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EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TUBEROSE
LATHUENU MARMA
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY DHAKA -1207
December, 2018
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EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TUBEROSE
BY
LATHUENU MARMA REGISTRATION NO. 17-08283
A Thesis
Submitted to the Department of Horticulture Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN
HORTIUCLTURE
SEMESTER: July-December, 2018 Approved by:
Prof. Md. Hasanuzzaman Akand
Department of Horticulture
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam
Department of Horticulture Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Co-supervisor
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Humayun Kabir Chairman
Examination Committee
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DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka-1207
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TUBEROSE” submitted to the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.) in HORTICULTURE, embodies the result of a piece of bonafide research work carried out by LATHUENU MARMA, Registration No. 17-08283 under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
I further certify that any help or source of information, received during the course of this investigation has been duly acknowledged.
December, 2019 Dhaka, Bangladesh
Prof. Md. Hasanuzzaman Akand
Department of Horticulture Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Dhaka 1207
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Dedicated to My
Beloved Parents
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author expresses her enormous sense of gratitude to the almighty Allah for there ever ending blessings for the successful completion of the research work.
The author wishes to express her gratitude and best regards to her respected Supervisor, Prof. Md. Hasanuzzaman Akand, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for her continuous direction, constructive criticism, encouragement and valuable suggestions in carrying out the research work and preparation of this thesis.
The author wishes to express her earnest respect, sincere appreciation and enormous indebtedness to his reverend Co-Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for her scholastic supervision, helpful commentary and unvarying inspiration throughout the research work and preparation of the thesis.
The author expresses her heartfelt thanks to Prof. Dr. Mohammad Humayun Kabir, Chairman of Department of Horticulture along with all other teachers and staff members of the Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for their co-operation during the period of the study.
The author feels proud to express her deepest and endless gratitude to all of her course mates and friends to cooperate and help her during taking data from the field and preparation of the thesis. The author wishes to extend her special thanks to her lab mates, class mates and friends for their keen help as well as heartiest co- operation and encouragement.
The author expresses her heartfelt thanks to her beloved parents and all other family members for their prayers, encouragement, constant inspiration and moral support for his higher study. May Almighty bless and protect them all.
The Author
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EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TUBEROSE
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out in the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during August 2017 to October 2018 to study the effect of phosphorus and gibberellic acid on growth and yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa). Four phosphorus levels viz P0 = 0 kg P2O5ha-1, P1 = 65 kg P2O5
ha-1, P2 = 85 kg P2O5 ha-1 and P3 = 110 kg P2O5 ha-1 and three GA3 levels viz. G0 = 0 ppm GA3, G1 = 115 ppm GA3 and G2 =145 ppm GA3 were treated. The experiment was laid out in the two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Regarding P application, P3 (110 kg P2O5 ha-1) gave the highest plant height (61.02 cm) and number of leaves plant-1 (7. 29.35) compared to control treatment but the highest yield parameters number of spike ha-1 (368.60 thousand), bulb yield (25.88 t ha-1) and bulblet yield (14.21 t ha-1) were found from the treatment P2 (85 kg P2O5 ha-1) whereas control treatment P0 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1) showed lowest results. In case of GA3 application, G2 (145 ppm GA3) showed highest growth and yield parameter and the highest number of spike ha-1 (362.30 thousand), bulb yield (25.38 t ha-1) and bulblet yield (14.00 t ha-1) were obtained from G2 (145 ppm GA3) whereas the lowest results were found from the control treatment G0 (0 ppm GA3).
Treatment combination of P and GA3, the highest number of spike ha-1 (405.60 thousand), bulb yield (31.45 t ha-1), and bulblet yield (16.01 t ha-1) were found from P2G2 combination whereas the lowest number of spike ha-1 (189.60 thousand), bulb yield (14.57 t ha-1) and bulblet yield (9.05 t ha-1) was found from the control treatment combination of P0G0. In terms of economic analysis, the highest gross return (Tk.
471550), net return (Tk. 289337) and BCR (2.59) were also obtained from P2G2 (85 kg P2O5 ha-1 with 145 ppm GA3) whereas the lowest gross return (Tk. 227470), net return (Tk. 57703) and BCR (1.34) was obtained from P0G0 (no P and GA3). From the above results, it can be stated that that the P application @ 85 kg P2O5 ha-1 and GA3
application @ 145 ppm can be considered for higher yield and economic return in commercial cultivation of tuberose.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF APPENDICES vii
LIST OF PLATES viii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ix
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-20
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 21-30
3.1 Experimental location 21
3.2 Soil 21
3.3 Climate 21
3.4 Plant materials 22
3.5 Experimental details 22
3.5.1 Treatments 22
3.5.2 Experimental design and layout 22
3.6 Preparation of the main field 24
3.7 Fertilizers and manure application 24
3.8 Application and preparation of GA3 24
3.9 Collection and planting of bulbs 25
3.10 Intercultural ooperations 25
3.11 Harvesting 26
3.12 Data collection 26
3.13 Procedure of recording data 27
3.14 Statistical analysis 29
3.15 Economic analysis 30
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31-54
4.1 Growth parameters 31
4.1.1 Plant height 31
4.1.2 Number of leaves plant-1 34
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LIST OF CONTENTS (Cont‟d)
Chapter Title Page
No.
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3 Number of side shoots plant-1 37
4.2 Yield contributing parameters and yield 39
4.2.1 Spike length (cm) 39
4.2.2 Spike diameter (cm) 40
4.2.3 Rachis length (cm) 40
4.2.4 Number of florets spike-1 41
4.2.5 Single spike weight (g) 42
4.2.6 Number of spike ha-1 („000‟) 42
4.2.7 Bulb length (cm) 43
4.2.8 Bulb diameter (cm) 45
4.2.9 Number of bulb plant-1 45
4.2.10 Fresh weight of bulb plant-1 (g) 46
4.2.11 Bulb yield (t ha-1) 47
4.2.12 Number of bulblets plant-1 49
4.2.13 Fresh weight of bulblet plant-1 (g) 49
4.2.14 Bulblet yield (t ha-1) 50
4.3 Economic analysis 52
4.3.1 Gross income 52
4.3.2 Net return 54
4.3.3 Benefit cost ratio (BCR) 54
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 55-57
REFERENCES 58-66
APPENDICES 67-78
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LIST OF TABLES Table
No. Title Page
No.
