আমলাতন্ত্র (Bureaucracy)

AvgjvZš¿ (Bureaucracy) 11

AvaywbK ivóªe¨e¯’vq AvgjvZš¿ GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| iv‡óªi cÖkvmwbK Kv‡h© ¯’vqxfv‡e wbhy³ Kg©Pvixiv nj kvmb wefv‡Mi A-ivR‰bwZK Ask| Zuviv ivóªK…Z¨K ev ivóªf„Z¨K (Civil Servent) bv‡g cwiwPZ|

Av`k©, †`k‡cÖg, KZ©e¨ wbôv I Rb‡mevi gva¨‡g Avgjviv RbM‡Yi eÜz‡Z¡ cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡ib| GB BDwb‡U mykvmb cÖwZôvq AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj, AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv Ges AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n

cvV-11.1 AvgjvZ‡š¿i aviYv I ˆewkó¨

(Concept and Characteristics of Bureaucracy)

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• AvgjvZ‡š¿i aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

• AvgjvZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (

Key Words)

AvgjvZš¿, RvZxq ivóª, `ßi miKvi, c`‡mvcvb, jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨,

†ckv`vwiZ¡|

AvgjvZ‡š¿i aviYv

eZ©gvb A‡_© ÒAvgjvZš¿Ó kãwUi e¨envi bv _vK‡jI, cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB wewfbœ ivóª e¨e¯’v‡Z AvgjvZ‡š¿i Dcw¯’wZi A‡bK cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| AvR †_‡K mv‡o cvuP nvRvi eQi Av‡M `wÿY †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv A‡ji my‡gwiq mf¨Zv‡ZI GK ai‡bi AvgjvZ‡š¿i Dcw¯’wZi bwRi cvIqv †M‡Q| cÖvPxb wgmixq, Pxb I †ivgvb mf¨Zv‡ZI AvgjvZš¿ cÖPwjZ wQj| AvaywbK RvwZ ivóª e¨e¯’v weKv‡ki mgq †_‡K we‡klZ Aóv`k kZvwã †_‡K eZ©gv‡b Avgiv †h A‡_© AvgjvZš¿ ey‡S _vwK Zvi weKvk ïiæ nq| Dwbk kZvãx bvMv` BD‡ivwcq †`k¸‡jvi ivóª

cvV-11.1 t AvgjvZ‡š¿i aviYv I ˆewkó¨

cvV-11.2 t AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj

cvV-11.3 t AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I mykvmb

cvV-11.4 t evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZweKvk cvV-11.5 t AvgjvZ‡š¿ jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨

BDwbU mgvwßi

mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cwiPvjbvq AvgjvZš¿ eo f~wgKv wb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| AvgjvZš¿ e¯‘Zt AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi GKwU Acwinvh©

A½| ivóªxq cÖkvm‡bi ¯’vqx ev AivR‰bwZK AskB AvgjvZš¿ ev wmwfj mvwf©m (Civil Service) bvg cwiwPwZ|

MYZ‡š¿ bxwZ wba©viY K‡ib ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›` Ges †mB bxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡ib Avgjviv ev cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©viv|

ivóªcÖavb I gwš¿mfvi wb‡P kvmb wefv‡Mi †h mKj ¯’vqx Kg©Pvix _v‡Kb Zv‡`i Avgjv ejv nq|

AvgjvZ‡š¿i Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã 'Bureaucracy'| Bs‡iwR 'Bureaucrary' kãwU G‡m‡Q divwm †_‡K| divwm‡Z kãwU G‡m‡Q divwm ^'Bureau' Ges wMÖK ^'Kratos' k‡ãi mgš^‡q| ^'Bureau' k‡ãi A_© ‡W¯‹ ev Awdm Ges 'Kratos' k‡ãi A_© kvmb ev ivR‰bwZK ÿgZv| myZivs AvgjvZ‡š¿i kvwãK A_© n‡”Q `Desk government' ev Ô`vßwiK miKviÕ| AvÿwiK A‡_© AvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z eySvq Avgjv ev cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v‡`i kvmb| ev¯Í‡e Avgjviv ci¯úi myk„•Ljfv‡e mshy³ Ges ivR‰bwZKfv‡e wbi‡cÿ †_‡K `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Rvg©vb mgvRweÁvbx g¨v·

I‡qevi me©cÖ_g 'Legal and rational Model' Gi gva¨‡g AvgjvZš¿‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| g¨v· I‡qevi‡K ejv nq Av`k© AvgjvZ‡š¿i D™¢veK| g¨v· I‡qevi QvovI A‡bK cwÛZ AvgjvZš¿‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb|

Rb wddbvi I ievU© †cÖm_vm e‡jb, ÒAvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q wewfbœ e¨w³ I Zv‡`i Kg©KvÛ‡K Ggb GK c×wZ‡Z msMwVZ Kiv hv mymsnZfv‡e †Mvôxi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mÿg nq|Ó

Aa¨vcK Gm B dvBbvi e‡jb, ÒAvgjvZš¿ GKwU ¯’vqx, †eZbfy³ Ges `ÿ PvKwiRxex †kÖwY|Ó

M¨vweª‡qj A¨vjgÛ I wR cvI‡qj Gi g‡Z, ÒAvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z GKwU e¨vcK msMVb‡K eySvq, hvi gva¨‡g kvmKeM©

wb‡R‡`i wm×všÍ‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi †Póv K‡ib|Ó

