ma跰aerF imh W n漮e墊r ranI

(1)

maàgaerF imh W nâte¹Ôr ranI

Pird VHemd

maàgaerF imh (Margaret Mead) iCeln ibSÿKYat Vemirkan nât¹Ôibd, buiÁjIib …b„ smaj ib¯anI| samaijk ib¯aenr sàbZuegr ŸSãòtm pãBabSalI narI icÇ»aibd itin| ŸZ k'jn samanY s„KYk QNjnMa narI Zueg Zueg taedr AsamanY pãitBa …b„ kàmdQtar §en ¯an ib¯aenr ibiBÊ SaKay duinya kƒaipeyeCn, imh iCeln taedr meDY AnYtm| Vidm smaj gebxnar piTkát maàgaerF imh, … Drenr smaj iney rcna kereCn As„KY gãÇù w gebxNa pº|

ìDu Vidm smaj† ny, smkalIn ibxy ineyw bYapk ŸlKaeliK kereCn itin| smajib¯an, nât¹Ô, menaib¯an, iSQa, pirebSibdYa, narI VeÆdaln, Caº rajnIit sH As„KY ibxey tar ibcrN iCl sHj …b„ sablIl|

duinyajueR bû Baxay rœpaÇ»irt HeyeC tar ŸlKin| keyk pãjenMr VemirkanŸdr imh iSiKeyeCn ikBaeb mu¹¡mn iney pâiTbIet ibrajman AnYanY s„«âit ibeSx ker Vidm s„ôáitek buJet Hy| nâte¹Ôr §r›gÝIr ibxy§elaek Ait sHjBaeb saDarN manuexr samen ˆpóùapn kereCn itin | nât¹Ôek saDarN manuexr kaeC jnipãy ker Ÿtalar ŸQeº tar Abdan tulnaHIn|

ŸCaeFaKaeFa gRenr imh iCeln Ak™etaBy tr›nI| 1925 sael maº Ÿt†S bCr byes ibbaiHt imh …kakI pãay AeàDk pâiTbI paiR idey pãSaÇ»

mHasagerr ÃIppu² sYaemaya (Samoa) Ÿt Zan tar gebxNar maf pàZaeyr tTY s„gãeHr jnY| bàtman smeyr ŸpãQapeF Ÿmeyedr jnY …Fa Hyeta Ÿtmn ikCu† na| ikÇ¼ ibeSr dSek …iF iCl ABUtpUàb GFna| Ÿs† smey ibbaiHt

(2)

emeyedr ÷amI, Gr s„sar …b„ ba¬ca-ka¬car daiytÔ sucar›Baeb paln kraFa†

iCl samaijk pãtaSYa| duWsaHsI …b„ smeyr Ÿcey AgãgamI maàgaerF imh pãcilt samaejr smó» obxmYmUlk rIitnIitek Ab¯a ker …ka† Zaºa kern sYaemayar peT| Andrew Whiteford imhek bàNna kereCn …Baeb "Maggie was a short little lady with immense courage-a first of a kind-took nothing for granted and wrote copiously of her field experience.

She could be disarmingly friendly one minute and put you in your place the next"

sYaemayay …kakI gebxNar PlaPl iHsaeb pilenSIy (Polinesia) …kiF smaejr adolescent behaviour …r ˆpr 1928 sael imh pãkaS kern tar AsÝb jnipãy gãÇù "Coming of Age in Samoa." pãkaiSt Hwyar saeT saeT† …iF pirnt Hy Ÿbö Ÿslaer | Ÿs†saeT imh cel Vesn nâte¹Ôr samenr sairet| tarpr ŸTek imhek Vr ipCen iPer takaet Hyin|

AnitibleÜ† pãkaiSt Hy tar …k† Darar iÃtIy gãÇù "Growing Up in New Gunea" …b„ iFäljIr sàbeSx gãÇù "Sex and Temperment in Three Primitive Societies." …† gãÇùguil Ÿktaib kaj iHsaeb Kub† ta‡pàZpUàN …b„

