ŸlKekr okiPyetr pr

ŸlKekr okiPyetr pr...

†eÆdaeniSyar ŸCa´ dÔIp ŸPçarús (^Flores)| …Kankar AiDbasIra AnYanY sb jaitr mt† kaj ker, Kay day, P™iàt ker Vr Absr smey gæp§jb ker| …Kankar bueRabuiRra Vmaedr dadI- nanIedr mt† "fak™rmar J™il' saijey bes nait-natnIedr kaeC - Hajar bCerr mueK mueK cel Vsa ˆpkTa§elaek bel Zay taedr prbàtI pãjenMr kaeC| ikǼ …edr fak™rmar J™il§ela ŸZn Ÿkmntr AÄut! lalkml-nIlkml Vr Ÿdw-odtY Ÿn† wet, VeC ktk§ela Q™ed bamnedr gæp| maº …k imFaerr mt lÜa ŸbeF ililpueFr mt …kDrenr manux Aenk Aenkidn Veg taedr† VeS paeS naik bas kreta, Za samen Ÿpeta ta† mueK ideta, taedr Psl nîF kreta, inejedr meDY iPs iPs ker kTa bleta Vr Za ìneta ta† naik nkl krar ŸcîFa kreta| …min

…kjn Q™ed bamenr nam iCl …bu Ÿgaega (…bu maen nanI Vr Ÿgaega maen …mn Ÿkˆ ŸZ Za samen pay ta† Kay), taek ŸKet idel Ÿs Kawyar basnFa pàZÇ» ŸKey ŸPleta, sueZaag Ÿpel naik manuexr ma„sw ŸKet idÔDa kreta na¹...

dÔIpbasIedr bla gæp§ela ìnel men Hy ŸZena …† Ÿsidn† tara sba† …ksaeT bsbas kreta|

inCk rœpkTa ŸBeb† ŸbƒeF-baFuledr gæp§ela sba† ˆiRey ideyiCela …tidn| Abak …k kaÆh GFela 2003 saelr Ae¢abr maes| ib¯anIra ŸPçars dÔIepr† maiF KueR Ÿpeln …k imFar lÜa …k manuexr Pisl-k«al; pãTem sba† ŸBebiCela Hyeta Ÿkan ba¬car Pisl Heb buiJ …Fa| ikǼ tarpr ifk wFar† kaCakaiC jaygay† pawya Ÿgela Vrw CyiF …k† rkemr AàD-Piselr k«al| ib¯anIra Vrw prIQa ker buJeln …§ela Vsel pUàNa„g manuexr† k«al, kaàbn ŸhiF„

ŸTek pawya tTYanuZayI jana Ÿgela, manuexr …† nbY Vibïát pãjaitiF (pãjait Hl …mn ikCu jIebr smiîF Zara ìDu inejedr meDY pãjnen sQm, ŸZmn Dr›n Vmra AàTa‡ VDuink manux ba Homo sapiens …kiF pãjait Zara Vr Ÿkan pãjaitr jIebr saeT pãjnen AQm - Vrw AnYanY pãjaitr manuexr Pisl pawya Ÿgelw Vmra …kFa† pãjait Zara …Knw iFek ViC) maº 12,000-14,000 bCr Veg† …† dÔIpiFet bsbas kreta| 12,000 bCr Veg …† ÃIep …k ByabH AgÈu‡pat GeF, ib¯anIra men kreCn Hyeta ÃIepr AnYanY Aenk pãaNIr saeT …raw Ÿs smey ibluÐ Hey igeyiCela| ibiBÊ prIQar maDYem ŸdKa ŸgeC ŸZ tara Vmaedr ŸHaiminh (manux

…b„ nrbanr ba ^{ape man} Ÿk ^Hominid gã›epr AÇ»àBu¹¡ Dra Hy) gã›epr AÇ»àBu¹¡ Helw taedr Ÿcayal …b„ mió»eïr map Vmaedr mt VDuink manuexr mt ny| ˆ¬ctay maº 1 imFar ikǼ Hat§ela AepQakátBaeb ŸbS lÜaeF Za ŸTek men Hy tara tKnw AenkFa smy Hyeta gaeC gaeC† kaFaeta| taedr maTar map Vbar Kub† ŸCaF - maº 380 isis (ikˆibk ŸsiÆFimFar), ŸZKaen Vmaedr ba VDuink manuexr mió»eïr map He¬C geR pãay 1330 isis| …t ŸCaF mgj iney VDuink manuexr mt Aó½ bainey iSkar ker Kabar s„gãeHr mt buiÁ ik iCela taedr, naik gaeCr hael J™el J™el† tara smy kaFaeta banr Vr iSÚpai²edr mt? …† pãeSÈrw ˆ¹r imlela ZKn taedr Piselr paeS 12,000-95,000 bCerr purena ŸbS ikCu paTuer Aó½ pawya Ÿgl Za ikna