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q ¯’vqx, †eZbfy³, wbi‡cÿ, `ÿ I †ckv`vix msMVb hvi Øviv miKv‡ii bxwZ I wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb nq|

AvgjvZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨

AvaywbK miKvi e¨e¯’vq AvgjvZš¿ GKwU Acwinvh© msMVb| wb‡¤œ AvgjvZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

1| c` †mvcvbbxwZ: AvgjvZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q c`‡mvcvbbxwZ| c` †mvcvbbxwZ Abymv‡i wewfbœ c‡`i

†kÖwYweb¨vm I msMVb Kiv nq| G bxwZ Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Kg©KZ©vi Dci GKRb EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v _v‡Kb| EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi wb‡`©k Aa¯Íb Kg©KZ©v cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|

2| ¯’vwqZ¡: AvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q GKwU ¯’vqx e¨e¯’v| AvgjvZvwš¿K msMV‡bi Kg©PvixMY GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv‡` K‡g© envj _v‡Kb| miKvi cwieZ©b ev cZb n‡jI Avgjv‡`i cZb nq bv| G Rb¨ Avgjviv cÖkvm‡bi ¯’vqx Ask|

3| mywbw`©ó Kg©‡ÿÎ: Avgjv‡`i Kg©‡ÿÎ mywbw`©ó K‡i †`Iqv nq| Zviv Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ EaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi wbKU Revew`wn K‡i _v‡Kb|

4| †ckv`vwi I †eZbfz³: AvgjvZvwš¿K msMV‡bi Kg©KZ©viv †ckv`vwi n‡q _v‡Kb Ges †hvM¨Zv I c`gh©v`v Abymv‡i ivóªxq †KvlvMvi †_‡K †eZb fvZv †c‡q _v‡Kb|

5| wb‡qvM I c‡`vbœwZ: †gavi wfwˇZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi gva¨‡g Avgjv‡`i wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| K‡g©

†hvM`v‡bi wfwˇZ, eqm wKsev GKv‡WwgK mvd‡j¨i wfwˇZ Zv‡`i c‡`vbœwZ †`Iqv nq|

6| wbi‡cÿZv: AvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q GKwU wbi‡cÿ kvmb e¨e¯’v| `jxq g‡bvfve cwiZ¨vM K‡i RbM‡bi †mev KivB Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡| Avgjviv `jxq ivRbxwZi E‡aŸ© †_‡K wbi‡cÿfv‡e miKvwi bxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K|

8| `ÿZv: Avgjviv mvaviYZ `ÿ| GKB ai‡bi KvR evi evi Kivi Kvi‡Y Zvuiv `ÿZv AR©b K‡i| GQvov Zuv‡`i Rb¨ mg‡qvc‡hvMx cÖwkÿ‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|

9| wbiwew”QbœZv: AvgjvMY cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R wbiwew”QbœZv eRvq iv‡Lb| MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq miKvi cwieZ©b n‡jI Avgjv‡`i Kv‡Ri avivevwnKZv eRvq _v‡K| †Kvb Avgjvi c` k~b¨ n‡j †mB c‡` bZzb e¨w³‡K wb‡qvM w`‡q Kv‡R MwZkxjZv iÿv Kiv nq|

10| jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨: jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ AvgjvZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg GKwU ˆewkó¨| jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ ej‡Z K‡Vvi wbqgbxwZi gva¨‡g cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv †evSvq| G‡Z dvBj ev bw_ `xN©mgq e›`x n‡q c‡o|

RbMY ¯^vfvweK mg‡q †mev cÖvwß †_‡K ewÂZ nq Ges Kv‡Ri MwZkxjZv K‡g hvq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvgjvZvwš¿K msMVb eûgyLx ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix| miKv‡ii bxwZ I Kg©m~wP `j wbi‡cÿfv‡e ev¯Íevqb KivB Avgjv‡`i g~j `vwqZ¡| cÖkvm‡bi avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i Avgjviv RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab K‡i _v‡Kb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc

AvaywbKKv‡j AvgjvZš¿ †h‡Kvb iv‡óªi kvmbe¨e¯’vi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| mvaviYZ AvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v I cÖkvmwbK msMV‡bi mv‡_ hy³ ¯’vqx, †eZbfz³ `ÿ I †ckv`vi Kg©KZ©v‡`i eySvq| Avgjviv miKv‡ii bxwZmg~n ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| Avgjviv miKv‡ii ¯’vqx Kg©KZ©v hv‡`i †gavi wfwˇZ wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| Avgjviv c`‡mvcvb wfwËK Ges iæwUb gvwdK Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡‡K AvBb cÖYq‡b mnvqZv I civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√√√) wPý w`b 1| AvgjvZ‡š¿i Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã wK?

K) Mobocracy L) Bureaucracy

M) Democracy N) Theocracy

2| DrcwËMZ A‡_© AvgjvZ‡š¿i A_© wK?