ˆ¬cmaenr inWseÆdeH ikÇ¼ sarajIbn imh Za kereCn bó¼t tar samanY†

pãitiniDtÔ ker …§ela| inrlsBaeb imh ileK ŸgeCn smaej narIr BUimka, iSì pãitpalnsH As„KY ibxeyr ˆpr Za Vidm smaejr oli˜k BUimka (Sex role) …b„ Vemirkan smaejr ibiBÊ idkŸk suýpñ kret saHaZY kereC| …edr meDY AnYtm He¬C "Male and Female," "Balinese Character: A Photo Analysis," "Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples," "Continuities in Cultural Evolution," and

"New Life for Old."

imh barnaàh kelej (Barnard College) ŸTek smajib¯aen øatk …b„

kliÜya ibSÿibdYaly ŸTek øateka¹r w ip …†cih ihigã laB kern| 1926 sal ŸTek VmâtuY itin kaj kereCn inˆ†yeàkr Vemirkan imîjk AP nYacaral iHiñär nât¹Ô ibBaeg| pãTem sHkarI ikêrFr iHsaeb, prbàtIet sHeZagI ikêrFr …b„ sbeSex ikêrFr iHsaeb| 1969 sael itin inˆ†yeàkr il„kn ŸsÆFaer Abióùt ŸPaàhHam ibSÿibdYaleyr kelj AP ilbaerl VàFesr samaijk ib¯an ibBaegr pUàNa˜ ADYapk …b„ ibBagIy pãDan iHsaeb ŸZa¦dan kern| …k† bCr Fa†m mYagYaijn imhek "Mother of the Year' ˆpaiDet BUixt ker| imh As„KY srkarI w VÇ»àjaitk kimSenr Hey kaj kereCn …b„ VDuink samaijk smsYar …kjn ibtiàkt b¹¡a iCeln| itin Vemirkan …neTãaepaelaijkal …esaiseySenr ŸpãishÆF

(3)

iCeln| pãTm miHla nât¹Ôibd iHsaeb itin Vemirkan …esaiseySn Pr

…hBansemÆF saeyeÆsrw ŸpãiseheÆFrw daiytÔ sucar›Baeb paln kern|

VFaSiF sÚmansUck h¢erF ˆpaiDet BUixt iCeln itin| 1979 sael maàgaerF imh mreNa¹r "ŸpãisehÆFiSyal Ÿmhal AP iÒhem' BUixt Hn|

maàgaerF imh 1901 sael iPlaehliPyar …k iSiQt pirbaer jnMgãHn kern| tar baba iCeln †ˆinBaàisiF AP ŸpnsYaliByaenr AàTnIitr pãePsr| imehr ma-w iCeln ˆ¬c iSiQt miHla| itin iCeln AiBbasI, kaela Vemirkan …b„ narIedr nagirk AiDkar VeÆdalenr siº¡y kàmI| baba- maeyr Anbrt óùan pirbàtn krar kareN imehr ŸCelŸbla ŸkeFeC …kóùan ŸTek AnY óùaen ŸGaraGuirr mDY idey| …r Pel imehr jIbn iCl ibicº AiB¯tay sÚmâÁ, Za prbiàtet imhek saHaZY kereC tar ŸpSa ŸbeC Ÿnyar ŸQeº| baba-ma dujn† iSiQt …b„ smaj sectn Hwyar kareN Ÿs†

smykar samaijk pirebeSr Ÿcey iBÊtr pirebS ŸpeyiCeln imh|

tKnkar smaj bYbóùa VSa kreta narI Heb GrmueKa| sÇ»an jnMdan, taedr pãitpaln …b„ ÷amIr menar²n† Heb emeyedr …kmaº krNIy kaj|

