EFFECT OF SOWING TIME AND FERTILIZER MANA(;EMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GIMAKALMI (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)
BY
MOST. MASURA KHATUN
F
" !tLF Reg. No. 01066 A Thesis
Submitted to the Depwitnent qF1orticuItzo'e and Postharvest Tecinwlogy Sher-e-Bang/a Agricultural University, Dhaka
in p0tiaIJi4fIl/ment of the requirements /br the degree
1
MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN
HORTICULTURE
SEMESTER: JANUARY-JUNE, 2008 APPROVED BY:
Md. Hasanuzzaman Akand 4b PritM A. Mannan Miah
Associate Professor Dept. of I lorticulture and Postliarvest lechnology Dept. of Horticulture and Postharvest TechnoIo' SAU. Uhaka
SAU. [Thaka
Co-Supervisor
Sn pervisor
Prof. Md, Ruhul Amin Chairman
Examination Committee
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Effect of Sowing Time and Fertilizer Management on Growth and Yield of Gimakalmi" submitted to the Department of I lorticulture and postharvest technology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE in HORTICULTURE,embodies the result of a piece of bona ride research work carried out by Most. Masura Khatun, Registration No. 01066 under my supervision and guidance. No part of' the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
I further certi& that any help or source of information, received during the course of this investigation has been duly acknowledged.
Dated: 30.06.2008
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Md. Hasanuzzaman Akand
Associate Professor
Department of Elorticulture and Postharvest Technology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Sher-e-Bangla Nagar. Dhaka- 1207
Supervisor
DEDICAnD Wyol
MY BELOVED PARENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS
FULL NAME ABBREVIATION
Agro-Ecological Zone AEZ
And others ci al.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BBS
Centimeter cm
Degree Celsius o c
Day A 11cr Sowing 1)AS
Food and Agriculture Organization lAO
Gram g
Hectare ha
Kilogram kg
Meter m
Millimeter mm
Muriate of Potash MoP
Percent
Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD
Sher-c-Bangla Agricultural University SAL.) Square meter
Iriple Superphosphate TSP
United Nations Development Program IJNDP
A CKNO WLEDGJ!MENTS
The out/icr deems it a much privilege to express her enormous sense of gratitude to the Almighty creator for His everending blessings/or the successful completion
of
theresearch work.
The author feels proud to express her deep sence of than/cJi:lne.sw, sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to her supervLcor Md. ilasanuzzaman Akand.
Associate Professor. Department of J/ort:culture and Posthan'est Technology, S/?er-e- IJangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for his continuous guidance, cooperation, constructive criticism and helpfill suggestions, valuable opinion in can-wing out the research work and preparation of this thesis, without his intense co-operation this work would not have been possible.
The author feels proud to express her deepest respect, sincere appreciation and immnense indebtedness to her co-supervisor Professor M. A. Mannari Miah, Department c/Horticulture and Pox/harvest Technology. S/ier-e-Bangla Agricultural Universit, Ohaka. for his scholastic and continuolts guidance, constructive critictv,n and valuable suggestions during the entire period qfcourse and research work and preparation
of
this thesi.stThe author expresses her sincere respect to Professor Md. Ruhul A mm. Chairman.
Departemnt of horticulture and Postharvest Technology. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, DhakaJhr valuable suggestions and cooperation during the study period The author also expresses her hear/felt thanks to all the teachers of the Department
of
Horticulture and Post harvest Technology, SA U. for their valuable teaching.
suggestions and encouragement during the period of the study.
The author expresses her sincere appreciation to her brother, sisters, relatives, well wishers and friends for their inspiration, help and encouragement throughout the stud.