K) Desk Government L) Shadow Government

M) Militauy Govenment N) Permanent Govenment 3| Bureau kãwU †Kvb fvlvi kã?

K) Bs‡iwR L) Rvg©vb

M) divwm N) MÖxK

4| Av`k© AvgjvZ‡š¿i cÖe³v †K?

K) cj GBP A¨vcjwe L) Aa¨vcK Gm B dvBbvi

M) wddbvi I †cÖm_vm N) g¨v· I‡qevi

A¨vKwUwfwU (

^{wb‡R Kwi}

) /wkÿv_©xi KvR

AvgjvZ‡š¿i K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|

5| ÒAvgjvZš¿ GKwU ¯’vqx, †eZbfz³ Ges `ÿ PvKwiRxex †kÖYx|Ó Ñ †K e‡j‡Qb?

K) g¨v· I‡qevi L) Aa¨vcK Gm B dvBbvi

M) M¨vwe‡qj A¨vjgÛ N) m¨vgy‡qj wc nvw›UsUb 6| AvgjvZ‡š¿ mg¯Í KvR iæwUb gvwdK Kiv nq| KviY AvgjvZš¿ ¸iæZ¡ †`qÑ

i) AvbyôvwbKZvi Dci ⁱⁱ⁾ Kvh©c×wZi Dci ⁱⁱⁱ⁾ wewa-weav‡bi Dci wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K) ⁱ L) ⁱⁱ

M) ⁱ I ⁱⁱ N) ^{i, iii} I ⁱⁱⁱ

cvV-11.2 AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj

( Functions of Bureaucracy) D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (

Key Words)

Rb‡mev, cÖwkÿY, wbiew”QbœZv, wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, MYwew”QbœZv|

AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj

AvaywbK iv‡óª AvgjvZ‡š¿i f‚wgKv I Kvh©vewj Ab¯^xKvh©| †h‡Kvb ai‡Yi miKv‡ii bxwZgvjv I D‡`¨v‡Mi mvdj¨ Avgjv‡`i Kv‡Ri Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| wb‡¤œ AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

1| AvBb Kvh©Ki Kiv: Avgjviv kvmb wefv‡Mi m`m¨ nIqvq AvBb wefvM KZ©„K cÖYxZ AvBb‡K Kvh©Ki K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq _v‡K|

2| AvBb cÖYq‡b mnvqZv: MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª Avgjviv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e AvBb cÖYq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| Avgjviv

`ÿ, AwfÁ, D”PwkwÿZ nIqvq AvBb cÖYq‡bi LyuwUbvwU‡Z cvi`k©x| cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©viv 'Delegated legislation' Z_v Awc©Z ÿgZvcÖm~Z AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib|

3| miKv‡ii bxwZgvjv ev¯Íevqb: miKvi †h mKj bxwZ I wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i Zv ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K AvgjvZš¿|

Avgjviv miKv‡ii Av‡`k-wb‡`©k h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡i| Avgjv‡`i Øviv miKvwi bxwZgvjvi mwVK ev¯Íevq‡bi Dci miKv‡ii mvdj¨ e¨_©Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|

4| wePvi msµvšÍ: evsjv‡`kmn A‡bK iv‡óªB GLb wePvi msµvšÍ A‡bK KvR Avgjviv K‡i _v‡K| D`vnib¯^iƒc, Rwg µq-weµ‡qi †iwR‡÷ªkb, †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªkb, †gvevBj †KvU© cwiPvjbv BZ¨vw` wePvi KvR AvgjvivB K‡i _v‡K| GQvov Zviv wePvi wefv‡Mi †h‡Kvb Av‡`k-wb‡`©k ev wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K|

5| ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b: Avgjviv cÖkvm‡bi ˆ`bw›`b KvR iæwUb gvwdK m¤úv`b K‡i| ˆ`bw›`b KvRKg©

Kivi gva¨‡g Avgjviv †`k I RbM‡Yi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| Zviv wewfbœ `ßi I wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i|

Avgjviv `j I ivRbxwZ wbi‡cÿfv‡e Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i| Zv‡`i Kg©`ÿZvi Dci miKv‡ii mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i|

6| Z_¨ cwi‡ekb: Avgjviv AvBbmfvi m`m¨ I gš¿x‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw` I cwimsL¨vb mieivn K‡i _v‡K|

ivóª e¨e¯’vi Af¨šÍixY Ges AvšÍR©vwZK wel‡q ¸iæZ¡c~b© Z_¨ msMÖn, iÿY Ges mgš^q K‡i Avgjviv ivR‰bwZK

†bZ…‡Z¡i wbKU cÖKvk K‡i| miKvi Avgjv‡`i KvQ †_‡K wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ jv‡fi d‡j miKv‡ii c‡ÿ †h‡Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY mnR nq|

7| AvBbmfv‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv: AvBbmfvi Kvh©cÖYvjxi mv‡_ AvgjvZš¿ cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e m¤ú„³ †_‡K AvBbmfv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡ib| AvBbmfvi wewfbœ KwgwU¸‡jv‡K Avgjviv cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ w`‡q _v‡K| AvBbmfvi KwgwU¸‡jvi wewfbœ ˆeV‡K Avgjviv Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb| GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ-DËi c‡e©i gva¨‡g AvBbmfvi cÖwµqv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡Kb AvgjvMY|