ŸsOBagYº¡em imh ŸpeyiCeln …mn …k pirebS ŸZKaen ibSÿas kra Heta ŸZ narIraw ŸbeC inet paer taedr inj÷ ŸpSa |

1919 sael imh Biàt Hn ihpw kelej (DePauw College). ikÇ¼ prbiàtet bdil Hey cel Zan inˆ†yeàkr barnaàh kelej (Barnard College).

pRaìna clakalIn smey† maàgaerF ibey kern pãtþte¹Ôr Caº luTar Ÿº¡smYanŸk| barnaàh kelej† imh s„ýpeàS Vesn pãKYat nât¹Ôibd Òa² Ÿbayar (Franz Boas) | Ÿbaya tKn barnaàh kelej nât¹Ô pRaetn| imh nâte¹Ôr ŸkaàsiF Ÿnn …b„ …† Ÿkaeàsr maf pàZaeyr gebxNar jnY sYaemaya Zawyar bayna Dern|

Ÿbaya tar …† pãaena¬Cl …b„ inòabtI CaºIiFek Kub† pCÆd kretn| tar men HeyiCl, ÷naem ibKYat Hwyar sueZag maàgaereFr pãapY| kaej† itin tar ipãy CaºIek Ÿs† smykar sbecey Vlict ibxy iFn …jaredr VcrN (iFn …jar S×iF AbSY ibeSr dSek pãcilt iClna) iney gebxna kret beln| ikÇ¼ maàgaereFer icÇ»a iCl iBÊ| tar †¬Ca iCl sBYta ikBaeb s„ôáitet pirbàtn Ven ta iney gebxna krar| Ÿbaya taek Vemirkan

†i¸yanŸdr iney gebxna kret beln| ikÇ¼ maàgaereFr Zui¹¡ iCl VemirkanŸdr s„ýpeàS …es Vemirkan †i¸yanra Vidm s„ôáitr ibìÁta Hairey ŸPeleC| tar met sitYkaerr Vidm s„ôáit Ÿpet Hel ŸZet Heb sBYtar ŸTek Aenk dUer, pâiTbIr pãtYÇ» A‚el ŸZKaen sBYtar Ÿzˆ

(4)

VCŸR peRin …Kena| Vr …r jnY tar VgãH iCl pilenSIy ÃIppue²r FuyameFa (Tuamoto) ÃIep igey gebxna kra|

maàgaereFr †¬Car kTa ìen Ÿbayar maTay baj pRar dSa| ikBaeb itin ibbaiHt ÷æpbysI …kakI …kiF Ÿmeyek Anumit Ÿdebn AàD pâiTbI paiR idey sBYtar Velak bi‚t pilenSIy ÃIep ŸZet| Ajana Ÿkan By„kr ibpd ba maratMk Ÿkan AsueKr kbel pRar sÝabna ŸZKaen pãit ped ped| Ÿs† smy pãcilt DarNa iCl ŸZ, pilenSIy A‚el manuxeKeka manuexr bsbas reyeC|

…r meDY Vbar FuyameFa ÃIp pilenSIyar sàbeSx pãaÇ » ŸÒ‚ pilenSIyay Abióùt| bakI ibeSÿr se˜ …† ÃIepr ŸZagaeZag …ekbaer Ÿn† blel† cel|

Aenk Fana ŸHcRar pr AbeSex Ÿbaya …b„ imh …kiF smeJatay ŸpƒOCan|

imh pãó»ab kern Zid Ÿbaya taek diQn pãSaÇ» mHasager kaj krar Anumit Ÿdn taHel Ÿs tar inj÷ pCÆdnIy ibxy bad idey Ÿbayar pCeÆdr ibxy adolescent behaviour iney kaj kreb, ibeSx ker Ÿmeyedr ŸQeº|

bYapk AnusÉaenr pr AbeSex pilenSIyay maàgaereFr jnY suibDajnk

…kiF gebxna ŸQº Kƒuej Ÿbr kra Hl|

inrQIy ŸrKa ŸTek …k Hajar ma†l diQen Abióùt diQn pãSaÇ» mHasagrIy ÃIppu² sYaemayaek ŸbeC Ÿnwya Hela maàgaereFr gebxnar ŸQº iHsaeb|