ìDumaº buiÁman pãaNIr peQ† banaena sÝb|

icº 1.1 : bamn manuexr sÝabY pãitkáit (ŸsOjnY : National Geographic journal, April 2005)

ib¯anIra DarNa kreCn sÝbt Aenk Veg† ibluÐ Hey Zawya manuexr VerkiF pãjait ^Homo erectus …r …kiF dl …† ÃIep …es bsbas kret ìr› ker| Hajar Hajar bCr Der AtYÇ»

ŸCaF …† ÃIpiFet ibi¬CÊBaeb bas krar Pel tara ibbiàtt Het Het …ksmy iBÊ pãjaitet rœpaÇ»irt HeyiCl| taedr Piselr VeS paeS …k Drenr bamn Hait …b„ kmeha häagn sH AnYanY ŸbS ikCu pãaNIr Pislw pawya ŸgeC²|

…† nbY Vibîkát Q™ed bamn§ela (Hobbit) ib¯anIedrek ŸbS Abak kereC| …edr kareN manuexr ibbàtenr †itHas iney tara Vbar ntun ker Babet baDY He¬Cn | …† ŸZ …tidn Der Vmra ŸBeb …esiC ŸZ saÚpãitk kael Vmra CaRa manuexr Vr Ÿkan pãjait pâiTbIet iCl na - ŸsFa eta Vr taHel sitY ny| †ˆeraepr ibiBÊ jaygay pawya Zawya inyaÆharTaledr (Neanderthal) Pisl ŸdeK pãTem ib¯anIra taedrek Vmaedr …k† pãjaitr AÇ»àBu¹¡

keriCeln, ikǼ tarpr bû prIQa-inrIQa, ibeSx ker ih…n… (^DNA)r prIQar pr ib¯anIra

…kmt HeyeCn ŸZ taraw Vsel Vmaedr Homo sapiens pãjaitr AÇ»àBu¹¡ ny ³| pãay 150 ŸTek 30 Hajar bCr Veg pàZÇ» tara …kiF iBÊ pãjait iHeseb ibcrN kereC pâiTbIr buek|

Hyeta Vmaedr pUàbpur›exra† †ˆerap dKl ker Ÿnwyar smy taedrek ibluÐ Hey ŸZet baDY keriCela| ikǼ Ÿs eta Hl 30-40 Hajar bCr Vegr kTa, tarpr Ÿta manuexr Vr Ÿkan pãjaitr saeT Vmaedrek …† pâiTbI Bag ker inet Hyin! ikǼ …† bamn manuxedr …eta saÚpãitk kael iFek Takar pãmaN Ÿmlar pr ib¯anIra Babet ìr› kereCn taHel Hyeta Vrw kaCakaiC smeyw manuexr …kaiDk pãjait iFek iCela³| banr, ibRal, k™k™r ba AnYanY pãaNIr mt manuexrw Vrw pãjait iCela, Babetw Abak laeg …† pâiTbIr buek pãay Vmaedr mt† ŸdKet

…kaiDk pãaNI ŸHeF ŸbiReyeC …k† saeT| ìDu ta† Ÿta ny, jIbib¯an, AnujIbib¯an sH ib¯aenr ibiBÊ SaKar AButpuàb ˆÊitr Pel ib¯anIra manuexr pUàbsurI pãjait§elaekw sna¹¡

kret ŸpereCn, tara Vjek sudâ•Baeb pãmaN kret ŸpereCn ŸZ …k Drenr nr banr ba …p ŸTek Vsel manuexr ibbàtn GeFeC, …edr saeT Vmaedr ih^.…n^.…r pãay 98.6% iml reyeC|