8| kvmK-kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb: AvgjvZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g kvmK-kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb M‡o I‡V| AvgjvMY miKv‡ii Kvh©vewji ¸Yv¸Y RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib Ges Zvi gva¨‡g miKvi RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•Lv c~iY K‡ib|

9| †ckvMZ I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿv: AvgjvMY †ckvMZ I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i| GKRb Avgjvi wm×všÍ †hgb e¨w³MZ g~j¨‡eva aviv cÖfvweZ nq †Zgwb †ckvMZ g~j¨‡eva Øviv I cÖfvweZ nq| GB Dfq cÖKvi g~j¨‡ev‡ai fvimvg¨ †KejgvÎ AvgjvZ‡š¿i g‡a¨B cwijwÿZ nq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvaywbK iv‡óª AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewji Dci miKv‡ii mvdj¨ I ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©i K‡i| hvi Rb¨

AvaywbK Kj¨vYKi iv‡óª AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj µgk cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q|

mvi-ms‡ÿc

AvgjvZš¿ Qvov †`‡ki kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv Am¤¢e| AvgjvZš¿ iv‡óªi bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgjv‡`i gva¨‡gB miKvwi AvBb I bxwZ Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Avgjv‡`i `ÿZv AvBb cÖYq‡b mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avgjv‡`i gva¨‡gB kvmb Kv‡h© avivevwnKZv eRvq _v‡K| Z‡e GKwU Amr A`ÿ AvgjvZš¿

†h‡Kvb ivóª e¨e¯’v‡K cÖf~Z cwigv‡Y ÿwZMª¯’ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√√√) wPý w`b

1| miKv‡ii cwieZ©b NU‡jI Kviv `vwq‡Z¡ †_‡K hvb?

K) gš¿xmfvi m`m¨MY L) AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY

M) Avgjviv N) ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›`

2| miKv‡ii A-ivR‰bwZK Ask †KvbwU?

K) AvgjvMY L) gš¿xeM©

M) msm` m`m¨e„›` N) wbe©vPKgÛjx

3| miKv‡ii bxwZ I wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb K‡i †K?

K) ivóªcÖavb L) cwiKíbvgš¿x

M) cÖavbgš¿x N) AvgjvMY

4| Avgjv‡`i KvR Kx?

K) bxwZ wba©viY L) bxwZ ev¯Íevqb

M) AvBb cÖYqb N) ivóª cwiPvjbv

A¨vKwUwfwU (

^{wb‡R Kwi}

) /wkÿv_©xi KvR

Avgjv‡`i g~j Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiæb|

cvV-11.3 AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I mykvmb

( Accountability of Bureaucracy and Good Governance) D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (

Key Words)

Revew`wnZv, mykvmb, wePvi wefvMxq wbqš¿Y, ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY, wbi‡cÿ cÖkvmb|

AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I mykvmb

AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv ej‡Z eySvq Aa:¯Íb KZ…©K cÖkvm‡bi EaŸZ©b KZ©„c‡ÿi eive‡i wbR-wbR KvRK‡g©i ˆKwdqZ †`Iqv| cÖkvm‡bi Revew`wnZv wbwðZ n‡j mykvmb cÖwZôv cvq| wb‡¤œ AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I mykvmb ev¯Íevq‡bi welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

1| AvBbmfvi gva¨‡g Revew`wnZv: AvgjvZš¿‡K AvBbmfvi gva¨‡g Revew`wnZvi g‡a¨ G‡b mykvmb ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq| AvBbmfvi †h mKj m`m¨ cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ Zv‡`i‡K AvBbmfvq wewfbœ cÖkœ-DËi c‡e©i gva¨‡g Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq| Gi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZ nq Ges mykvmb kw³kvjx nq|

2| cÖkvmwbK Revew`wnZv: AvgjvZ‡š¿ cÖkvmwbK Revew`wnZvi gva¨‡g mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv hvq| cÖkvm‡b c`µg Abymv‡i Aat¯Íb KZ©„cÿ Zvi KvR-K‡g©i Rb¨ EaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb| Rb‡mevi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ cÖkvmwbK KZ©„cÿ‡K Z`viwK K‡ib EaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ| Gi gva¨‡g †mevi gvb e„w× cvq Ges mykvmb cÖwZwôZ nq|

3| wePvi wefvMxq wbqš¿Y: AvgjvZš¿‡K wePvi wefvMxq wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g Revew`wnZvi g‡a¨ G‡b mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv hvq| AvgjvZš¿ AvBb wefvM Øviv †hgb wbqwš¿Z †Zgwb wePvi wefvM ØvivI wbqwš¿Z| Avgjv‡`i Øviv †Kvb e¨w³i ev cÖwZôv‡bi AwaKvi ÿzbœ n‡j D³ e¨w³ wePvi wefvM ev AvB‡bi Avkªqjvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Av`vjZ b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g mgv‡R mykvmb ev¯Íevqb K‡i|