AñadS Sta×Iet Vibïát Hwyar pr ŸTek sYaemaya ÃIppu² §r›tÔpUàN bainijYk ŸkeÆÅ pirNt HeyiCl| prbàtIet baîpcailt jaHaejr jÔalanI w AnYanY intY pãeyajnIy ijinesr srbraH ŸkÆÅ iCl sYaemaya| 1925 saelr idek sYaemaya ÃIppu² du† A„eS ibB¹¡ iCl- piëcm sYaemaya, bàtmaen Za

…kiF ÷aDIn rañä, Ÿs† smy inˆijlYae¸r pãSasink kàtâetÔ iCl| AnYidek, pUàba‚lIy AàDa„S ba Vemirkan sYaemaya Ÿs† smy ŸTek bàtman smy pàZÇ»

maiàkn Zu¹¡raeñär A„S| FuFu†la (Tutuila) ÃIepr pYaega pYaegaet (Pago Pago) †ˆ…s ŸniBr ibSal …k ŸnO GaiF iCl| ŸnO GaiFet Ÿsnaedr jnY

…kiF HsipFal …b„ Ÿrihw ŸöSnw iCl|

†ˆ…s ŸniBr …† GaiF† mUltW Ÿbayar Anumit pãdaenr ŸQeº BUimka paln keriCl| Ÿbayar DarNa iCl, Zid maàgaerF Ÿkan smsYay peR ŸseQeº Ÿs ŸniBr SrnapÊ Het pareb| …CaRa pYaega pYaega ŸTek pãit itn sÐaH pr pr ZaºIbaHI jaHaj Vemirkar mUl BUKe¸ Zatayat kreta| AiDkÇ¼, ŸniBr Ÿrihw bYbHar ker Vemirkan Ÿbsamirk nagirkra baàta ŸpãrN ba baàta gãHN kret pareta|

(5)

1925 saelr Agañ maesr 31 taireK duecaK Bra ÷pÈ iney …s …s senamaet (SS Sonoma) ceR Hawya† ŸTek itn Hajar ma†l pT paiR idey maàgaerF …es ŸpƒOCaeln sYaemayar pYaega pYaegaet|

bàtman smey saDarNt …† Drenr gebxna dlbÁBaeb kra Hey Taek, ŸZKaen Taek ibiBÊ SaKar ibeSx¯ra| tara saeT iney Zan pãcur s„KYk pãeyajnIy ZÇ½pait, jr›rI ‹xDpº, gebxnar nmuna s„rQŸnr subYbóùa, pirmapk ZÇ½, Fa†p ra†Far ba kiÚpˆFar, ŸFp Ÿrkàhar, iPlM, iBihw ba iöl kYaemra …b„ inj÷ pirbHN bYbóùa|

pQaÇ»er, maàgaereFr ˆpkrN iCl Kub† samanY| bYi¹¡gt ijins peºr ba†er tar sÜl iCl keykiF Ÿpnisl, ŸnaFbuk, …kiF iöl kYaemra …b„