… eta Ÿgela Vmedr inejedr kTa, …bar ŸcaK iPraena Zak Vmaedr ipãy basBuimr idek|

Vmaedr mHaibeSÔr ˆÄb GeFiCl pãay 13-15 S ŸkaiF bCr Veg, Vr pâiTbIsH Vmaedr ŸsOrjgetr ibiBÊ gãH ˆpgãeHr ˆ‡pi¹ GeF saeR carS ŸkaiF bCr Veg| tarpr Vrw …kS ekaiF bCr ŸlegeC Vmaedr pâiTbI namk gãHiFr mHapãly«rI ˆ¹Ð VegÈyigirr mt AbýHa ŸTek DIer DIer faÆha Hey pãaeNr ˆ‡pi¹r jnY ˆpZu¹¡ …kFa pirebS otrI kret| …Kn pàZÇ» pawya sb ob¯aink saQY pãmaN AnuZayI bla Zay pâiTbIet pãaeNr ˆ‡pi¹ Het ìr› kereC pãay saeR itnS ŸkaiF bCr Veg| Vmra Vjek Vmaedr carpaeS pãaN blet Za buiJ ba ŸdiK tar saeT Ÿs† Vidmtm pãaeNr ikǼ Ÿkan iml† iCl na - pãaN blet iCl Ait srl VnubIQiNk …b„ Vidm

…kDrenr AekaxIy jIbn| gfenr idk ŸTek …ra Vjekr idenr bYakeFiryar ŸTekw Aenk ŸbSI saDarN …b„ srl| ŸdKet ŸZmn† ba Zt VnubIQink† ŸHak na Ÿkn …edrek jIbÆt bel sÔIkar ker Ÿnwya CaRa Ÿkan ˆpayw Ÿn†! …ra Ÿta jIebr ŸmOilk dueFa obiSîFY† DarN ker Za Ÿkan jR pdaeàTr meDY Taka sÝb ny - …ra …kidek ŸZmn ba†err pirebS ŸTek siº¡yBaeb Si¹¡ s„gãH ker Ÿbƒec Taek, bR Hy …b„ bdlay, ŸtminBaeb Vbar b„SbâiÁ ker inejedr s„KYa bâiÁw kret paer| Vr saeR itn'S ŸkaiF bCr Veg …† Vidm …b„ srltm jIb§ela ŸTek†

ìr› pãaeNr ibkaS …b„ ibàbtenr †itHas| ŸkaiF ŸkaiF bCr Der GeF Vsa ibbàtn pãiº¡yar maDYem

…† srltm …k ŸkaxI pãaN ŸTek† ˆÄb GeFeC Vmaedr carpaeSr manux sH AnYanY sb jIebr|

ibbàtenr …† dIàG †itHaesr b†eyr Ÿkan patay taHel manuexr ŸdKa imlela? …eqbaer ŸSexr idekr patay …es Vmra Kuƒej pa† manux naemr Vmaedr …† VDuink pãjaitiFr …b„ tar pUàbpur›xedr sÉan| 40-80 laK bCr Veg …k Drenr banr pãjait du† paeyr ˆpr Br ker daƒRaet iSKelw tar ŸTek Vmaedr AàTa‡ VDuink manuexr ˆÄb GeFeC maº …k laK bCr Veg|

BUtai¹Ôk inyem iHsab krel pâiTbIet manuexr Aió»etÔr bYaparFa …eqbaer Vnekara| Dra Zak, pâiTbIr bys …kidn ba 24 GÆFa, ta Hel manux naemr …† tTakiTt "sàbeSãîf sâiîFiFr' jnM

HeyeC 24 GÆFa P™raenar maº keyk ŸsekÆh Veg!

taHel …Kn sÔBabt† Vmaedr men pãSÈ Ves, …† ŸZ ŸCaFebla ŸTek Vmaedr mur›bÕI, pãcarZǽ, DàÚpãitîfanguela manuexr ˆ‡pi¹ iney ŸZ sb gal-gÑ iSiKey …ela tar saeT ob¯ainkBaeb pãmaiNt Vmaedr ˆ‡pi¹ …b„ ibbàtenr te¹Ôr Ÿkan iml Ÿn† Ÿkena? karN, k'idn Vegw mHaibSÿ ba pãaeNr ˆ‡pi¹ ikBaeb HeyeC ta ŸbaJar jnY ŸZ ob¯aink tTY-pãmaN pãeyajn ta manuexr jana iCela na, iCl na ŸkaiF ŸkaiF bCerr †itHasek ob¯ainkBaeb ibeSåxN krar Qmta| ikǼ inejr

"sâiîF-rHsY' iney ŸkOtuHelr Ÿta Ÿkan AÇ» iCl na Ÿs† smeyr Vid ŸTek†| ta† …† "sâiîF-rHsY' iney pãetYk jaitr meDY Ÿs† pãacIn kal ŸTek† rcna kra HeyeC nana Drenr kæp-kaiHnI,