1. Plant height of tuberose at different days after planting as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
33
2. Number of leaves plant of tuberose at different days after planting as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
36
3. Number of side shoot plant-1 of tuberose at different days after planting as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
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4. Yield contributing parameters and yield of tuberose spike as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
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5. Yield and yield contributing parameters as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
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6. Yield contributing parameters and yield of tuberose bulblets as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
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7. Cost and return analysis of tuberose cultivation as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
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vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No. Title Page
No.
1. Lay out of experimental plot 23
2. Plant height of tuberose at different days after planting as influenced by phosphorus
32
3. Plant height of tuberose at different days after planting as influenced by GA3
32
4. Number of leaves plant of tuberose at different days after planting as influenced by phosphorus
35
5. Number of leaves plant of tuberose at different days after planting as influenced by GA3
36
6. Experimental site 67
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
AppendixNo. Title Page
No.
I. Agro-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh showing the experimental location
67 II. Monthly records of air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall
during the period from January 2018 to December 2018
68 III. Characteristics of experimental soil analyzed at Soil Resources
Development Institute (SRDI), Farmgate, Dhaka.
69 IV. Plant height of tuberose at different days after planting as
influenced by phosphorus and GA3
70 V. Number of leaves plant of tuberose at different days after
planting as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
70 VI. Number of side shoot plant-1 of tuberose at different days after
planting as influenced by phosphorus and GA3
70 VII. Yield contributing parameters and yield of tuberose spike as
influenced by phosphorus and GA3
71 VIII. Yield and yield contributing parameters as influenced by
phosphorus and GA3
71 IX. Yield contributing parameters and yield of tuberose bulblets as
influenced by phosphorus and GA3
72
X. Cost of production of tuberose per hectare 73
viii
LIST OF PLATES
Plate No. Title Page
No.
1 Growth stage of tuberose 75
2 Flower initiation of tuberose 76
3 Flowering of tuberose 77
4 Data recording on plant height 78
ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AEZ = Agro-Ecological Zone
BBS = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics cm = Centimeter
CV % = Coefficient of Variation DAS = Days After Sowing
DMRT = Duncan‟s Multiple Range Test et al., = And others
e.g. = exempli gratia (L), for example etc. = Etcetera
FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations i.e. = id est (L), that is
Kg = Kilogram (s)
LSD = Least Significant Difference
SAU = Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University var. = Variety
NaOH = Sodium hydroxide GM = Geometric mean
mg = Miligram
UNDP = United Nations Development Programme USA = United States of America
WHO = World Health Organization
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.), the common name derives from the Latin tuberosa, meaning swollen or tuberous in reference to its root system, Polianthes means “many flowers” in Greek. It is an erect perennial plant with a 75-120 cm stem. It is a member of family Amaryllidacea, originated in Mexico and is grown on large scale in Asia (Khan et al., 2016). It blooms in summer when planted in spring and its clustered spikes are rich in fragrance. It contain the opalescent white, waxy, star shaped flowers with stamens of a beautiful golden yellow, are tabulated shape with a flared corolla. It is an important cut flower crop from aesthetic as well as commercial point of view. There are up to 30 flowers in one spike and the length of rachis varies between 14 and 28cm depending upon size of rhizome planted (Khan et al., 2016).
Florets open from the base upwards and spikes are harvested when the lowest florets have just opened. The tuberose flowers are durable although brittle and remain fresh for pretty long time and stand long distance transportation due to their waxy nature and occupy are considered excellent as cut flowers for floral decoration in bowls and vases (Bose and Yadav, 2002). There are three types of tuberose; single with one row of corolla segments, double having more than three rows of corolla segments and semi-double bearing flowers with two or three rows of corolla segments (Amin et al., 2012). For successfully tuberose production, the soil should be rich in organic matter and retain sufficient moisture for proper growth, flowering and bulbs yield (Jowkar and Hayati, 2005).
Tuberose is a gross feeder plant receives a large quantity of NPK as organic and inorganic form which have great influence on growth, flower and bulb production (Kumar et al. 2004, Sultana et al.2006 and Rajwal and Singh 2006). Effect of NPK on tuberose production has been reported by several
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authors for different geographical region (Yadav et al., 1985). Phosphorus has a significant effect on spike production and floret quality (Banker and Mukhopadhyay, 1985).
In determining the yields of flower crops, phosphorus (P) is also one of the major and crucial limiting factors. Thus, it has been called as “the key to life”
because it is directly involved in most life processes. It is an essential part of many sugar phosphates involved in photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolic processes. Deficiency of phosphorus may adversely affect the plant in maintaining the full supply of N and K and excess application of P may result in various nutritional problems including Ca and Zn deficiency (Nain et al., 2016). Phosphorus has also a significant effect on spike production and floret quality (Singh et al., 2005).
Also, the potential use of plant growth regulator like GA3 in flower production has created considerable scientific interest in recent years (Padaganur et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2003). In Bangladesh, it is necessary to know the real impact of plant growth regulator like GA3 on tuberose.
Normal plant growth and development are regulated by naturally produced chemicals or phytohormones. Their role can often be substituted by application of synthetic growth regulating chemicals or hormones like GA3. Plant growth regulators are known to coordinate and control various phases of growth and development, including flowering at optimum concentrations (Amin et al., 2017). It is generally accepted that exogenously applied growth substances act through the alteration in the levels of naturally occurring growth regulators, thus modifying the growth and development of the plant (Kumar and Gautam, (2011). Many studies have indicated that the application of GA3 can stimulate the growth and development of flowers.
Mukhopadhyay and Banker (1983) sprayed the plants of cv. single with GA3 and observed that GA3 increased spike length and number of floret per spike.