…kejaRa Aitir¹¡ cSma| inWs˜ maàgaereFr peQ keyk Hajar ma†l dUer Abióùt Ÿbayar saeT icifpº CaRa Vr AnY ŸkanBaeb† tar gebxna iney Velacna ba pramàS krar Ÿkan sueZag† iCl na|

t‡kalIn smey maf pàZaey gebxnay ineyaijt gebxkedr gebxnar ibxybó¼r pàZebQN pÁit …b„ pãaÐ PlaPl ilipbÁ krar jnY Ÿkan Vnuòaink pãiSQeNr bYbóùa iClna| Ÿs†smy kaerar† icÇ»a iClna maf pàZaeyr gebxnar smy gebxk tar duWsH …kakItÔek ikBaeb samlaebn ATba Ajana Ÿkan ibpdek ikBaeb Ÿmakaebla krebn| … ŸZn kaˆek gBIr smueÅ ŸPel idey prIQa kra ŸZ, Ÿs satar jaen ikna| imh tar …k icifet ileKiCeln, "Many who are now professors teach their students as their professors taught them, and if young fildworkers do not give up in despair, go mad, ruin their health or die, they do, after a fashion, become anthropologists. But it is a wasteful system, a system I have no time for."

pYaega pYaegaet ŸpOCaenar pr pr† imh puerapuir HtaS Hey peRn| pYaega pYaega Vemirkan ŸnObaiHnIr ZuÁjaHaj Vr ZuÁibman idey pirpuàN ŸkalaHlmy …k bÆdr| imh sugBIr duWeKr saeT lQY kern ŸZ, Vemirkan ŸnObaiHnI Vemirkan s„ôáit Vr mUlYebaDek caipey ideyeC inrIH sYaemayanŸdr ˆpr| pYaega pYaegaet sYaemayan miHlara ŠitHYbaHI Ÿpaxaekr pirbeàt Vemirkan Ÿpaxak per claePra kreC| sYaemayanŸdr ˆpr tar inj ŸdeSr s„ôáitr …† Anaka„iKt pãBab ŸdeK gBIrBaeb li°t Hn imh|

prbàtI keyk sÐaeH imh FuFU†lar AiDka„S gãam pirdàSn kern …b„ ŸdKet pan ŸZ, pãitiF gãam† bYapkBaeb Vemirkan pnY …b„ Vemirkan káiñ Ãara

(6)

pãBaibt| Ÿkan gãam† saemayanŸdr Vid …b„ Akáiºm s„ôáitr pãitiniDtÔ kreC na| seàbapir, Ÿkan gãaem† tar gebxnar jnY pàZaÐ s„KYk pãeyajnIy tr›nI Ÿn†|

…† smó» baó»b AsuibDar kTa icÇ»a ker† imh FuFu†la ŸTek pãay …kS' ma†l dUerr manu (Manu) ÃIpmalar Q™Å ÃIp Faˆet (Ta'u) Zawyar isÁaÇ» Ÿnn|

ŸsKankar …kmaº ŸSta˜ pirbar maiàkn ŸnO sdsY …hwyaàh ŸHaleFr baRIr baRit …kiF kamra ŸCeR Ÿdwya Hy imehr jnY|

Faˆet Vsar pr† VneÆd ˆ‡P™L Hey ˆefn imh| itin tar gebxnar jnY ifk ŸZ DrŸnr smaj KujiCeln Faˆ tar VdàS rœp| Faˆ s„ôáit tar kaeC sYaemayar ŸZ Ÿkan A‚elr tulnay Aenk ŸbSI Vidm …b„ Akáiºm men Hy|

sYaemayanedr meDY bsbaesr sueZaeg imh taedr Vcrn, pãTa …b„ s„ôáit inibRBaeb pàZebQŸnr sueZag pan| tar …† pàZebQN pãcilt piëcma smaejr tulnay sÚpUàN iBÊ iCl| ŸZmn, itin Vibïar kern ŸZ, …kgaimta