†„erjIet ŸZ§elaek bel "myth'| DàmgãÇùguelasH ibiBÊ pãacIn sBYta§ela pãetYek taedr tdanIÇ»n ýHanIy s„ôáit, †itHas, smy …b„ ¯aenr ó»r AnuZayI …ekk Drenr geæpr AbtarNa kereC| iHÆdu puraN bleC, mHapãleyr ŸSex …† jg‡ ZKn AÉkarmy iCl, tKn ibraF mHapur›x prm bãü inejr Ÿtej Ÿs† AÉkar dUr ker jelr sâiñ kern, Ÿs† jel sâiîFr bIj iniQÐ Hy|

tKn w† bIj subàNmy AeÆh pirNt Hy| A¸ meDY w† ibraF mHapur›x ÷y„ bãüa Hey Abóùan inet ŸTekn| tar pr wiFek ibB¹¡ ker VkaS w BUm¸l Vr prbàtIet pãaN sâiñ kern| ba†ebl

…b„ ŸkaraN bleC, sâiñkàta Cy iden …† ibSÿbãüa¨ otrI keriCeln| ba†ebelr (Ÿjeniss) DarNa AnuZayI Cyidenr pãTm idniFet† ‰Sÿr Vmaedr …† pâiTbIek sâiñ kern| …r itnidn pr itin sUàZ, cÆÅ Vr tarkaraijr sâiñ kern - Vr … sb ikCu† itin otrI keriCeln maº C'Hajar bCr Veg| Vbar pãacIn ocink …kiF kaiHnI ŸTek Vmra janet pair, …† ibSÿbãüa¨ sâiñr ìr›et

…kFa kaela ihemr mt iCl| pYan § naemr …kjn Ÿdbta taƒr k™Raelr Ÿkaep ihmiFek iÃKi¸t kern …b„ mHaibSÿek pãsairt Hbar sueZag ker Ÿdn| pYan §r SrIerr maiC Vr ˆk™n ŸTek†

naik prbàtIet manb sBYtar jnM HeyeC| Vbar VYapaic imT AnuZayI, sâiñr ìr›et Vsel ikCu†

iCl na - na iCl …† pâiTbI, VkaS ik„ba Ÿkan sUàZ -cÆÅ-tara| …† tmsa¬CÊ inkx AÉkar ŸTek Hfa‡ ker† …kiF patla cakitr ABuYdy GeF, ŸZKaen VsIn iCeln …k "daƒiR wyala BÅelak' - iZin … jgetr mailk, Vmaedr ibSÿipta! itin† inejr †¬Cay jg‡ ŸTek ìr› ker pãaN pàZÇ» sb ikCu† sâiñ kern ...manuexr ˆ‡pi¹ iney …mntr Hajaera geæpr sÉan pawya Zay ibiBÊ pãacIn sBYtay …b„ DàmgãeÇù ⁹|

Vsel Vfaera Stekr ŸSxBag ŸTek† manux buJet ìr› ker …† kæpkaiHnI§ela iney peR Takel Vr cleb na, karN ob¯ainkBaeb pawya tTY-pãmaN§ela †itmeDY† ŸcaeK V˜ul idey ŸdiKey idet ìr› kereC ŸZ, mHaibeSÔr AnY sb ikCur mt† Vmaedr …† pâiTbIw º¡magtBaeb pirbiàtt Het Het AbeSex Vjekr jaygay …es ŸpOeCeC| …† ŸkaiF ŸkaiF bCerr †itHas He¬C ŸCaF, bR, DIr, º¡magt ŸTek ìr› ker AtYÇ» naFkIy …b„ AksMa‡Baeb GFa pirbàtn, ibkaS Vr ibbàtenr †itHas, Za Vsel Vjw Vmaedr carpaeS GeF celeC Anbrt| pâiTbIr maiFr ibiBÊ ó»er jem Taka ibiBÊ pãaNI …b„ ˆiÄedr Pisl ŸTek Vmra …† pirbàtenr indàSn ŸdKet pa†| jIebr ih…n… ibeSåxN kerw pawya Zae¬C …k† tTY| manuxsH pâiTbIet AnYanY pãaeNr ˆ‡pi¹, Aió»tÔ, iFek Takar †itHas buJet Hel …† sudIàG pirbàtenr †itHasek ob¯ainkBaeb

buJet Heb; A¯ta, k™s„ôar, pãacIn …b„ AEb¯aink dâiîFB„gI ŸJeR ŸPel idey ob¯ainkBaeb pâiTbIek ibeSåxN kret iSKet Heb|

ibbàtn iney …eta maTabYTa Ÿkn?