The A utlwr
EFFECt' OF SOWING TIME AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GIMAKALMI (Ipomoea aqua/icc Furs/c,)
By
Most. Masura Khatun
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in the horticulture Ilirni of Sher-e-I3angla Agricultural University. Dhaka. Bangladesh during the period from March to June 2007 to find out the eflèet of sowing time and fertilizer management on the growth and yield of Giniakalmi. The experiment consist of two flictors. Factor A: sowing time, such as 5,:
16 March. S2: 31 March and S;: 15 April; Factor R: Four levels of fertilizer. such as F0: No fertilizer. F1 : Cowdung: 15 iJha. (:2: Poultry litter: 7 t/ha and F1: Inorganic fertilizer (urea: 200 kg/ha + TSP: 100 kg/ha+ MP: 100 kg/ha). There were 12(3 < 4) treatment combinations. In case of sowing time the highest yield was obtained from 52. In case of krtilizcr management the highest yield was recorded from (F 3 ). In case of combined effect of various level of sowing time and fertilizer management were also found significant. The highest yield was obtained from the treatment combination of3l march sowing time with inorganic iërtilizer.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
IPKC
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
v
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES vii
INTROIMJCTION 01
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
04
2.1 Sowing time in leafS' vegetable 04
2.2 Fertilizer management in leafy vegetable 07
MATERIALS AND METHODS 10
3.1 Experimental Site 10
3.2 Characteristics of Soil 10
3.3 Weather condition of the experimental site 10
3.4 Planting materials 10
3.5 Treatment of the experiment II
3.6 Design and layout of the experiment Ii
3.7 Land preparation 13
3.8 Application of manure and fertilizers 13
3.9 intercultural operation 14
3.10 Plant protection 14
3.11 Harvesting 14
3.12 Data collection 15
3.13 Statistical analysis 17
in
CHAPTER
I PageRESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18
4.1 Plant height 18
4.2 Number of leaves per plant 22
4.3 Fresh weight oistern per plant 25
4.4 1)ry matter content of stem 28
4.5 Fresh weight of leaves per plant 32
4.6 Dry matter content of leaves 36
4.8 Yield per hectare 38
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 43
REFERENCES 46
APPENDICES SI
LIST OF TABLES
Title Page
Table 1. Dose and method of application of fertilizers in Gimakalmi field 14 Table 2. Combined ellèct of sowing time and fertilizer management on 21
plant height and number of leaves per plant of Gimakalmi at diliërent days after sowing
Table 3. EFfect of sowing time and fertilizer management on dry matter 29 content of stem at different days after sowing
Table 4. Combined effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on 30 fresh weight and dry matter content of stem at different days after
sowing of Gimakalmi
Table 5. Effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on fresh weight 34 of leaves and dry matter content of leaves of Gimakalmi
1able 6. Combined effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on 35 fresh weight of leaves and dry nvaucr content of leaves of
Gimakalmi
Table 7. Combined effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on 40 yield per plot and hectare of Gimakalmi at different days after
sowing
V
IJIST OF FiGURES
Title Page
Figure 1. Layout of the experimental plot 12
Figure 2. Effect of sowing time on plant height of Gimakalmi at diiiërent 20 days after sowing
Figure 3. Effect of fertilizers on plant height of Gimakalmi at different days 20 after sowing
Figure 4. Effect of sowing time on number of leaves per plant of Gimakalmi 24 at different days after sowing
Figure 5. EftCct of fertilizers on number of leaves per plant of Gimakalmi at 24 different days after sowing
Figure 6. Effect of sowing time on fresh weight of stem per plant of 26 Gimakalmi at difThrent days after sowing
Figure 7. Effect of fertilizers on fresh weight of stem per plant of 26 Gimakalmi at different days after sowing
Figure 8. Effect of sowing time on yield per heetare of Gimakalmi at 39 different days after sowing
Figure 9. Effect of fertilizers on yield per heetare of Gimakalmi at different 39 days after sowing
LIST OF APPENDICES
Title Page
Appendix I. Characteristics of Ilorticulture Farm soil is analyzed by Soil 51 Resources Development Institute (SRDI). K hamarbari.
Farrngate. Dhaka
Appendix II. Monthly record of air temperature, rainfall, relative 52 humidity. soil temperature and Sunshine of the experimental site during the period from March to June 2007
Appendix H!. Nitrogen. Phosphorous and potassium content of cowdung 52 and poultry litter
Appendix W. Analysis of variance of the data on plant height and number 53 of leaves per plant of Gimakalmi as influenced by sowing time and fertilizer management
Appendix V. Analysis of variance of the data on fresh and dry weight of 53 stem of Gimakalmi as influenced by sowing time and fertilizer management
Appendix VI. Analysis of variance of the data on fresh weight of leaves 54 and dry matter content of leaves olGimakalmi as influenced by sowing time and fertilizer management
Appendix VII. Analysis of variance of the data on yield per plot and hectare 54 of Gimakalnii as influenced by sowing time and fertilizer management
Appendix VIII. Nitrogen. Phosphorous and potassium content of cowdung 55 and poultry litter
vii
Chi ten
Introduction
Chapter!