…b„ ŸZOn ‰àxaprayntar Ÿkan óùan† Ÿn† sYaemayanŸdr smaej| puàNbyô narI pur›xedr meDY sÚpàk Ait sHej† …b„ Kub ÷aBaibk Baeb† ibe¬Cd GFŸt paer| imh …† isÃaeÇ» ˆpint Hn ŸZ, ŸZObnareÝ ŸZOntaek A÷Ikar ker …b„ Ÿgapn raKar maDYem Vmaedr smaj mUlt smsYa smaDaenr pirbeàt AiDktr smsYar sâiñ ker Taek|

sYaemayaet itin Vemirkan tr›nIedr ŸpãQapeF manu tr›nIedr ŸZOn Vcrenr tulna kern …b„ …† isÁaeÇ» ŸpOCan ŸZ, b„Sgit ny br„ s„ôáit†

bYi¹¡tÔek pãBaibt ker| …† gebxNar PlaPl iHsaeb VibàBUt Hy tar pafk niÆdt gãÇù Coming of Age in Samoa| sYaemaya ŸTek iPer Vsar peT imh pirict Hn nât¹Ôibd irw Prcuenr saeT| prbàtIet itin tar ÷amI luTaerr saeT ibbaH ibe¬Cd GFan …b„ irw-r se˜ pirny sUeº VbÁ Hn|

1931 sael maàgaerF pãTmt VraepS (Arapesh) …b„ prbàtIet mundu§mr (Mundugumor) w caÜuiledr (Tchambuli) ˆpr gebxna krar jnY inˆ iginet (New Guinea) Zan| …Kaen tar gebxnar ibxy iCl s„ôáitet oli˜k BUimka (Sex role) pàZebQn kra| imh ŸdKet pan ŸZ, VraepS smaej narI pur›exr sman AiDkar ibdYman| smaj bYbóùa Kub† srl Drenr

…b„ narI pur›x iniàbeSex sÇ»an laln palen sman BUimka paln ker Taek|

pQaÇ»er, mundu§mr smaj Kub† iH„sã pãkáitr| narI pur›x ˆBy† s„kIàN mna

…b„ Vº¡mnatMk| Ÿkan pQ† pãkátpeQ sÇ»an pãitpalenr daiytÔ inet cayna| …edr sÇ»aenra saDarNt VLaH reó» manux Hey Taek| AnYidek imh

(7)

pur›xedr tulnay Si¹¡SalI, cFpeF …b„ kàmdQ| AàTEnitk ba biHàkàmkae¸

mUlt Ÿmeyra† jiRt| pur›xedr daiytÔ He¬C GrkÊa w ba¬ca-ka¬ca samlaena|

iBÊmuKI …† itn s„ôáitr AiB¯tar Velaek itin rcna kern tar gãÇù Sex and Temperment in Three Primitive Societies. maàgaerF Vera

…kiF gebxnar tTY s„gãeHr jnY †eÆdaeniSyar bail (Bali) ÃIep Zan, ŸZKankar sÆôáit Vera ŸbSI obicºYmy| bail ÃIepr AiB¯tar ŸpãQapeF itin rcna kern Balinese Character: A Photo Analysis gãÇùiF| bailet Takar smey† itin †„erj nât¹Ôibd ŸgãgrI ŸbFsn …r s„ýpeàS Vesn …b„

tar Ÿpãem peRn| PlaPl, irw-r saeT ibbaH ibe¬Cd …b„ ŸgãgrIek tâtIy

÷amI iHsaeb brN|

duWsaHisk …b„ Apãcilt Darar nâtai¹Ôk kaj Vemirkan smaej imhek ŸsilibãiFär Vsen biseyiCl| imh tar Abdaenr maDYem bYapk pãBab ibó»ar kret sQm HeyiCeln saDarN VemirkanŸdr ˆpr| teb imehr sbecey bYapk …b„ sudUr pãyasI pãBab He¬C Vemirkan smaej pairbairk †suYet kaˆneslr iHsaeb kaj kra| dIàG setr bCr Der Redwood mYagaijen pairbairk ŸZ Ÿkan smsYar smaDaenr jnY ˆpedS idey ŸgeCn itin| ŸZOT pirbaerr Qiyxu—ta, SHer bsbaesr Pel sâñ ibi¬CÊta, ŸjnaerSn gYap pãBâit ibxy iney tar ˆeÃg iCl lQYnIy|

imh iCeln pãariÝk narIbadIedr meDY AnYtm| Zidw bàtman narIbaedr saeT tar mtaEnkY suýpñ| ibeyr pr itin ÷amIr nam gãHn na ker tar k™marI nam bHal ŸreK t‡kalIn smaej bYapk VelaRn Ÿtaeln| narI

