 Relation between tissue-velocity and heartbeat interval

4.5.5 Strength of pulsation of tissue-motion

Block A

40- —u—th=00

th =10 35

I"\

—y—th=30 30-

.• -th=40

I.!

•'. —1—th50

- 25- /i4

':\\

_th60

Z ¹⁴

p20-

.\\

i

15-

I

0-

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

Block B

40- -•- th=00

—.—thlo

35 \ ^th2O

1. —v—th=30

30-

/

^{\ ---} th=40

\

^{'-- —4-th=50}

th=60 th=70 C. E ^20-

/ \_

^—*—th=80

.!15.

- io-

z* N

5- 0-

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95HZ/unit)

Figure 4.15: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of anterior coronal section for normal neonate (Baby code:

mt22h)

-p.

Block A

40- —•—th=0O

—e—th=1O

35- A th=20

—y—th=30

30- 1 \ th=40

I

\\

25- th=60

10

-

"—__ --=--=--

—

0-

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(a)

Block B

40 —m—th=00

—s—th=1O

35 th=20

I

^—y—th30

14 41,-An

U. tul --tu

i to

25 - ₆₀

th70 CL

E 20 _{: ". —*—} th80

C> V.

o-15

ET ^4..

4

10-

5-

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95HZ/Unit)

(b)

Figure 4.16: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of anterior coronal section for normal neonate (Baby code:

ko 19h)

I +

Block A

40 -U- th=OO

I

\' ^-. ti- =o

th=30

30 /4 \ ^th=40

—4—th=50

25

/1

^{\ th=60}

CL 20

-

:- :g

/ \•\\

-

i:

EL

.-S----w_ —

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(a)

Block B

40 -•- th=00

. th=10

35 A th=20

—v— th=30

30 th=40

—4--th-50

25 th=60

$th70

E ^{20 '.} * —*—th=80

15 \ V\

10 ^..

CL • 4 .. Ny '\

5

/\

•' '. 4',\ 'L

*1--, 4---' 0-

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(b)

Figure 4.17/1: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal after three hours of birth (Baby code: ya03h)

1 4

Block A

40 —.—th=OO

-..- th=1O

35 &. th=20

th=30

30

/ ^\

^{> th-40}

CD

IS \\

^{4 th=50}

25 th=60

17 \

^th=70

CL CD 20

\

^{\ —*— th=80}

o.15 .

'!, 44• V .4

V

/ \• \

5 • \ 4

\

^L

SS.4

0 -N :•—V----v

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(a)

Block B

40. —.— th=OO

35 A th=20

I

^{.\\ —v--th=30}

30• th=40

4 th=50

25• th=60

II \ \

^.•

^\

^—s

20. ⁹

\ ^\

15.

10- 4/ V

I _. \

^{. ....}

5-

0-

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/uint)

(b)

Figure 4.17/2: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned

block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section

after one day of birth (Baby code: yaO1D)

Block A

—.— th=OO

.-•— th=1O

-A..- th=20

—v— th=30 th=40 th=50 th=60

*—th=70

—*— th=80

I • I I I

4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

59

40 35 30

•t, a) 25 CL 20

•9 - 15

- 10 0

5 0

0 2

4-

40

35 30 a>

0 25 CL 20 9 ^{- 15}

C', .S

10 0

5

0

Block B

—U— th=00

-0-- th=10 th=20 -y -- th30

-> ...... th=40 th=5O th60

-0-- th=70

—*— th=80

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/uint)

Figure 4.17/3 Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block

(a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section after two

day of birth (Baby code: ya02D)

'S

Block A

40-

——th=10

35- th=20

30'

1 \ ^—4—th=50

/

\\

.1 \ ---th=70

E ^20' / \ \ —*—th=80

15 /

CO

5.

4 V

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95HZ/unit)

Block B

40 ^-.- th=00

—o--th=10

35 A th=20

—v—th=30

30 - th=40

25 /

-4=

*—th=70

E ^20- / / ^{\ —*-1h80}

CU

15- • .