Duration of flower in the field was improved with GA3. According to Dhua et
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al., (1987) treatment with GA3 caused earliest flowering and gave the highest yield of spikes and flowers.
Keeping in view, the importance of tuberose and unavailability of limited local information regarding its optimum phosphorus requirements and application of GA3, the present research was undertaken to explore the optimum doses of phosphorus and growth regulator (GA3) which can produce healthy plants with good quality flowers and give maximum number of spike and spikelets, bulb and bulblets with the following objectives.
i. To find out the optimum level of phosphorus and GA3 on growth, flowering and bulb production of tuberose and
ii. To find out the suitable combination of phosphorus and GA3 on growth, flowering and bulb production of tuberose
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tuberose is one of the most important cut flower in Bangladesh and also in the world. Many research works have been done on various aspects of this important cut flower in different countries of the world. A few reports are available regarding the requirement of plant nutrients and growth regulators for growth, flowering and bulb production of tuberose. Different phosphorus (P) levels and GA3 on tuberose have been studied in various part of the world. But very limited studies have been done on this crop under the agro-ecological condition of Bangladesh in respect of phosphorus and GA3 requirement. A brief review of these pertinent to the present study has been given below:
2.1 Effect of phosphorus (P)
Nain et al. (2016) carried out an experiment entitled “effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on flowering and spike yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.)”
cv. Prajwal to found out the optimum dose of nitrogen and phosphorus for flowering and spike yield of tuberose. The nitrogen (0, 10, 15 and 20 g/m2) and phosphorus levels (0, 5 and 10 g/m2) were used. Results found that the maximum days taken to spike initiation, days taken to flowering and duration of flowering, number of spike per clump and spike weight during both the years were observed in treatments where nitrogen at 20 g/m2 and phosphorus at 10 g/m2 was applied. Therefore, based on the study for better flowering and spike yield of tuberose plants nitrogen at 20 g/m2 and phosphorus at 10 g/m2 should be applied.
Khan et al. (2016) was carried out a field experiment to observe the effect of various bulb sizes i.e. >3, 2-3 and <2 cm diameter and phosphorus levels i.e. 0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1 on growth, flowering and bulblets production of tuberose. The results showed that phosphorus and bulb size significantly
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affected all the parameters including plant height, days to bolting, days to 50%
flowering, number of leaves per plant, number of florets per spike, plant canopy, bulb volume and number of bulblets per plant, except number of bulbs per plant. The maximum plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers per stalk, plant canopy, bulb volume, number of bulbs plant-1, number of bulblets plant-1, while the least days to bolting and days to 50% flowering were observed in plants grown from the largest bulbs (>3cm). The highest plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers per stalk, plant canopy, bulb volume, number of bulblets plant-1, while, the least days to bolting and days to 50% flowering were observed in plants fertilized with 450 kg/ha of phosphorus.
Singh et al. (2000) studied the nutrient status of tuberose plants treated with different N, P and K levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg N/ha, 0, 10 and 20 kg P/ha and 0, 10 and 20 kg K/ha) and observed that the foliar NPK increased with increase in N, P and K doses of fertilizers respectively. Leaf P and K concentrations decreased with increasing N fertilizers rate. N, P and K contents in leaves were higher than those in bulbs. Bulb N increased with increasing rates of all fertilizers. Bulb P content was affected by N and P fertilizers but not by K fertilizers and K content also increased with increasing rates of all fertilizers. Further they applied fertilizers that result in a non significant effect on the vegetative as well as floral characters except for length of spike and number of spike per clump. The length of spike at opening of last floret and number of spikes per clump were highest in the NPK @ 20:20:20 g/m2 treatment over the control (Singh et al., 2004).
In a pot culture experiment with sandy loam soil to evaluate the effect of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 ppm as urea) and P (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm as KH2PO4) on the growth and dry matter yield of tuberose cv. Double, the application of N and P greatly improved the growth (plant height and number of leaves) and dry matter yield (dry weight of leaves and spike) and total dry
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weight (leaves+spike). Growth and dry matter yield increased up to 180 ppm N and 60 10 ppm P levels; however, further increments in N above 180 ppm and P above 60 ppm adversely affected growth and dry matter yield (Dahiya et al., 2001).
Mishra et al. (2002) conducted an experiment in Bhubaneswar, Orissa with tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) cv. Single involving 4 levels of N and 2 spacing. Plant height and number of plants per clump observed after 3 months of planting were higher (4.45 cm) with 30 g N/m2 followed by 20 g N/m2 as compared to other treatments. Application of N delayed spike emergence; the maximum delay of 10 days was noticed in plant receiving 30 g N/m2 compared to untreated ones. P application showed no appreciable effect on different growth parameters studied, but flowering attributes such as spike length, rachis length, and weight of florets per spike and weight of 100 florets improved due to P application at 20 g or 30 g/m2. Yield of flowers/ha (weight basis) also improved due to P treatments at 20 or 30 g/m2, but yield of florets per spike (weight basis) was significantly increased at 30 g/m2.
Studies on N and P requirements of tuberose cv. „Single‟ in hilly soil was conducted by Kumar et al. (2002). They found that application of 40 g N/m2 enhanced the plant height and number of leaves but delayed the flowering.
None of the levels of P2O5 could influence the flowering but increased the flower production at 24 g P2O5/m2. They were of the opinion that application of 30 g N and 24 g P2O5/m2 were optimum for growth and flowering of tuberose cv. Single under hill conditions.
Sharma et al. (2008) conducted nutritional studies in tuberose in sandy loam soil to ascertain the effect of graded doses of N, P and K on growth, flowering and bulb production of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa Linn) Double. Nitrogen was applied @ 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg per hectare with phosphorus @ 50, 60 and 70 kg P2O5 per hectare and potassium @ 40, 50 and 60 kg K2O per hectare.