4| ivR‰bwZK Revew`wnZv: AvgjvZš¿‡K ivR‰bwZK Revew`wnZvi g‡a¨ AšÍf‚©³Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv hvq| Avgjviv cÖK…Z c‡ÿ ivR‰bwZK KZ©„c‡ÿi Av‡`k ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| ivR‰bwZK KZ©„cÿ Avgjv‡`i Kv‡Ri Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡j cÖkvm‡b ¯^”QZv, wbi‡cÿZv I Kv‡Ri MwZkxjZv e„w× cv‡e|

5| bvMwiK‡`i gva¨‡g Revew`wnZv: AvgjvZš¿‡K bvMwiK‡`i gva¨‡g Revew`wnZvi AvIZvq wb‡q G‡m mykvmb cÖwZôv m¤¢e| bvMwiK‡`i‡K †ewk msL¨K miKvwi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cvi‡j AvgjvZš¿‡K Av‡iv †ewk Revew`wnZvi g‡a¨ wb‡q Avmv hv‡e| mvaviY RbMY hZ ‡ewk miKvwi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡e, AvgjvZš¿ ZZ

†ewk Revew`wnZvq eva¨ n‡e d‡j mgv‡R mykvmb cÖwZôv cv‡e|

6| ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY: we‡K›`ªxKi‡bi gva¨‡g AvgjvZš¿‡K †K›`ª †_‡K cÖv‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g miKvwi Kv‡Ri `xN©m~wÎZv n«vm cv‡e| RbMY Av‡iv †ewk Avgjv‡`i Kv‡Q Avmvi my‡hvM cv‡e| RbM‡Yi mgm¨vi mgvavb `ªæZ n‡e| RbM‡Yi †ÿvf n«vm †c‡q mykvmb cÖwZôv cv‡e|

7| wbi‡cÿZv cÖgvY: wbi‡cÿ AvgjvZš¿ mykvm‡bi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb| Avgjv‡`i wbi‡cÿZv mykvmb‡K kw³kvjx K‡i| cÖkvm‡bi Revew`wnZv Avgjv‡`i wbi‡cÿZv wbwðZ K‡i mykvmb cÖwZôv K‡i|

8| `yb©xwZ n«vm: iv‡óª mykvmb cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg eo evav `yb©xwZ| cÖkvmwbK Revew`wnZv miKvwi Avgjv‡`i `yb©xwZ n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i| `yb©xwZ n«vm †c‡j Kv‡Ri ¯’weiZv `~i n‡e Ges mykvmb wbwðZ n‡e|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvaywbK Kj¨vYg~jK ivóªe¨e¯’vq mykvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv AZ¨vek¨K|

mykvmb e¨ZxZ iv‡óªi mvwe©K Dbœqb I RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY m¤¢e bq| Avi AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv e¨ZxZ mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e bq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc

Revew`wnZv nj mykvm‡bi PvweKvwV| mykvmb wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Revew`wnZv|

AvgjvZvwš¿K Revew`wnZv, †ckvMZ Revew`wnZv, AvBbMZ Revew`wnZv, ivR‰bwZK Revew`wnZv cÖf…wZ mywbwðZ n‡j `ye©j I f½yi kvmb e¨e¯’vi jÿY¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g `~ixf~Z n‡e| †mLv‡b mykvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡e| AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I mykvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j †m iv‡óªi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab mywbwðZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√√√) wPý w`b

1| Kg©KZ©v-Kg©PvwiMY Kvi wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨?

K) RbM‡Yi wbKU L) cÖavbgš¿xi wbKU

M) EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi wbKU N) gš¿xi wbKU

2| †Kvb bxwZ Abymv‡i AvgjvZ‡š¿ wewfbœ c‡`i †kÖwYweb¨vm I msMVb Kiv nq?

K) c`‡mvcvb bxwZ L) `jxq bxwZ

M) ivóªxq bxwZ N) ivóªxq g~jbxwZ

3| AbybœZ we‡k¦ Avgjviv wb‡R‡`i‡K Kx g‡b K‡ib?

K) RbM‡Yi †meK L) RbM‡Yi cÖfz

M) RbM‡Yi iÿK N) RbM‡Yi eÜz

4| †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ wn‡m‡e AvgjvMY wewfbœ Kvh©µg cvjb K‡ib| Zv‡`i KvR‡K wK wn‡m‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq?

K) cÖfzZ¡ Kiv L) miKv‡ii digv‡qk LvUv

M) `‡ji G‡RÛv ev¯Íevqb Kiv N) Rb‡mev Kiv

A¨vKwUwfwU (

^{wb‡R Kwi}

) /wkÿv_©xi KvR

AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv wKfv‡e mykvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z mnvqK nq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV-11.4 evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZweKvk

(Excessive Development of Bureaucracy in Bangladesh) D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZ weKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (

Key Words)

AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZweKvk, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, wbe©vPb Kwgkb, `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb|

evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZ weKvk

we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ mKj †`‡ki b¨vq evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZ‡š¿iI weKvk n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Dcwb‡ewkK I mvgwiK kvm‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZ‡š¿i weKvk ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq mvwaZ nqwb| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZ weKv‡ki KviY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