÷aDIntar bilò kË÷r Hwya ÷e¹Ôw imh men kretn ŸZ, bàtman smeyr narIbad Aenk ŸbiS nr ibeÃxI| pur›x ibeÃxI puàb DarNa (Prejudice) bYiterek itin smaej oli˜k BUimka pirbàtenr pQpait iCeln|

Zidw imh iCeln ˆ¬c pãS„ist …b„ Velaict bYi¹¡tÔÔ, ikÇ¼ ta se¹Ôw smaelacnar êàDÕ iCeln na itin| YMCA …r Ÿbaàh AP iherkFer Takar smy tar ikCu sHkàmI Coming of Age in Samoa Ÿk peàna b† iHsaeb VKYaiyt kern| mairjuyana ibteàk kYailePaiànyar gBànr taek "Ÿna„ra buRI' bel galmÆd kern| …CaRa …Fiàn Ÿjnaerelr ó½I VRael taek "ŸptþI' bel haketn| teb …§elar ba†er sitYkar AeàT itin kifn Abóùar mueKamuiK Hn inîjlYa¸ b„eSaÄut Aeöäilyan nât¹Ôibd Ÿherk iÒmYan …r kaC ŸTek| Aeöäilyan nYaSnal †înBarisiFr iSQk iÒmYan pãTm idek imehr …kjn …kinò B¹¡ iCeln| ikÇ¼ º¡manÓey itin Hey êfn imehr sbecey bR smaelack| ciLeSr dSek iÒmYanw piëcm sYaemayaet gebxna kret Zan Zidw tar gebxnar ibxy iCl iBÊ| sYaemayar AiB¯tar iBi¹et iÒmYan imhek ApàZaÐ …b„ AseÇ»axjnk maf gebxnar daey AiBZu¹¡ kern|

(8)

itin beln, imh Kub† samanY smy sYaemayaet kaiFeyeCn …b„ itin sYaemayan Baxaw Kub BalBaeb janetn na| Pel iÒmYaenr DarNa buiÁmit ikÇ¼ ÷æpbysI AniB¯ imhek sYaemayan Ÿmeyra Kub sHej† pãtairt kret ŸperiCl| sYaemayanra gebxk Za ìnet cay ta blar bYapaer mHa pardàSI|

gebxnar smy …hwyaàh ŸHaleFr baRIet ŸTek imh kapur›xtarw pircy ideyeCn bel itin men kern| …CaRaw itin ˆeLK kern ŸZ, imhek tar pãTm maf gebxnar jnY Òa² Ÿbaya sifkBaeb pãó¼t kray bYàTtar pircy ideyiCeln| ŸZeHtu imehr pàZebQN Ÿbayar Anuimitr se˜ imel igeyiCl Ÿs†jnY itin Ÿkan rkm smaelacnamUlk puniànrIQn CaRa† Coming of Age in Samoa pãkaiSt Hwyar Anumit ideyiCeln|

imehr Ÿdya bàNna AnuZayI sYaemaya He¬C ÷eàgr pãitrœp| byô …b„ iFn

…jaredr meDY Ÿn† Ÿkan ÃÆd, Ÿn† Ÿkan AnueSacna ba VtMHtYa| iH„sa …b„

siH„sta puerapuir Anupióùt …† smaej| ŸZOntar ŸQeº taedr Vcrn sHj, srl …b„ VnÆdmy| pQaÇ»er, iÒmYaenr sYaemaya puerapuir ibpirt iceºr | ApraDebaD w AnueSacna, iFn …j VtMHtYa …b„ siH„s ApraeD smaj pirpuàN| ŸZOntar ŸQeº dKils¹Ô …b„ ‰àxapraynta …† smaej ŸZ Ÿkan piëcma smaejr meta† dâSYman|