Increasing levels of nitrogen up to 200 kg per hectare significantly increased
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the plant height, number of leaves per plant, flower yield and quality over control. Maximum plant height (39.3 cm), spike length (78.1 cm), number of florets per spike (38.6) was recorded with 200 kg N per hectare treatment. This level of nitrogen also produced maximum number of bulbs (10.6) and bulb weight (14.3 g). The plant receiving 70 Kg P2O5 per hectare produced maximum plant height (37.9 cm) and number of leaves per plant (35.3). Floral characters like spike length (76.6 cm), spike weight (73.1 g) and number of florets per spike (39.3) were also observed maximum with 70 kg P2O5 per hectare treatment. This treatment also improved the bulb production. The plants applied with 40 kg K2O per hectare significantly improved the vegetative growth, floral characters and bulb production over control, however, this treatment was statistically at par with higher levels of potassium 200 kg N, 70 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O per hectare was found optimum for tuberose cultivation under Haryana conditions.
The effects of N (0, 60, 120, 180 or 240 ppm) as urea and P (0, 20, 40, 60 or 80 ppm) as potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the nutrient content of P. tuberosa were studied under greenhouse conditions. The leaf N content at harvest increased with increasing N rate. The highest leaf N content (2.64%) was obtained with 240 ppm N + 40 ppm P. The leaf P content decreased when N was applied at 120 to 240 ppm. The leaf P content increased with increasing P level. The highest leaf P content was obtained with 0 ppm N (0.26%) and 80 ppm P (0.25%). The leaf K content was reduced from 3.64% (control) to 3.42%
with 240 ppm N and from 3.62% (control) to 3.39% with 80 ppm P. The highest spike N content (2.59%) was recorded for 240 ppm N + 40 ppm P. The highest spike P content (0.53%) was obtained with 60 ppm N + 80 ppm P. The K content of spikes was reduced from 2.53% (control) to 2.35% at 240 ppm N (Mohanasundaram et al., 2003).
Gupta et al. (2006) conducted field studies to determine the role of nitrogen (N) at 0, 40 and 80 g/m2 and phosphorus fertilizers (P) at 0, 150 and 300 g/m2 in 4
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tuberose cultivars, i.e. Single, Double, Semidouble and Variegated for reproductive growth parameters such as spike emergence, growth period of bud, total number of flowers per spike and number of flowers appeared at a time per spike. The variegated cultivar showed positive response with 80 g N/m2 and 150 and 300 g P/m2 applications.
Chaudhary (2007) ascertained the response of nitrogen, phosphorus and bio fertilizers on plant growth and bulb production in tuberose. Treatments comprised of N (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg/ha) and P (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg/ha) in combination with bio fertilizers (no bio fertilizer, Azotobacter, PSB and VAM). Application of bio fertilizers in combination with N at the rate of 100 kg per hectare and P at the rate of 50 kg per hectare proved to be equally effective to N at the rate of 200 kg/ha and P at the rate of 100 kg/ha in increasing the plant 16 height, number of leaves per plant, number of bulbs/plant and advancing the sprouting of bulbs. The higher dose of N and P independently did not affect the growth, sprouting of bulbs and bulb production in tuberose.
Yadav (2007) conducted an experiment to study the effect of N (0, 10 and 20 g/m2) and P (0, 6 and 12 g/m2) fertilizers on the growth and flowering of tuberose cv. Shringar. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per spike, length of spike, length of rachis, number of spike per plot and weight of flower per spike was remarkably increased with N and P application, alone and in combination. However, N and P fertilizers did not have any significant effect on the flower length. Plant height (35.50 cm), number of leaves per plant (34.40), number of flowers (37.50) per spike, length of spike (49.40 cm), length of rachis (20.80 cm), number of spike per plot (33.90) and weight of flower (109.50 g) per spike were higher with combination of 20 g N and 12 g P per plot.
Patel et al. (2006) investigated an experiment with tuberose to know the effect of N (100, 200, 300 and 400 kg N/ha) and P (100, 150 and 200 kg P2O5/ha) on
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growth and yield of tuberose and reported that phosphorus was not significant on vegetative characters while floral characters such as rachis length and number of florets/spike were found significant. Bulb yield in terms of clump weight was also found significant and 200 kg P2O5/ha was recorded the highest values.
Gupta et al. (2006) conducted field studies in Uttar Pradesh, India, during the 1998/99 and 1999/2000 cropping seasons, to determine the role of nitrogen (N) at 0, 40 and 80 g/m2 and phosphorus fertilizers (P) at 0, 150 and 300 g/m2 in 4 tuberose cultivars, i.e. Single, Double, Semi-double and Variegated, for reproductive growth parameters such as spike emergence, growth period of bud, total number of flowers per spike and number of flowers appeared at a time per spike and reported that the Variegated cultivar showed positive response with 80 g N/m2 and 150 and 300 g P/m2 applications.
Sultana et al. (2006) carried a field trial on tuberose to observe the response of tuberose (cv. single) to different nutrient elements. Nutrients were 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha), 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 45 and 90 kg P/ha) and 3 levels of potassium (0, 80 and 160 kg K/ha) along with a blanket dose of 10 t/ha cowdung. The application of NPK significantly influenced the growth, flowering and flower quality of tuberose. All the parameters except plant height were the highest with 200 kg N, 45 kg P and 80 kg K/ha along with 10 t/ha cowdung.
Mohanasundaram et al. (2003) conducted a study to observe the effects of N (0, 60, 120, 180 or 240 ppm) as urea and P (0, 20, 40, 60 or 80 ppm) as potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the nutrient content of Polianthes tuberosa under greenhouse conditions. P increased the leaf N content, although no significant variation between rates was observed. The leaf P content increased with increasing P level. The highest leaf P content was obtained at 80 ppm P (0.25%).
Tuberose (P. tuberosa) cv. Single bulbs were supplied with 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40
10
g N/m2 and 0, 12, 24 or 32 g P/m2 in a field experiment conducted in Meghalaya, India during 1998-99 by Kumar et al. (2002). The authors reported that plant height, number of leaves per clump, number of days before flowering, number of bulbs per clump, rachis length, increased with increasing rates of P up to 24 g/m2. P application had no significant effects on the rachis and spike length, number of florets per spike, durability of spike and bulb size of the crop.