1| HwZnvwmK KviY: e„wUk kvmbvg‡j fviZe‡l© AvvaywbK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cÖPjb ïiæ nq| e„wUk kvmK †Mvôx wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© nvwmj Kivi Rb¨ Avgjv‡`i e¨envi Ki‡Zb| ZLb ivR¯^ Av`vq Ges AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿv KivB wQj Avgjv‡`i cÖavb KvR| Avgjviv RbM‡bi Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Zb Ges Zv‡`i‡K wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Zb|

Dcwb‡ewkK Avgjviv RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K wew”Qbœ _vK‡Zb| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbvg‡jI Avgjviv wb‡R‡`i RbM‡Yi

†meK bv †f‡e cÖfz g‡b Ki‡Zb| evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ e„wUk Ges cvwK¯Ívbx AvgjvZ‡š¿i DËim~ix wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|

2| ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvi Rb¨ Avgjviv AwZgvÎvq cÖfvekvjx n‡q I‡V| ivR‡bwZK `‡ji gZv‰b‡K¨i Rb¨ Avgjviv RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K Av‡iv `~‡i m‡i hvq| wb‡R‡`i D”P gh©v`vevb fvevi Kvi‡Y Zviv RbM‡Yi †meK n‡Z cv‡ib wb|

3| ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i `ye©jZv: Avgjviv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi gva¨‡g †gavi wfwˇZ ¯’vqx fv‡e wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| Avgjviv Zv‡`i wkÿv, `ÿZv, †gav, AwfÁZv Øviv miKvwi Kv‡R cvi`k©x n‡q D‡V| cÿvšÍ‡i, ivR‰bwZK

†bZ…‡Z¡i GKwU As‡ki g‡a¨ `jxq †Kv›`j, cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve I AwfÁZvi Afve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ivR‰bwZK

†bZ…‡Z¡i `yej©Zv I wb‡R‡`i †ckvMZ `ÿZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avgjviv AwaK kw³kvjx n‡q I‡V|

4| `ye©j ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y AvgjvZš¿ AwZ weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i `ye©jZv, †Kv›`j, `ye©j wbe©vPb Kwgkb, MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZvi Afve, wePvi wefv‡Mi ÿgZv n«vm, `ye©j `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‡bi gZ mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y AvgjvZš¿ AwZgvÎvq cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|

5| cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi Afve: miKvi, cÖkvmb I ivRbxwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi cÖ‡e‡k (Accessibility) bvbvwea evavi Kvi‡Y AvgjvZš¿ Awbqwš¿Z n‡q I‡V| we‡kl K‡i me©Rbxb †fvUvi‡`i AskMÖnYg~jK Aeva, wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb bv nIqv Z_¨ AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi Afve G‡ÿ‡Î eo evav|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, bvbvwea HwZnvwmK KviY _vK‡jI ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvi my‡hv‡MB evsjv‡`‡ki gZ

†`k¸‡jv‡Z AvgjvZ‡š¿i Amg weKvk N‡U|

mvi-ms‡ÿc

AvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q ivóªxq KvVv‡gvi GK Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v eZ©gv‡b AwZgvÎvq weKvkgvb| Dcwb‡ewkK ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve _vKvi Kvi‡Y Avgjv‡`i g‡a¨ †mevi gb-gvbwmKZvi cwie‡Z© A‡bK mgq cÖfzZ¡myjf gvbwmKZvi cÖwZdjb NU‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZweKv‡ki Rb¨

ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, my‡hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i msKU I ivR‰bwZK Am‡PZbZv we‡klfv‡e `vqx|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√√√) wPý w`b

1| AvgjvZvwš¿K msMV‡b `jxqKi‡Yi Kvi‡Y cÖkvm‡b Kx e„w× cvq?

K) cÿcvwZZ¡ L) ivRbxwZ

M) ¯^RbcÖxwZ N) wek„•Ljv

2| `j-wbi‡cÿ †mev cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi †K K‡i?

K) mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb L) mvgvwRK msMVb

M) AvgjvZvwš¿K msMVb N) bvMwiK msMVb

3| Avgjv cÖkvmb ivRbxwZ wbi‡cÿ msMVb; KviY ZvivÑ

K) RbMY n‡Z `~‡i _v‡K L) mykxj mgvR †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K M) †`k‡cÖgx‡`i KvQ †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K N) ivRbxwZ n‡Z weiZ _v‡K

A¨vKwUwfwU (

^{wb‡R Kwi}

) /wkÿv_©xi KvR

evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZweKv‡ki KviY wK?

cvV-11.5 AvgjvZ‡š¿ jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨

( Red Tapism in Bureaucracy) D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• AvgjvZ‡š¿ jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (

Key Words)

jvjwdZv, Av`vjZ, Kg© cwiKíbv, `xN©m~wÎZv, AvbyôvwbK|

AvgjvZ‡š¿ jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨

ÔjvjwdZvÕ ej‡Z AvgjvZ‡š¿i `xN©m~wÎZv I mv‡eKx Avg‡ji wbqg-Kvbyb‡K AÜfv‡e AbyKiY I AbymiY Kiv‡K †evSvq| ÔjvjwdZvÕ cÖZ¨qwU mß`k kZvãx‡Z weª‡U‡b cÖPwjZ nq| †m mgq †`kwU‡Z miKvwi Awdm- Av`vj‡Zi mKj dvBjcÎ jvj i‡Oi wdZv Øviv †eu‡a ivLv nZ| cieZx©Kv‡j AvgjvZ‡š¿i `xN©m~wÎZv ‡evSv‡bvi Rb¨ jvj wdZv iƒcKwUi e¨envi ïiæ nq|