U) V

----

-

75

V 5-

0-

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

Figure 4.17/4 Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block

(a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section after five

days of birth (Baby code: ya05D)

Block A

40- —.—th00

-•—th=10

35- A th=20

f: \\

30 - th40

f

25-

\.,

^th=60

th=70

20- —*—th=80

Ii::

—

0•

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(a)

Block B

40 —.—th=OO

-.—th=1O

35. A th=20

/

\ —

^{v— th=30}

30 th=40

4— th50

I ^\\ th=60

N

CL

I th=70

20

15

70 10

5

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

Figure 4.17/5: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section after 20 days of birth (Baby code: ya20D)

.4-

40 35 30 v a) 25 20

C>

.2 ^{- 15}

( .

75 10 a-

5 0

0

40 35 30

Block A

—.—th=OO A th=20

—v— th=30

. th=40

- d thfl

I: \\

\

^{—*— th=70}

th=80

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(a)

•.

1

-o a) 25 20

C>

.2 ^{- 15}

(t .

0 10 5 0

Block B

—.— th=OO

--.- thlo th=20

—y— th=30 th=40 4 th=50 th=60

—*— th=80

0 2 4 6 5 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(b)

Figure 4.18/1 Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section after 15 hours of birth (Baby code: yzl5h)

-L

40 35 30

Ar

a) 25

=1 _CL 20

C>

.2 ^{- 15}

(0 .

a- 10

I

40

35

30

V a, 25 20

C>

.2 ¹⁵ c 75 10 U-

5

0

I \\

/ \

/

⁴

\

I \ ' \ 1/

\

i

I

S.

• 'S

*___.e. "•

Block A

—U— th=00

—•—th=10

--A— th20

—.y— th=30

• th=40

—1-. th=50 th = 60

S' th=70

—*-- th=80

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95/Hz)

(a)

Block B th=00

—•—th=1O th=20 th=30

/ \'\ th=40

/ \

th=70

1/

—*—

•

S \4

* 'S

*- ^{'- '•.} .4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(b)

Figure 4.18/2: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned

block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section

after 0lday of birth (Baby code: yz 0lD)

Block A

40• -U- th00

—.—th=10

--' th=20 th=30

30 th=40

i \\

^—4--th50

a) 0 25 / - -

CL

I \

^--s—th=70

E ²⁰

/ \

^{1. -*- ti-=o}

15

75 10-

\E

'\\

_"

5 4

v___ f-•-._

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency index (0.95 Hz/unit)

(a)

Block B

40 -.- th=00

-- th=1 0

35 , 4—th=20

30

/,

\\

^{-.-A ....}

25

/. \\

^th=60

——th=70

20 "

/

-*- th=80

?..

c-iS

S- a) • \

I , \ \\

CL '

L.

5

0

- •• n

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95HZ/unit)

Figure 4.18/3: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned

block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section

after 02day of birth (Baby code: yz 02D)

Block A

40- ^-.- th=OO

-- thlO

35 A-th=20

—'v--- th=30

30 / th=40

/7 \

, ,,\

^—*--th=70

CL 20- —*—th=80

CL

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0 .95Hzlunit)

Block B

40- ——th=00

—e—th=10

35- 'A th=20

—v— th=30

30- J,

.\

^th=40

--4----th=50

25- I .\\ ^th=60

/

^{-• th=70}

E CL ^20-

/

^{/'-' 4 \" m —*—th=80}

C>

o-15-

..1'

v

- 4

-10.

5.

\\\

0•

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/u nit)

Figure 4.18/4 Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned block

(a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section after

05day of birth (Baby code: yz

^05D)

40

35 30 -a) o 25

-=1

' 20 C>

.2 ^{- 15} c .?

:3 -'10

a-

5

0

P. 4°

35 30

Block A

-.- th00

—.—th=10

---- th=20

—v— th=30 th=40 th=50 th=60

•— th=70

-*- th=80 a)

- 25

20 C>

.2 ¹⁵ ( .

10 5 0

4

4'

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

p. Frequency Index

(0.95Hz/unit)

(a)

Block B

—.—th=OO

•--th=10

• th=20

/

^-y- _th=40

--4—th=50

\\

—*—th=80

-

:

^{-- -}

-*---

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

(b)

Figure 4.1

8/5:

Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned

block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section

after 07day of birth (Baby code: yz 07D)

Block B

—U— th=00

r

N\\ ^{A -}

I \\ ^—y—th30

th=40 --.4 th50

/1

...