The effects of N (150, 200 and 250 kg/ha) and P (250, 300 and 350 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of tuberose (P. tuberosa) cv. Single were determined in a field experiment conducted in Maharashtra, India during 1998-2001 by Kawarkhe and Jane (2002). The authors reported that plant height, number of leaves per plant, length of spike per plant, length of rachis, number of florets per spike and per plant, and number of spikes per pot and per hectare increased with increasing rates of P up to 300 kg/ha except for plant height and number of leaves per plant which increased with increasing rates of P up to 350 kg/ha.
Mishra et al. (2002) conducted an experiment in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, from March to December 1997 with tuberose cv. Single involving 4 levels of N, i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 g / m2; 3 levels of P, i.e. 0, 20 and 30 g/m2; and 2 levels of spacing maintained at 15 cm ×15 cm and 30 cm × 20 cm. The authors reported that P application showed no appreciable effect on different growth parameters studied, but flowering attributes such as spike length, rachis length, and weight of florets per spike and weight of 100 florets improved due to P application at 20 g or 30 g /m. Yield of flowers/ha (weight basis) also improved due to P treatments at 20 or 30 g/m, but yield of florets per spike (weight basis) was significantly increased at 30 g/m.
Dahiya et al. (2001) undertaken a pot culture experiment with sandy loam soil to evaluate the effect of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 ppm as urea) and P (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm as KH) on the growth and dry matter yield of tuberose cv.
Double. The authors observed that application of N and P greatly improved the
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growth (plant height and number of leaves) and dry matter yield (dry weight of leaves and spike), and total dry weight (leaves + spike). Growth and dry matter yield increased up to 180 ppm N and 60 ppm P levels. However, further increments in N above 180 ppm and P above 60 ppm adversely affected growth and dry matter yield.
An experiment was investigated to know the effect of 4 rates of fertilizers viz.
150:50:50, 150:100:100, 200:150:150 and 250:200:200 kg NPK/ha in Karnataka, India. Among the fertilizer rates, 250:200:200 kg NPK/ha resulted in the highest number of shoots, leaves and spikes, maximum plant height and flower yield (Patil et al. 1999).
Gowda et al. (1991) reported the effect of N, P and K on growth and flowering of tuberose cv. Double. Three rates of N application (100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), three of P2O5 (50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) and three of K2O (100,125 and 150 kg/ha) were compared for a cutflower crop of tuberose. The authors observed that increasing P and K2O rates resulted in a greater number of flower spikes and number of florets/spike. The highest yield of florets (40.20/spike), the longest spike (81.28 cm) and the longest duration of flowering (29.75 days) were obtained with 200 kg N+75 kg P2O5+125 g K2O/ha.
Parthiban and Khader (1991) observed the effect of N, P and K on yield component and yield in tuberose cv. Single. N was applied at 50, 75, 100 or 125 kg; P at 258, 50 or 75 kg and K at 37.5, 62.5 or 87.5 kg/ha. Application of 100 g N+75 kg P+62.5 kg K/ha resulted the highest number of spikes/plant (1.72), number of florets/spike (39.67) and the highest flower yield (3578.6 kg/ha).
Bankar et al. (1990) evaluated the effect of NPK on growth and flowering of tuberose cv. double. N was applied at 0, 5, 10, 15, g/m2, P2O5 at 0, 20 or 40 g/m2 and K2O at 0, 20 or 40 g/m2. Fertilization of tuberose with N: P2O5 : K2O at 20:20:20 g/m is recommended.
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2.2 Effect of GA3
Amin et al. (2017) conducted a field experiment to study the effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of tuberose. Treatments of the experiment were as control (No plant growth regulators), NAA 100 ppm, NAA 200 ppm, NAA 300 ppm, NAA 400 ppm, GA3 100 ppm, GA3 200 ppm, GA3 300 ppm, GA3 400 ppm, 4-CPA 100 ppm, 4-CPA 200 ppm, 4-CPA 300 ppm and 4-CPA 400 ppm. Different concentration of growth regulators showed significant variation on most of the parameters. Tallest tuberose plant (68.9 cm), longest length of rachis (21.9 cm), highest number of floret/spike (41.2), highest diameter of spike (1.1 cm), maximum weight of single spike (40.1 g) and highest number of spikes per hectare (3.9 lac) were obtained from GA3 at 300 ppm.
Sultana et al. (2006) conducted an experiment to study the morphological characteristics of tuberose as influenced by gibberellic acid incorporated with organic manures. The experiment consisted with three levels of organic manure; control, cow dung 30 tha-1 and poultry litter 20 t ha-1 behind with 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm gibberellic acid were tested with three replications. Application of organic manures with GA3 showed significant variations among the parameters. Yield of spike (3,50,000 ha-1) and bulb (21.72 t ha-1) was recorded in poultry litter @ 20 t ha-1 with 200 ppm GA3 compared to other treatments which was more potential for production of tuberose.
Singh and Desai (2013) conducted an investigation to study the influence of GA3 and CCC on growth and flowering of tuberose cv. „Single‟. The treatments comprised three different concentration of GA3 (100, 200 and 300 mg/l) and CCC (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml/l) with three methods of application (bulbs dipping, spraying and dipping + spraying). Application of GA3 200 mg/l (dipping + spraying) was found to be most effective in improving the growth, flowering, quality and yield characteristics of tuberose.
Asil et al. (2011) shown that the effect of different chemical treatments on
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quantitative characteristics of Polianthes tuberosa L. (cv. Goldorosht Mahallat) was investigated. This research was conducted in a factorial experiment based on Randomized Block design with 3 replications. The flowers were sprayed with various concentration of Gibberellic acid (GA) and Benzyladenine (BA) (0, 50 and 100 ppm) at 40 and 50 days after planting,.