GK chv©‡q G‡m AvgjvZ‡š¿i AvbyôvwbKZv, `xN©m~wÎZv wbqg-Kvby‡bi evovevwo, wej¤^, nqivwb I evovevwo eySv‡ZI ÔjvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨Õ K_vwUi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| DËi Dcwb‡ewkK †`k¸‡jvi AvgjvZ‡š¿ ÔjvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨Õ Lye

†ewk †`Lv hvq| ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i ˆkw_‡j¨i my‡hv‡M Avgjviv Gme †`‡k we‡klfv‡e jvjwdZv wbf©i n‡q D‡V | cÖkvm‡bi cÖPwjZ wbqg bxwZ I wewa-weav‡bi ARynv‡Z Avgjviv cÖvqk RbMY‡K †mev`v‡b wej¤^ NUvb| A‡bK mgq gvbweK w`KwU D‡cwÿZ †i‡L wbqg-Kvby‡bi †eovRv‡j Ave× _v‡K cÖkvmb|

†h †Kvb mgm¨v wewa-†gvZv‡eK mgvavb Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖvqk mgq bó n‡q hvq| †h‡Kvb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Zviv c~e©eZ©x bwR‡ii Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡‡ivc K‡ib| Awd‡mi ˆ`bw›`b Kg© cwiKíbv K‡ib mbvZb ixwZ I Kg©c×wZi Dci wfwË K‡i| Gi d‡j AvgjvZ‡š¿i g~j D‡Ïk¨ A_v©r RbM‡Yi †mev cÖ`vb e¨vnZ nq| AwZ‡ewk wbqg Kvby‡bi Kvi‡Y RbMY miKvwi Awd‡m G‡m GK †Uwej †_‡K Ab¨ †Uwe‡j †QvUvQzwU‡Z eva¨ nb| Avevi AvBb Kvby‡bi RwUjZvi Rb¨ Avgjviv mgqgZ KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| jvjwdZvi my‡hv‡M A‡bK mgq Avgjviv

`yb©xwZcivqY n‡q DV‡Z cv‡ib| c`‡mvcvb bxwZi Kvi‡YI AvgjvZ‡š¿ Kv‡Ri wej¤^ n‡q _v‡K| jvjwdZvi

†`Šiv‡Z¥¨ AvgjvZš¿ Rbwew”Qbœ I AwcÖq n‡q I‡V| wbe©vwPZ MYZvwš¿K miKvi AvgjvZ‡š¿i Dci AwZgvÎvq wbf©ikxj n‡j, Zv‡`i RbwcÖqZv n«vm cvq, GgbwK G Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii cZb ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

†gvU K_v, AvgjvZ‡š¿i jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ kãwU AvgjvZ‡š¿i A‡nZzK evovevwo, KovKwo, wej¤^, AvbyôvwbKZv, nqivwb I †bwZevPK A‡_© cÖPwjZ|

mvi-ms‡ÿc

miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ kvmb wefv‡Mi AwZgvÎvq ÿgZve„w×, Dcwb‡ewkK Avg‡ji Kg©-ms¯‹…wZ Pvjy _vKv mn bvbv Kvi‡Y AvgjvZ‡š¿i †`ŠivZ¥ cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i| Avgjviv AwfÁ, `ÿ Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y cvi`kx© hvi Rb¨ mvaviY RbMY AvgjvZ‡š¿i Dci Lye †ewk wbf©ikxj| wKš‘ A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †h, Avgjviv Zv‡`i †mevi g‡bvfve fz‡j wM‡q ÿgZvi Ace¨envi K‡i| Gi d‡j RbMY, miKvi I ivóª ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq| AvgjvZš¿ Zvi Av¯’v nvivq Ges miKvi Rbwew”Qbœ I AwcÖq n‡q I‡V|

A¨vKwUwfwU (

^{wb‡R Kwi}

) /wkÿv_©xi KvR

jvj wdZvi †`ŠivZœ¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√√√) wPý w`b

1| ÔjvjwdZvÕ cÖ‡Z¨qwU ‡Kvb kZvãx‡Z cÖPwjZ nq?

K) †lvok L) mß`k

M) Aóv`k N) Ebwesk

2| jvjwdZv cÖZ¨qwU cÖ_g †Kvb †`‡k cÖPjb nq?