ikǼ …Kn men pãSÈ jaget paer, Ÿkena† ba Vmaedr ibbàtn sÚpeàk janet Heb, …r KƒuiFnaiF buJet Heb? idibY Ÿta idn cel Zae¬C …sb t¹ÔkTa na Ÿjen†| …kFu ŸKyal ker VeSpaeS takael† ŸdKa Zaeb ŸZ, ibbàtenr t¹Ô CaRa Vjek Vmaedr carpaeSr Aenk ikCu† bYaKYa kra Zae¬C na, Aenk sHj pãeSÈr ˆ¹r imleC na| ŸZmn Dr›n, ha¹¡arra Ÿkena barbar ker ŸragIek tar VYiÆFbaeyaiFekr pueRa ŸhajFa ŸSx kret bel Ÿdn? Vmaedr saeT Š ŸbcarI †ƒdur§elar ik†ba iml reyeC ŸZ, ib¯anIra manuexr ˆpr ntun Ÿkan wxuD pãeyag krar Veg taedr ˆpr prIQa ker Ÿnn? ik„ba Vmaedr carpaeS …¹ Drenr pãaeNr samHar Ÿkena, taedr drkarFa† ba ik iCela? pâiTbIr …ekk jaygay Ÿkena …ekk rkemr pãaNI ŸdKet pawya Zay? Vmra† ba …lam ŸkaTa ŸTek? Ÿkena …ekk jaygar manux ŸdKet …ekk rkm Hl?...

ibbàtnbad te¹Ôr maDYem Vjek Vmra Vmaedr carpaeSr jIbn …b„ pãkáit sÚpeàk ikCu ŸmOilk pãeSÈr ˆ¹r Ÿpet pair| Vmaedr carpaeSr jIebr meDY …t obicº ŸdKa Zay Ÿkena, …mnik

…kFa manuexr saeT VerkFa manuexr Ÿkena …t paàTkY? Ÿbƒec Takar pãeyajen† Vsel pãkáitet

…ekkFa jIebr …ekk rkm obiSeîFYr ibbàtn GeF, …r PlSã›itet† tara …ekkjn …ekk pirebeS Kap Ka†ey iney ibiBÊ ˆ‡s ŸTek Kabar …b„ Si¹¡ Ÿjagar ker iFek Taket sQm Hy|

ŸZmn- manuexr kTa† Dra Zak, sb manux …k† pãjaitr AÇ»àBu¹¡ Helw taedr meDY paàTekYr Ÿkan ŸSx Ÿn†| …ekk …lakar manuexr meDY …ekrkemr obiSîFY ŸdKa Zay, tar meDY sbecey ŸbSI ŸZ paàTkYFa ŸcaeK peR ta He¬C manuexr gaeyr r„| kaela r„ …r gaeyr manuexr sUeàZr tap ŸTek inejr camRaek rQa krar Qmta Aenk ŸbSI Taek| ta† Vmra saDarNBaeb ŸdKet pa†

ŸZ, SIetr ŸdeSr manuexr camRa Aenk ŸbSI sada Vr grm ŸdeSr manuexr gaeyr r„ kaela Hy|

AbSY †itHaesr pirº¡may manux tar jIbn Vr jIibkar taiged …tbar …k jayga ŸTek Verk jaygay igey bsit óùapn kereC ŸZ …Kn sb jaygay …† paàTkY Vr …t suQMBaeb naw ŸdKa ŸZet paer| ibãiFS pãkáitib¯anI caàls harˆ†n ŸZ ibiBÊ pãjaitr iPe˜ (^Finch) ŸdeK Kub Abak HeyiCeln taedr kTa† Dir| gYalapYagas dÔIppue²r ibiBÊ dÔIep itin ibiBÊ rkemr ŸfaƒFwyala iPe˜ ŸdKet pan, Baela ker prIQa ker ŸdKa Zay ŸZ, smeyr saeT saeT Kabaerr pãkáit AnuZayI taedr ŸfaeFr Vkarw bdel ŸgeC| AtIet …k smy sb rkemr iPe˜† …k† pãjaitr AÇ»àBu¹¡

iCela, smeyr saeT saeT ibbàtenr maDYem tara ibiBÊ pãjaitet pirNt HeyeC| …Kn pàZÇ»

ib¯anIra …rkm 14 Drenr iPe˜r pãjait Kƒuej ŸpeyeCn|

icº 1.2: ŸfaeFr gfenr saeT ibiBÊ pãjaitr iPe˜ paiKr VHaàZY ÅebYr sÚpàk www.cox.miami.edu ŸTek Ÿnwya