s¹uerr dSek imh Zu¹¡rañä w Aeöäilyay ikCu s„KYk sYaemayan Caeºr mueKamuiK Hn Zara taek tar sYaemaya gãÇùiF pirmaàjn …b„ s„eSaDn kret cap pãeyag ker| ikÇ¼ dâ•ecta imh ta kret A÷Ikáit janan| b†iFr ntun s„ôreNr BUimkay itin ŸleKn "Coming of Age in Samoa was true convey of what I saw in Samoa and what I was able to convey of what I saw, true to the state of our knowledge of human behaviour as it was in the mid-1920s."

iÒmYaenr AiBeZaegr ibr›eÁ ikCu s„KYk Vemirkan nât¹Ôibd r›eK daRan|

taedr b¹¡bY iCl, imhek Vº¡menr mDY idey iÒmYan imehr iSQk …b„

pramàSk Òa² Ÿbayaekw Vº¡mn kereCn| …b„ …r maDYem iÒmYan mUlt ŸgaFa Vemirkan nât¹Ôek† Apman kereCn|

Ÿk sifk, imh naik iÒmYan …r smaDan Hyt Ÿkanidn† Heb na| Vj …eta bCr pr Vr Hyeta ŸkanBaeb† jana sÝb ny imehr pàZebQN Vsel†

ketaKain sifk iCl| bàtmankael Aenk nât¹Ôibd† ŸmaFamuiF …kmt ŸZ, sYaemayar bYapaer imehr bàNna Kub† srl Drenr| itin Hyeta sÚpUàN sitYek ŸdKet panin, teb …Faw ifk puerapuir Bulw ŸdeKnin| Aenk nât¹Ôibedr met, iÒmYaenr kaj imehr Ÿceyw Vera srlIkrN|

(9)

bàNmy …k jIbn ŸSex 1978 sael kYaÆsaer mara Zan sda kàmbYó» sPl …†

narI| …kbar …k pafekr pãeSÈr ˆ¹er imh beliCeln, Zid itin Vbar sueZag Ÿpetn tar jIbn gfenr taHel, itin Kub samanY† pirbàtn kret ca†etn tar jIbn | itin Za ta† Het ca†etn Vbar| … ŸTek† ŸbaJa Zay ketaKain pirtâÐ iCeln itin tar jIbn iney|

smy† bàtman smaej maàgaerF imehr mUlY inàDarN ker ideyeC| nât¹Ô, smajib¯an …b„ samaijk w pairbairk ibiBÊ †suYet tar iHmalysm Abdan† taek nât¹Ô tTa manb †itHaes suiniëct jayga ker ideyC| …KŸna pàZÇ» nâte¹Ôr Aibs„badI ranI iHsaeb itin ApãitÃÆÃI rey ŸgeCn|

Bibliography:

1. Cassidy, Robert. Margaret Mead: A Voice for the Century. New York: Universe Books, 1982.

2. Castiglia, Julie. Margaret Mead. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:

Silver Burdett Press, 1989.

3. Freeman, Derek. Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth. Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: Harvard University press, 1983.

4. Mead, Margaret. Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization. New York: William Morrow, 1928.

5. Mead, Margaret. Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow, 1953. (Originally published in 1930)

6. Mead, Margaret. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies.

New York: William Morrow, 1963. (Originally published in 1935) 7. Mead, Margaret. Some Personal Views. Edited by Rhoda Metraux.

New York: Walker & Co., 1979.

8. Pollard, Michael. Margaret Mead. Toronto: Irwin Publishing, 1992.

ˆ†¸jr, AÆFairw [email protected]