K) gvwK©b hy³ivóª L) d«vÝ

M) weª‡Ub N) BZvwj

3| AvgjvZš¿ mvaviY RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q AwcÖq n‡q I‡V †Kb?

i) jvjwdZvi †`Šiv‡Z¥¨i Rb¨ ii) cÖfzmyjf `„wófw½i Rb¨

iii) Revew`wnZvi Abycw¯’wZi Rb¨ iv) Rbwew”QbœZvi Rb¨

bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK

K. i, ii L. ii, iv

M. i, ii, iv N. i, ii, I iiiI iv

4| AvgjvZ‡š¿i †`Šiv‡Z¥¨i d‡j Kx nq?

i. RbMY nqivwb nq ii. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^ N‡U iii. cÖkvm‡b wek„•Ljv e„w× cvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. i I ii

M. ii I iii N. i, iiI iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

K. eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 1bs I 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b

RbMY‡K †mev cÖ`vb KivB AvgjvZ‡š¿i `vwqZ¡| wKš‘ DËi-Dcwb‡ewkK †`k¸‡jv‡Z †mev cÖ`v‡b wb‡qvwRZ Avgjv‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Awbqg weivRgvb|

1| mykvm‡bi c‡_ AvgjvZš¿ AšÍivq †Kb?

i. Revew`wnZvi Afve <sup>ii.</sup> bxwZ cÖYqb I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y `ÿZvi Afve ^iii. Avgjv‡`i g‡a¨ `yb©xwZi cÖfve wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. i I ii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

2| cÖkvm‡bi `yb©xwZ I Awbq‡gi Kvi‡YÑ i. RbMY †mev cÖvwß †_‡K ewÂZ nq ii. RbM‡bi †gŠwjK AwaKvi jw•NZ nq iii. †hvM¨ cÖkvmKiv †mev cÖ`v‡b wbiærmvnx nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3bs I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b

myeªZ ewYK GKRb mr I `ÿ Avgjv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb wb‡R‡K RbM‡Yi †meK g‡b K‡ib| wZwb cÖwZw`‡bi KvR cÖwZw`b K‡ib Ges †Kvb dvBj AvU‡K iv‡Lb bv| wZwb `ªæZ miKvwi wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡Kb|

3| myeªZ ewYK wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡Z gy³?

K) jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ L) RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i mv‡_ `ye©¨envi

M) Rbwew”QbœZv N) me KqwU

4| myeªZ ewY‡Ki Kg©KvÐ iv‡óª †h ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡eÑ i. †`k DbœZ n‡e

ii. mykvm‡bi c_ cÖk¯Í n‡e iii. mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. ii

M. ⁱ I ⁱⁱ N. ^{i, ii}I ⁱⁱⁱ

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 5bs I 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b

Zvbfxi Avn‡g` miKv‡ii GKRb ¯’vqx †eZbfz³ PvKywiRxex| wZwb wbi‡cÿfv‡e cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

wZwb A‰ea cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡ib bv Ges mrfv‡e Rxebhvcb K‡ib|

5| Zvbfxi Avn‡g` GKRbÑ

K) ivR‰bwZK †bZv L) Avgjv

M) gš¿x N) msm` m`m¨

6| Zvbfxi Avn‡g` PvKwi‡Z c‡`vbœwZ †c‡Z cv‡ib †h Kvi‡YÑ i. `ÿZvi Rb¨ ii. cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ iii. mZZvi Rb¨

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b

kvwKj Kwei GKRb Avgjv| Zuvi KvR eûgyLx | ivóª I miKv‡ii RwUj I ¯’vqx KvRmg~n wZwb m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb|

7| wg. kvwKj Kwei Gi Kv‡Ri AšÍfy©³Ñ i. civgk© msµvšÍ KvR

ii. bxwZ cÖYqb msµvšÍ KvR iii. wkÿv e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K.i I ii L. i I iii

M. ii I iii N. i, iiI iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b

1| kvgxg Avn¤§` †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÖ_g †kÖwYi Kg©KZ©v| ˆ`bw›`b Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi wel‡q wZwb memgq HwZn¨ Ges wbq‡gi †`vnvB w`‡q _v‡Kb| Gi d‡j Zvui Awd‡m †mev wb‡Z Avmv gvbyl Rb cÖvqk mgq gZ †mev jv‡f e¨_©

nq|

(K) AvgjvZš¿ Kx?

(L) jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

(M) kvgxg Avn¤§‡`i Giƒc g‡bvfv‡ei KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvgxg Avn¤§‡`i gvbwmKZv wKfv‡e `~i Kiv hvq? gZvgZ w`b|

2| gvKmy`yi ingvb GKRb Avgjv| wZwb mr, `ÿ I Kg©V cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e mybvg AR©b K‡i‡Qb|

Ab¨vb¨ Avgjv‡`i gZ wZwb wb‡R‡K RbM‡Yi cÖfz bv †f‡e †meK g‡b K‡ib| Zvi †Uwe‡j dvBj c‡o _v‡K bv| wZwb `ªæZ wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡Kb|

(K) AvgjvZ‡š¿i RbK †K?

(L) AvgjvZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|

(M) DÏxc‡K GKRb Avgjv wn‡m‡e gvKmy`yi ingv‡bi g‡a¨ Kx ai‡bi Kvh©c×wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

(N) DÏxc‡Ki gvKmy`yi ingv‡bi gZ mKj Avgjv `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡j iv‡óª mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|

Ñwe‡kølY Kiæb|

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 11.1 t 1| L 2| K 3| M 4| N 5| L 6| N cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 11.2 t 1| M 2| K 3| N 4| L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 11.3 t 1| M 2| K 3| L 4| N cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 11.4 t 1| L 2| M 3| N cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 11.5 t 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| N

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb t1| N 2| M 3| N 4| N 5| L 6| L 7| K