Vbar ifk ˆleFaBaeb ŸdKa Zay ŸZ ibiBÊ pãaNIr obiSîFY …b„ ijenr gfenr meDY AkæpnIy rkemr iml ŸdKa Zae¬C ⁴| ŸZmn Dr›n, manuexr Haetr HaR Vr …t AnYrkm ŸdKet …kFa itim maeCr samenr paKar HaR pãay …k†rkm| Vbar, jnMpUàbbiàt ÙœNabóùay ibiBÊ pãaNIr ba¬caedr ŸdKet VenkFa …k†rkm ŸdKay| iSÚpa²Iedr saeT Vmaedr ih …n … pãay 98.6%, wra„ wFa„

…r saeT 97 % ⁵, Vr †ƒduerr saeT 85% ⁶ imel Zae¬C| … kareN† †ƒdur ba AnYanY pãaNIedr meDY ibiBÊ wxueDr ba icik‡sar pãaTimk prIQa inrIQa cailey ta prbàtIet Vbar manuexr ŸdeK pãeyag kra sÝb Hy| Vr …sb sadâeSYr ipCen karN …kFa†, pâiTbIr sb pãaNI† …k† Vid jIb ba pUàbpur›x ŸTek ŸkaiF ŸkaiF bCerr ibbàtn pãiº¡yar maDYem ˆ‡pi¹ HeyeC| ŸZ jIb Zt per Verk jIb ŸTek ibbiàtt Hey AnY pãjait ba jIeb pirNt HeyeC tar saeT Š jIebr tt†

ŸbSI iml Kuej pawya Zay|

ibbàtenr pãiº¡ya ŸTek Vmra carpaeSr pirebS, pãkáit …b„ tar gfn sÚpeàk …kFa pirîkar DarNaw pa†| ibbàtenr maDYem ŸZmn AHrH jIebr pirbàtn GFeC Vbar tar† PlSã›itet pirbàtn GeF celeC Vmaedr pairpaiàSÔktarw| …r …kFa mjar ˆdaHrN He¬C pâiTbIr bataes

Ai¤ejenr VibàBab| Vmaedr Ÿta ˆÄb† GFeta na bataes Ai¤ejn na Takel! Abak laeg Babet ŸZ Vid pâiTbIr bataes mu¹¡ Ai¤ejenr Ÿkan Aió»t†Ô iCela na| pãay VRa†eSa ŸkaiF bCr Veg saelak s„eSåxNkair (photo sysnthetic) ˆiÄedr ibbàtn GeF Zara pirebS ŸTek kaàbn ha† A¤a†h …b„ pain gãHn ker KadY otrI kret ìr› ker …b„ ibinmey pirebeS mu¹¡ Ai¤ejn ŸCeR idet ìr› ker| tar Pel† Vmaedr pâiTbIr bayumÆhel Ai¤ejenr VibàBab GFet ìr›

ker| …† ŸZ Vmra Vmaedr carpaeS manuxsH Ai¤ejn gãHNkaarI sb pãaNI ŸdKiC, taedr sbar†

ibbàtn GeFeC bayumÆhel Ai¤ejn CiRey prar pr|

jIebr ibbàtn na buJel Vjek icik‡saibdYa, káixibdYar ibiBÊ Vibïar AsÝb Hey daƒRaeta|

ibiBÊ Ÿrag sâiîFkarI bYakeFirya …b„ Ba†ras§ela ikBaeb wxuD pãeyaegr saeT saeT ibbiàtt Hey Vrw Si¹¡SalI …b„ pirbiàtt rœp DarN kret paer ta na buJel Vjek wxuD ŸkaÚpanI§elaek ifk AsueKr jnY ifk wxuDFa otrI kra† bÉ ker idet Heb| Vjek ha¹¡arra AYiÆFbaeyaiFekr ZeT¬C pãeyag bÉ krar jnY ˆef peR ŸlegeCn, karN Vmaedr SrIer Ÿrag saraet Zt ŸbSI AYiÆFbaeyaiFk pãeyag kra He¬C tt† bYakeFirya§ela taet Kap Ka†ey iney pirbiàtt Het Het Vrw Si¹¡SalI Hey ˆfeC| …k† bYapar GFet ŸdKa Zay jimet kIFnaSk bYbHar krar smeyw| kidn Veg Vemirkar …kFa ŸýFeFr pirs„KYaen ŸdKa ŸgeC ŸZ, †danI„ kael ŸsKankar Haspatal§ela ŸTek† Aenk ŸbSI ŸragI jIbanu dÔara Vº¡aÇ» He¬C, AàTa‡ tara Ves …k Ÿraegr icik‡sa kraet Vr Ger iPer Zay Haspatal ŸTek pawya AnY Ÿraegr jIbaNu SrIer iney| …r ŸTek pãit bCr Hajar Hajar ŸragI maraw Zae¬C| bYakeFirya§ela pãcilt AYiÆFbaeyaiFek ABYó»