The results showed that flowering, stem length and leaves length were greatest with GA3 at 100 ppm while BA no increase these traits compared to the control. BA and GA3 decreased number of floret. Greatest of floret and vase life of cut flower was BA at 50 and 100 ppm, respectively.
A study was conducted by Nejad and Etemadi (2010) to evaluate the effects of Gibberellic acid (GA3 ) on flower quality and flowering date of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) . Double cultivar tuberose bulbs, ranging from 6 to 7 cm in diameter were used. GA3 solutions were used 100, 200 and 300 ppm.
The bulbs were soaked before cultivation and bud sprouts were sprayed with GA3 solutions at two stages of plant development. GA3 application methods did not show significant differences on the evaluated characters, while significant variations were observed among various GA3 concentrations.
Comparing the date of flowering harvest indicated that the highest number of flowers were picked 3 to 4 weeks after flowering for both GA3 application method. The application of GA3 (300 ppm) by soaking the bulbs before cultivation significantly increased the number of flowering shoots and flowering time.
Bharti and Ranjon (2009) conducted a field experiment to find out the effect of foliar spray of growth regulators in three doses each in GA3 (50, 00 and 150 ppm), Kinetin (50, 100 and 150 ppm), NAA (50, 100 and 150 ppm), Ethrel (100, 200 and 300 ppm) and SADH (100, 200 and 300 ppm) on the flowering of two cultivars of tuberose viz., Shringer and Kalyani Double. Cultivar Shringar was superior in inducing early spike emergence, first floret opening and also produced maximum number of spikes/m2 . However, cv. Kalyani
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Double showed maximum number of florets and spike length and flowering duration. Among various treatment, GA3 (150 ppm) was observed best in inducing early spike emergence, opening of first floret, 50 percent floret opening and maximum spike yield per sq. meter. The spike characteristics, such as length of rachis and spike, number of florets per spike, increased significantly with the application GA3 (100 ppm). Maximum days to withering of first opened floret and flowering duration were observed with Kinetin (150 ppm). However, Ethrel (300 ppm) exhibited delayed flowering, maximum flowering duration and reduced length of spike characters.
Jitendra et al. (2009) conducted an experiment to study the effect of GA3 and nitrogenous fertilizer (urea) on growth and floral parameters in tuberose cv.
Pearl Double, consisting of two levels of GA3 (100 ppm and 200 ppm) and two levels of urea (55 and 110 g/m). There are 4 treatment combinations, replicated three times and laid out in factorial randomized block design. The results revealed that combined application of gibberellic acid and nitrogenous fertilizer (urea) at different doses showed the beneficial effect in different growth and flowering attributes viz., days taken for bulb sprouting, plant height, number of leaves/plant, number of floret/spike, rachis length, spike length and floret length but delay in appearance of initial spike and opening of first florets was recorded by the individual application of gibberellic acid at higher concentration (GA3 @ 200 ppm).
Padaganur et al. (2005) studied the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3 at 50, 100 or 150 ppm), paclobutrazol (500, 1000 or 1500 ppm) and maleic hydrazide (500, 1000 or 1500 ppm) on the growth and yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa cv. Single) in Dharwad, Karnataka, India, during 2001-02. GA3 increased plant height, number of leaves, number of shoots, and leaf area.
Paclobutrazol and maleic hydrazide reduced plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and spike length. Early flowering was obtained by 150 ppm GA3, 1500 ppm maleic hydrazide and 1500 ppm paclobutrazol. Plants treated with
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150 ppm GA3 exhibited the earliest flowering (137.67 days), and recorded the greatest spike length (86.01 cm), spike weight (28.09 g), spike girth (0.630 cm), floret diameter (0.817 cm), floret length (5.69 cm), and loose flower yields per plot (3.66 kg) and hectare (6.35 t). The increase in the concentrations of the growth regulators increased the spike yield per hectare.
Satya and shukla (2005) shown that the effect of bulb size (<2, 2-3, and 3 cm, corresponding to small, medium and large bulbs) and pretreatment of bulbs with GA3 [gibberellic acid] and CCC [chlormequat] on the yield of Polianthes tuberosa were studied in Bakewar, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India. The highest number of flowers per spike (38.30) and number of bulbs and bulblets per clump (28.71) were obtained with large bulbs treated with 400 ppm GA3. Large bulbs treated with 400 ppm CCC gave the highest weight of flowers per spike (91.40 g).
Sanap et al. (2014) conducted a field experiment during 1996/97 at Pune, Maharashtra, Indiamto evaluate the effects of GA3 (100, 150 and 200 ppm) and CCC [chlormequat] (100, 200 and 300 ppm) on tuberose cv. Single. Foliar spraying of the growth regulators was performed at 40, 55 and 70 days after planting. Data were recorded for various growth (number of leaves, leaf length and leaf breath) and flowering characters (days to flower spike emergence, days to flowering and days from spike emergence to flower harvest). All growth regulator treatments were significantly superior to the control (water spray), with at 150 ppm and CCC at 200 ppm sprays giving optimum growth and earliest flowering.
Singh et al. (2003) conducted an experiment in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India during 1997-98 on tuberose cv. Double. The treatments comprised of water dipping (control); dipping in GA3 , IAA and NAA at 50 and 100 ppm each;
spraying GA3 and 100 ppm each; spraying GA3, IAA and NAA; and dipping + spraying GA3, IAA and NAA. The number of flowers, flower length and longevity of the whole spike were highest for bulbs dipped in 100 ppm Ga3 for
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24 hours before planting + spraying with 100 ppm GA3 at 30 days after planting. Spike length and rachis length were also highest in bulbs dipped and sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 at 100 ppm (dipping + spraying) increased the number (28.4), weight (90.52gm), diameter (4.20cm) and yield (305.25 g/ha) of tuberose.
Manisha et al. (2002) studied tuberose cv. Single in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, during 1999-2000. Treatments comprised of a control of foliar spray of gibberellic acid at 100, 150 and 200 ppm at 40, 60 and 80 days after planting.
