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The rural youth expressed some problems as barriers for their effective participation in selected agricultural income generating activities. As many as 10 problems were mentioned by the rural youth of the study area. The problems were ranked in a decreasing order of problem confrontation Index
(Pen
which ranged from 161-230.The problems in descending order of Problem Confrontation Index (PCI) were as follows:
l. High price of inputs 2. Lack of current cash 3. Lack of cultivable land 4. Lack of agricultural loan
5.1.S Problem confrontation Index (PCI)
Age, family size, rural mindedness and credit received of the rural youth had no significant relationship with their participation in selected agricultural IGAs. On the other hand relationship among education, farm size, annual family income, training exposure and daily time use, with their participation in selected agricultural IGAs were positively related at 1 percent and 5 percent level of probability.
5.1.4 Relationship between selected characteristics of the rural youth and their participation in selected agricultural IGAs.
On an average they received training for onJy 5.15 days and 48 percent of them did not received any training. The average daily time use was 6.86 and most of them (56percent) were medium category. The average mindedness of the respondents was 16.77 and 53 percent of them were medium mindedness. They received credit 6.58 thousand on an average and 42percent of them were in no credit availability category.
or
land on Lhc average and 78pcrcent of them had belonged lo small farm. The average annual family income was 95.45 thousand and 50 percent of the respondents were in medium family income category.59
3. The highest proportion of the rural youth bad medium family size. Total family size had no significant relationship with their participation in 2. Based on the findings it may be concluded that special attention need to be given on any particular age group. But as larger proportion of the rural youth were middle and elder youth hence, it may be necessary to give some importance to these categories.
governments often want to implement something new even if the old programmes are well. This leads to confusion and wasted resources. The need is to build on successes not just to keep starting again.
of programming. For political reasons many new continuity
1. Generally most of the rural youth live within massive poverty, low income, low education, small farm size and without significant income earning activities. In this situation they have become a heavy burden to
the parents and for the society. It is therefore urgent need to organize youth extension programmes by the government extension agencies.
Constant changes in government often lead to significant disruptions in On the basis of the findings of the study, the logical interpretation of their meaning and other relevant facts, the following conclusions have been drawn:
5.2 Conclusions
5. Luck of communication with extension agents 6. Complexity lo receive agriculturnl loan
7. Lack of hatchery for production of fishery 8. Lack of veterinary doctor
9. Lack of modem agricultural tools 10. Lack of inputs
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7. In future rural youth programmes and activities highly demanded and marketable poultry rearing with minimum land, labour and capital need to be more emphasized for the rural youth. The livestock and vegetable cultivation activities considering duration cash return and parents, economic situation should be included.
6. fifty six percent of the rural youths had medium time use. There was a significant relationship of daily time use of the rural youth with their participation in selected agricultural IGAs. The findings indicate that since most of the rural youth were in medium time use category, it may be necessary to work with a large proportion of the rural youth having high time use in an effort to help in IGAs.
5. Parm size. annual income and training exposure of the respondents had impact on increasing the participation in selected agricultural IGAs. That means availability of these characteristics may encourage youths towards participation in IGAs for their improvement.
4. Educated youth were more eager in implementing their IGAs properly.
The literacy programme could be very effective to different other development activities.
selected agriculturul JOA!:!. Hence, it is concluded that to help in the
lGAs family size of the rural youth is not an important factor.
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S. Youth can be encouraged to take part in decision making, but this will not necessarily just happen by itself. Young people need to be actively encouraged and allowed to practice leadership skills in safe, non-threatening settings. They need to develop and practice communication skills, such as speaking before groups of people.
4. Youths in the rural social system are a deprived and neglected group. It is recommended that recreation and sports are a basic need of youth and can be used as a starting point to initiate youth activities.
3. Grass roots start-up of youth clubs and groups may be an ideal, but in actual practice there is usually a need for outside stimulation which should be followed by gradually increasing participation of young people as they gain confidence and develop leadership abilities.
2. It is recommended that the interests of youth need to be determined designing programmes, since they vary significantly from place to place and among different age groups of young people.
I. The rural youth is a potential grout, but they are unemployed & live within massive poverty. It is hence recommended that the Department of Livestock Services, the Department of Fisheries the Departmentt of Forestry, the Department of Youth Development and others now working in the rural areas should urgently undertake comprehensive extension programme for the Rural youth to : i) undertake various agricultural activities that yield per capita income for their families; ii) arrange small credit and short term loan to the participant youth and their parents to encourage them to undertake viable projects in respect of crop, livestock, fisheries, forestry and others which would return cash
in a short time and iii) make them useful member of the family and the nation.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
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3. This study investigated the relationship between the 9 important characteristics of the rural youth & their participation in selected agricultural IGAs. But to have a deep understanding of rural youth , other related variables need to be examined to develop and organize sound extension programmes. Hence, it is recommended that further study should be conducted involving other characteristics of the rural youth.
2. The present study measured the participation of the rural youth in selected agricultural IGAs. But it is necessary to understand participation and problem confrontation of rural youth in other different aspects like the non- agricultural activities, their education , health care and other related matters.
Hence studies should be undertaken or an understanding of the rural youth's participation in different aspects of their life.
l. The present study was carried out in a small area of a particular district similar studies may be conducted in other parts of the country to get a clear picture of the whole country which will be helpful for effective policy formulation.
5.4 Recommendations for further study:
7. Youth should also not be considered in isolation when developing youth programmes. Parents and other community members will also have an influence on the programmes and their support and active involvement is needed if activities are to be successful.
6. Often autocratic leadership behavior is a restricting factor in active youth participation in the design and implementation of programmes. It is recommended that there is a need to work with adult and youth leaders to help them develop the skills that allow full participation of young people.
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4. Rural youth Iumilics, different socio-economic groups such as fisherman, carpenter, mason, blacksmith, farm and home makers and such economic
groups might have different types to vocational interest. Extension studies should be undertaken to understand facts and situations for developing youth
programmes for a specific socio-economic category.
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Anwar, A. B. M. N. 1999. " A study for involving rural Youth in Extension Activities in Three Selected Villages of Mymensingh District". A Ph. D.
Thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, December. pp. 0-10.
Anonymous, 2004. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh.
Anonymous, 1983. National 4-H Statistics 1983, Washington D.C. Extension Service, USDA.
Anonymous, 1998. Fifth Five Year Plan 1997-2002. Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning. Dhaka.
Anonymous, 1982. This is 4-H. Washington DC: Extension Service, USDA.
Ali, M.A. and A. B. M. N. Anwar, 2000. Anticipated Problem Confrontation of the Unemployed Rural Youth for Undertaking Selected Agricultural Income Generating Activities for EmploymentBangladesh Journal of Extension Education, Vol. 11 and 12 (1 & 2), pp61-68.
Alter, S. 2000. Participation of Women Clientele in Development Activities of the RDRS Project. MS. (Ag. Ext. Ed.) Thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
Ahmed, K. K. 1985. Female Employment in Bangladesh: A Review of Status and Policy in Ministry of Social Welfare and Women Affairs. Government of Bangladesh.