Hey ibbàtenr maDYem inejedrek Vrw Si¹¡SalI ker tueleC, Vr tar Pel Haspatal§elaet CiRey peReC As„KY Si¹¡SalI jIbaNu Zaedrek ineraD kret ha¹¡arra iHmiSm ŸKey Zae¬Cn|

ibbàtenr Darna janar …b„ ŸbaJar VerkiF §r›tÔpuàN karN reyeC| ibbàtnbad Vmaedr smeyr

…mn† …kiF Si¹¡SalI t¹Ô ŸZ …r ibó»âit ìDu ob¯aink ba ŸFkinkal jget† ny br„

samaijkBaebw …r §r›¹Ô ApirsIm| smaejr ŸbSIr Bag manux, ibeSx ker rajEnitk …b„

DàmIy A„S, …r kTa ìnel† Vƒtek wefn, karN …Fa Vmaedr pãcilt puraena, AEb¯aink …b„

DàmIy DarNa§elaek smàTn ker na| ibbàtnbadek sifkBaeb bYaKYa kret ŸSKar maDYem Vmra inejra ŸZmn Vmaedr caridekr pãkáit …b„ pirebSek ob¯ainkBaeb bYaKYa kret iSKeba, ŸtminBaeb buJet …b„ AnYedrek buJaet pareba ob¯aink icÇ»a …b„ smaej Hajar Hajar bCr Der iFek Taka bû óùibr icÇ»aDarar meDY paàTkYFa ŸkaTay| ibbàtnbad bel pãkáit pãitinyt ibbiàtt He¬C, pirbàtn† jgetr mUl inym, ntunek, pirbàtnek sader ABYàTna janaena†

pãkáitr rIit| sb ikCu† GFeC Vmaedr ŸcaeKr† samen kKena Kub† DIer, kKnw ba VkisMkBaeb Kub Å›t gitet| pirbàtn GFeC†; ba†err Ÿkan ŠSÔirk Si¹¡ …es ŸZmn Vmaedr Ÿkan ikCu bdel idey Zae¬C na, Ÿtmin prelOikk purïaerr jnYw Ha-ipetYS ker bes Takar Ÿkan karN Ÿn†| dàSenr Baxay blet Ÿgel blet Hy ŸZ Vmra Vsel inejedr VBYÇ»rIN dÔÆdÔ …b„

s„gãaemr maDYem† pirbiàtt Het Het pãitinyt …igey celiC samenr idek|

ta† …† ibbàtn t¹Ôek ib¯aenr †itHaes §iFkeyk ŸZ bR bR GFna GeFeC tar …kiF bel Der Ÿnwya Hy| pdaàTibd iBkFr ŸýF˜ar ŸZmn beleCn,

" ... teb gt paƒc Sta×Iet AÇ»tpeQ duiF ob¯aink Vibôarek bR paradigm shift iHsaeb iciH¡t kra Zay ; (1) ŸxaRS Sta×Iet Ÿkapaiànkaesr Vibôát ŸsOrekiÆÅk t¹Ô- pâiTbI sUeàZr cairidek ŸGaer …b„ (2) ˆnib„S Sta×Iet (1859 sal) caàls harˆ†n …b„ AYaleÒh raesl wyaelesr pãó»aibt t¹Ô - pãakáitk inàbacenr (Natural Selection) maDYem jIbjgetr ibbàtn| …†

duiF Vibôar ìDu eZ manuexr icÇ»aDaraek …k ntun ó»Ÿr ˆÊIt kret saHaZY kŸriCl ta† ny, Ÿs§ela tKnkar pãacIn …b„ gBIrBaeb suriQt icÇ»apÁitek sirey idey puraena DarNa§elar ˆprw ViDptYw ibó»ar ker ineyiCl| …Kaen ibeSxBaeb lQYNIy ŸZ, t¹Ô dueFa† pibº DàmgãÇùguelar pãacIn icÇ»a§elaek AtYÇ»

pãblBaeb VGat keriCela - ŸZ §elaek manux …tidn Der sâiñkàtar AÙaÇ» baNI iHeseb ibSÿas kreta ⁷|'