Treatment with GA3 at all concentrations promoted the height of the plants and increased the number of leaves/plant, being highest (55.50cm and 15.99, respectively) with 150 ppm application. Approximately 5 days early appearance of floral bud (96.82 days) over control (102.00 days) was also observed with this treatment. GA3 at all concentration significantly increased the number of spike/plant, number of flowers/spike and yield/ha. All these characters were the highest in plants applied with GA3 at 150 ppm.
Nagar and Saraf (2002) conducted an experiment of identify the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3 : 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/litre) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 30, and 50 kg/feddan as ammonium nitrate), singly or in combination, on tuberose (P. tuberose cv. Double) in Alexandria, Egypt during the summer seasons of 2000 and 2001. The roots are soaked in GA3 for 24 months after planting and twice within the following 42 days. The application of 200 mg GA3/litre + 30 kg N/faddan resulted in the earliest flowering (109.30 days),and the greatest average plant height (99.34 cm), number of leaves/plant (51.85), leaf dry weight (14.88 g), number of spike/plant (4.94), number of florets/spike (29.91), flower duration (18.28 days), number of corms and cormels/clump (28.74), fresh and dry weights of corms and cormels/clump (121.72 and 8.67 gm respectively), and total cholorophyll content (229.87 mg/100gm leaf fresh weight). The highest average floret dry weight (4.47gm) was obtained with 300
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mg GA3 /litre + 550 kg N/Feddan. The contribution ratio of soil N decreased with increasing N fertilizer rate but increased with increasing GA3 rate.
Tiwari and Singh (2002), observed an experiment to identify the effects of bulb size, i.e. large (>1.5 cm diameter), medium (1.0-1.5 cm), and small (<1.00cm), and preplanting soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3 ) at 50, 100 150, 200 and 250 ppm on the growth flowering, and yield of tuberose in India during 1992-93.
Plants raised from large bulbs had the greatest plant height, number of leaves/clump, leaf length, leaf width, foliage weight, clump weight, bulb and bulblets/clump, inflorescence length, spike length, flower length, spike diameter, flowers/spike, spikes/plant and showed the earliest flowering. Similar results were recorded for plants from bulbs treated with 200 ppm GA3 . Large bulbs soaked in 200 ppm GA3 showed significant increase in growth flowering and bulb production.
Wankhede et al. (2002) conducted an experiment during 200-2001 to study the effect of gibberellic acid with bulb soaking treatment and foliar spray on growth, flowering and yield of tuberose. Data indicated that higher concentration of GA3 (150 ppm) for bulb soaking treatment and 200 ppm of GA3 as a foliar spray showed significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of florets/spike and number of spikes/plant under study. Early sprouting, early emergence to flower stalk and early opening of the first pair of florets were recorded by bulb soaking in water and foliar spray of water and of these with control treatment combination.
In a greenhouse experiment Yang et al. (2002) on P. tuberose soaked bulbs with GA3 (40 and 80 ml/litre) at 40 C for 30 days or at 300 C for 15 days before planting. Bulbs were planted in October, November and December. The tubers treated with low temperature and planted in October had high spouting rates. The low temperature combined with gibberellic acid increased the flowering rate. The highest flowering rate was over 95% with an average of 62%.
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In a trail by Sanap et al. (2000) at Pune, tuberose plants were sprayed with 100, 200 or 300 ppm CCC chlormequat 40, 55 and 70 days after planting.
Flower yield was highest (27.5 t/ha) when 150 ppm GA3 was used.
Dalal et al. (1999) conducted a field experiment to study the influence of N application rate (0, 50, 60 or 70 kg/ha) and gibberellic acid (GA3 ) concentration (0, 10, 20 or 40 ppm) on flower quality of P. tuberose. The optimum N application rate was70 kg/ha; rachis length, flower stalk length, flower weight and vase life were 30.68 cm, 88.78 cm, 89.14 g/plant and 12.74 days, respectively. The optimum concentration of GA3 was 40 ppm; rachis length, flower stalk length, flower weight and vase life were 30.93cm, 91.06cm, (106.14) gm/plant and 12.94 days, respectively. The interaction between N and GA3 was significant only in respect of weight of flowers per plant.
An experiment was conducted by Devendra et al. (1999) to study the effect of foliar applied plant growth regulators on the flowering and vase life of tuberose. The treatment comprised: 50, 100 and 150 ppm GA3; 100, 150 and 200 ppm NAA; 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg thiourea /litre. Foliar application was conducted at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. GA3at 150 ppm gave the earliest number of days required for spike emergence (43.48) and longest vase life (11.35 days). Further, GA3gave maximum spike length (6.65 cm) and floret diameter (3.88 cm).
Singh (1999) noted the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3 at 100 and 200 ppm), ethephon (200 and 400 ppm) and kinetin (50 and 100 ppm) on the growth, flowering and yield of tuberose cv. Double were investigated in Medziphema, Nagaland, India during 1998. The plant growth regulators were applied as foliar sprays 40 days after planting. The second application was conducted 3 weeks after the initial spraying. All growth regulators improved the performance of tuberose compared with the control. GA3 at 200 ppm produced the tallest plants (35.87 cm) with the highest number of leaves per plant
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(27.41), spike length (63.17 cm), number of florets per spike (35.99) and floret weight per plant (52.16 g). This treatment likewise resulted in the longest flowering duration (17.33 days). The number of bulbs per plant (9.74) and bulb weight per plant (76.95 g) were highest in plants treated with 100 ppm kinetin.
Plants treated with ethephon (400 ppm) exhibited the earliest flowering (117 days).
Singh and Manoj (1999) conducted an experiment in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India during 1997-98 on tuberose cv. Double. The treatments comprised of water dipping (control); dipping in GA3, IAA and NAA at 50 and 100 ppm each; spraying GA3 and 100 ppm each; spraying GA3, IAA and NAA; and dipping + spraying GA3, IAA and NAA. The number of flowers, flower length and longevity of the whole spike were highest for bulbs dipped in 100 ppm GA3 for 24 hour before planting + spraying with 100 ppm GA3 at 30 days after planting. Spike length and rachis length were also highest in bulbs dipped and sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 at 100 ppm (dipping + spraying) increased the number (28.4), weight (90.52 g), diameter (4.20 cm) and yield (305.25 g/ha) of tuberose.