- th=70

—*---th=80

4!.

S'S•\ \\

— 4 ^\

S .. 4•. -.

40

35

30

25 -=1

20

>

.2 ^{- 15}

Co .?

.2O.. 10

a-

5

0

Block A

—U— th=00 ----th=10

A th20

—v— th=30 th=40 ---4-- th=50 th=60

• th=70

—*— th=80

N

\:\

y—V L

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95HZ/unit)

40

35

30

a) 25 CL 20

15 ( .

a. 10 0

5

0

(a)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency Index (0.95Hz/unit)

Figure 4.18/6: Pulsation amplitude as a function of frequency index in the mentioned

block (a) Block A and (b) Block B of asphyxiated neonate of anterior coronal section

after 09day of birth (Baby code: yz 09D)

frequency components are shown. In these plots, "Th" represents the threshold value. The heart rate of these babies was in the range of 120- 140 BPM at the time of capturing images. Therefore, the heartbeat interval is 500-429 ms and the corresponding pulsation frequency is 2.00-2.33Hz. By using sampling interval 33 ins and iV32, the frequency resolution is 0.95Hz. 2' harmonics occurs at 1.901-Iz and 3 harmonics occurs at 2.85Hz.

Therefore, fundamental frequency of the heartbeat occurs in between 2nd and 3rd harmonic frequency of tissue-motion.

Figure 4.17 and 4.18 show the pulsation amplitude at different frequency for block A and B of coronal through the foramen of monro for two asphyxiated neonates at different time interval after birth. Table 4.5 and 4.6 represent the maximum pulsation amplitude in block A and B of anterior coronal section for asphyxiated baby, Baby code: ya' and 'yz' at different time intervals after birth

Table 4.5: The maximum pulsation amplitude in block A and B of anterior coronal section for asphyxiated baby, (Baby code: ya) at different time interval after birth.

Anterior Coronal Section; Baby code: ya No. of

observations

Time of observation after

Maximum pulsation amplitude in

Block A Block B

01 3 Hours 39.77 28.99 _-

02 1 Day 35.99 38.37 _-

03 2 Days 39.32 35.40

04 5 Days 35.43 36.50

-

05 7 Days 36.20 38.54

06 20 Days 38.93 37.12

Table 4.6: The maximum pulsation amplitude in block A and B of anterior coronal section for asphyxiated baby, (Baby code: yz) at different time interval after birth.

Anterior Coronal Section; Baby code: yz No. of Time of

observations observation after

Maximum pulsation amplitude in

Block A Block B

01 15 1-lours 37.02 36.89

02 1 Day 35.75 34.52

03 2 Days 37.55 36.17

04 1 5 Days 32.23 36.87

05 7 Days 37.07 36.03 -

06 9 Days 37.82 37.63

C

Several pulsations exhibit a periodic time variation and several of them are noisy.

The strong pulsation is observed in the region of middle cerebral artery of normal babies without asphyxia. The magnitude of such pulsation is relatively small in babies with asphyxia.

Similar situation was obtained from the region of sylvian fissure, temporal lobe, and corpus callosum, foramen of monro, cerebellum, and polls.

In some regions such as lenticular nucleus, choroid plexus and ventricle, almost no pulsation was found.

In corpus callosum, strong pulsation is found in normal development but in asphyxiated neonates, weak pulsation was found.

It is verified by a pediatrician that pulsation amplitude image has significant difference between normal and asphyxiated neonates. This fact strongly supports the usefulness of the proposed method and which is useful for pcdittric diagnosis. The visualization of the strength by frequency amplitude of the artery pulsation is a posi processing of the conventional ultrasound image sequence. The pulsation amplitude of the neonatal cranium describes the well distribution of blood flow than that by conventional Doppler-based technic1ue. In addition, it gives additional information about blood flow such as obstruction and local disturbance. By visualizing the pulsation in real-time, the diagnostic potential of ultrasonogram will be expanded. Therefore, tile proposed technique can be useful not only for pediatrics but also for medical diagnosis in similar medical modalities.

CHAPTER 5

Visualization of Tissue-motion