caàls harˆ†enr pãó»aibt …† ibbàtn te¹Ô duiF §r›¹ÔpUàN A„S reyeC, saÚpãitk kaelr ibKYat ibbàtnbadI ib¯anI ircaàh hikÆs suÆdrBaeb Aæp kTay bàNna kereCn jIbib¯aenr …† mUl duiF t¹Ôek,

jIbib¯aen harˆ†enr mUl Abdan …kiF ny dueFa, Vr …† dueFa ibxy sÚpeàk pirïar DarNa CaRa ibbàtnbad ŸbaJa sÝb ny| itin† pãTm pàZaÐ saQYpãmaeNr maDYem pãmaN ker ŸdKan ŸZ, jIbjg‡ ióùitSIl ny - ibbàtn GFeC, ŸkaiF ŸkaiF bCr Der ibbàtenr maDYem† jIebr pirbàtn GFeC| Vr tarpr wyaelesr saeT …ksaeT pãTmbaerr mt bYaKYa kreln ŸZ, pãakáitk inàbacn (Natural Selection) pãiº¡yar maDYem† GeF celeC …† inrÇ»r pirbàtn, Za …Kn ob¯ainkBaeb pãmaiNt jIbib¯aenr …kiF AnYtm §r›tÔpUàN mUl t¹Ô ⁸|

teb prbàtI ADYaey … iney ibó»airt Velacna ìr› krar Veg VerkiF ŸCa´ ibxy pirïar ker Ÿnwya Zak| Aenek men kern, ibbàtn t¹Ô ŸbaD Hy pãaeNr ˆ‡s ineyw kaj ker| …iF ikǼ sàba„eS stY ny| ˆ‡s iney Vsel ibbàtn te¹Ôr Ÿkan maTa bYTa Ÿn†, …iF kaj ker mUltW pãaeNr ˆ‡pi¹r pr ŸTek ikBaeb tar ibkaS GeFeC ta iney| Zidw ib¯an jIbenr ˆ‡s sÉaen Kub† t‡pr (ŸZmn, pãaeNr ˆ‡pi¹r ojb rasayink t¹Ô, pYanýpaiàmya †tYaid t¹Ô ÅîFbY), ikǼ

…§ela ŸkanFa† ibbàtn te¹Ôr mUl ibxy ny| ŸZ Baeb† jIbenr ˆ‡pi¹ GFuk na Ÿkn, ŸsiF ik

ker ped ped ibkiSt Hl, ibbiàDt Hl, ˆÄb GFl ntun ntun pãjaitr -…§ela† ibbàtn te¹Ôr mUl VelacY ibxy|

icº 1.3: harˆ†enr "Airijn Ab iýpisj' pãaeNr ˆ‡pi¹' iney kaj ker na (ŸsOjnY : http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/misconceps/IAorigintheory.shtml)

tTYsUº :

1. Villagers speak of the small, hairy Ebu Gogo, 2004,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/10/28/whuman228.xml&sSheet=/ne ws/2004/10/28/ixnewstop.html

2. Q&A : Indonesian hominid find, BBC News, 2004,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3960001.stm

Flores Man, Nature online news,

http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html

'Hobbit' joins human family tree, BBC News,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3948165.stm

Moris D, Eton or the zoo? BBC News, 2004,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3964579.stm

3. Rincon P, Neanderthals not close family, BBC News, 2004,

ttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3431609.stm h

4. The National Academies Press (NAP), Teaching about Evolution and the Nature Of Science, http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/evolution98/evol1.html

5. Stringer, C and Andrews P, 2005, The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames and Hudson, New York, USA.

6. Russell S, 2001, Of Mice and Men: Striking similarities at the DNA level could aid research, San fransisco Chornicle, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-

bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/12/05/MN153329.DTL&type=science

7 Stenger, VJ, 2003, Has Science Found God? The Latest Results in the Search for Purpose in the Universe, Prometheus Books, New York, USA

8. Dawkins R, Darwin and Darwinism, Mukto-Mona Darwin Day celebration, http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/dawkins/darwin_and_darwinism120206.htm

9 ray A, 2005, V†ih iney kšFkcail, pRSI maisk piºka (mu¹¡-mnay punWpãkaiSt) http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/avijit/porshi/id_porshi.pdf

iÃtIy ADYay ÅîFbY {bnYa VHemedr ibbàtenr pT Der b†iF Absr pãkaSnI ŸTek 2007 …r …k™eS b†emlay pãkaiStbY| …† A„SiF b†iFr pãTm ADYay|}