Nagaraj et al. (1999) conducted an experiment to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the growth and flowering of tuberose. The tuberose bulbs were soaked for 24 hour in solutions of GA3, Ethrel (ethephon) or BA each at 100, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm and then planted in a randomized block design.
All treatments influenced growth and flowering characteristics. All treatments resulted in earlier plant emergence, a higher percentage of sprouting and earlier flowering compared to the control with GA3 at 500 and 1500 ppm being particularly effective. Plant height was greatest with GA3 at 100 ppm while ethrel at all concentrations reduced plant height compared to the control. The number of spikes/plant and floret/spike were enhanced by GA3 at 500 and 1500 ppm. All GA3 treatments increased flower, spike length and rachis length. Length of flowering was greatest with ethrel at 1000 ppm. All GA3
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treatments and ethrel at 100 ppm increased bulb number where as all other ethrel and all BA treatments reduced bulb number.
Preeti et al. (1997) observed a field experiment during 1993-94 at Biswanath college of Agriculture, Sonitpur, Assam, India, to study the effects of pre- planting treatment of bulbs of (cv. Single) with GA3 (50, 100 or 200 ppm), Ethrel [ethephon] (100, 200 or 400 ppm) or thiourea (1 and 2%) on growth.
Compared with the control, treatment of bulbs with GA3 , Ethrel or thiourea prompted the early appearance of flower spikes and promoted the number of flower spikes, but reduced the number of bulbs production/plant. Ethrel-treated plants gave a mixed response; flower production tended to decrease with increasing concentration of Ethrel. Treatment with GA3 at 200 ppm produced the highest number of floret/spike.
Deotale et al. (1995) observed that Chrysanthemum (cv. Raja) was planted on 24 June and spraying with 105 ppm GA3 produced the heaviest (2.15g) and largest (6.42 cm diameter) flowers.
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CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted during August 2017 to October 2018 to study the effect of phosphorus (P) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth, flowering and bulb of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa). The details of the materials and methods have been presented below:
3.1 Experimental location
The present piece of research work was conducted in the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka. The location of the site is90°33´ E longitude and 23°77´ N latitude with an elevation of 8.2 m from sea level. Location of the experimental site presented in Appendix I.
3.2 Soil
The soil of the experimental area belongs to the Modhupur Tract (UNDP, 1988) under AEZ No. 28 and was dark grey terrace soil. The selected plot was medium high land and the soil series was Tejgaon (FAO, 1988). The characteristics of the soil under the experimental plot were analyzed in the Soil Testing Laboratory, SRDI, Khamarbari, Dhaka. The details of morphological and chemical properties of initial soil of the experiment plot were presented in Appendix II.
3.3 Climate
The climate of experimental site was subtropical, characterized by three distinct seasons, the winter from November to February and the pre-monsoon period or hot season from March to April and the monsoon period from May to October (Edris et al., 1979). Details on the meteorological data of air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine hour during the period of the experiment was collected from the Weather Station of Bangladesh, Sher-e- Bangla Nagar, presented in Appendix III.
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3.4 Plant materials
The tuberose variety „Double‟ was used for the present study. Bulb of tuberose was collected from Barishal Narsery, Savar, Dhaka.
3.5 Experimental details 3.5.1 Treatments
The experiment comprised of two factors.
Factor A: Phosphorus 1. P0 = Control
2. P1 = 140 kg TSP ha-1 = 65 kg P2O5 ha-1 3. P2 = 190 kg TSP ha-1 =85 kg P2O5 ha-1 4. P3 = 240 kg TSP ha-1 = 110 kg P2O5 ha-1 Factor B: GA3
1. G0 = Control 2. G1 = 115 ppm GA3 3. G2 = 145 ppm GA3
Treatment combinations - 12 treatment combinations
P0G0, P0G1, P0G2, P1G0, P1G1, P1G2, P2G0, P2G1, P2G2, P3G0, P3G1 and P3G2.
3.5.2 Experimental design and layout
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The layout of the experiment was prepared for distributing the different combination of phosphorus and GA3 levels. The 12 treatment combinations of the experiment were assigned at random into 36 plots. The size of each unit plot 1.5 m × 1 m. The distance between blocks and plots were 1.0 m and 0.5 m respectively. The layout of the experiment field is presented here.
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Fig. 1. Lay out of experimental plot.
P1G1 P2G0 P0G1
P0G0 P3G0 P1G2 P2G0 P0G0 P3G2
1.0m
P1G2 P3G2 P3G0 P0G1 P1G2 P0G0 P2G1 P0G1 P3G1 P3G0 P1G1 P0G2 P3G2 P2G2 P2G0 P1G0 P0G2 P2G2 P2G2 P3G1 P1G0
P3G1 P1G0 P2G1
P0G2 P2G1 P1G1
Legend:
Plot length: 1.5m Plot breadth: 1.5m Plot
size=1.5m×1.5m=2.25m2 Distence between blocks
=1.0
Distance between plots
=.5m
1.5m
1 m 11.
mm hhj 1.5 m 1.5 m
0.5m
8.5 m
19.5 m Plot size = 1.5 m × 1
Spacing between plot: 50 cm = 0.5 m Spacing between Replication: 1 m Plant spacing = 20×25 cm
Treatments
Factor A: Phosphorus P0 = Control (0 kg P2O5ha-1)
P1 = 140 kg TSP ha-1 = 65 kg P2O5 ha-1 P2 = 190 kg TSP ha-1 =85 kg P2O5 ha-1 P3 = 240 kg TSP ha-1 = 110 kg P2O5 ha-1 Factor B: GA3
G0 = Control G1 = 115 ppm GA3
G2 = 145 ppm GA3
Legend
S N
E W