INTRODUC'I'ION
Gimakalmi (Ipoinvea aquadca ForsIQ. a leafy vegetable grown in Bangladesh.
belongs to the Iäniily Convolvulaceae. The plant's elongated, arrowhead-shaped.
light-green foliage, its sterns are hollow, allowing it to Iloat. Its leaf shapes range 1mm heart-shaped to lanceolate. It is an important vegetable of the South East Asia, and is widely grown throughout the South East Asian countries, Australia and some parts of Africa (Hossain and Siddique, 1982). The crop is also known as kangkong.
swamp cabbage, water convolvulus. water spinach etc. (Tindal. 1983). Gimakalmi was developed from an introduced strain of Kangkong brought from Taiwan by the Citrus and Vegetable Seed Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydevpur, Gazipur (Rashid ci at.. 1985).
In Bangladesh most of the vegetables are produced in summer and winter season, while in between these two seasons, there is a lag period when scarcity of vegetables occur. Introduction of Gimakalmi is a positive achievement since it can be grown in summer and rainy season (Shinohara. 1980). Although similar, but aquatic type of local Kalmi is naturally grown in ponds or marshy land of Bangladesh, Gimakalmi has a special significance, because it grows in upland soil with an appreciable yield potential of foliage. Unlike the Bangladeshi local Kalmi. Gimakalmi grows erect producing heavy foliage. At present Gimakalmi is produced in very small area of land following less or minimum management practices. Gimakalmi thrives well in a fertile.
clay loam soil because it requires considerable amounts of nutrients for rapid growth within short period of time. In our country most of the growers cultivate this crop in fallow land without proper care, sowing time, spacing and management practices.
Gimakalmi is a very important tealS' vegetable from the nutritional point of view. Like other leafy vegetable, it is nutritionally rich in vitamins, minerals, calones etc. It is an excellent source of Vitamin A. Leafy vegetable of 100 g of its edible portion contains
87.6
g water. 1.1 g minerals. 0.1 g fat,9.4
g carbohydrates.107
mg calcium. 3.9 mg iron,10740
microgram carotene.0.14
mg vitaminRi. 0.40
mg vitaminB2, 42
mg vitamin C. 1.8 g protein and46
kilocalories (Anon.. 1983). Since it requires low input, easy to grow, and is suitable for growing in summer, its cultivation should be increased. There are, however, signs of its gaining popularity among the Bangladeshi vegetable growers and consumers.A number of agronomic practices have been found to affect the yield of vegetable crops. Sowing time had a marked effect on growth and development of crops.
Optimum sowing time provides more time for the growth and development of plant which is favorable for higher yield whereas both early and late sowing hinder the growth and development with lowest yield potential. Deliciency of soil nutrient is now considered as one of the major constraints to successful upland crop production in Bangladesh (Islam and Noor, 1982). The nutrient Tequirement can be provided by applying inorganic fertilizer or organic manure or both. Only organic manure applicatoin can replace the requirement of inorganic fertilizer. Organic manure improves soil structure as well as increase its water holding capacity. Moreover, it facilitates aeration in soil. Recently, organic farming is appreciated by vegetable consumers as it enhances quality of the produce.
(iimakalmi responds greatly to major essential elements like N, P and K for its growth and yield (Mital.
1975;
Thompson and Kelly, 1988) and inorganic fertilizer plays a vital role lbr proper growth and development of the crop. Application of inorganic fertilizer in appropriate time, dose and proper method is prcrequisite for any cropcultivation (Islam, 2003). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium progressively increase the marketable yield (Obreza and Vavrina, 1993) but an adequate supply is essential for vegetative growth, and desirable yield (Yoshizawa c$ al., 1981). Excessive application is not only uneconomical but also induces physiological disorder.
Like many other vegetables such as root and tuber crops as well as spices. the growth and yield of Gimakalmi is influenced by growing time and organic and inorganic fertilizer. A number of factors like temperature, soil moisture are involved with organic and inorganic fertilizer as well as sowing time which ultimately influence the growth and yield of the crop. Still to day there is few research work focusing on the ellècts of sowing time and fertilizer-, management on the growth and yield of CJJ.i in Bangladesh. Considering above ihcts, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives:
To determine the optimum sowing time for optimum growth and highcr yield of Gimakalmi.
To find out the suitable fertilizer management for better growth and maximum yield of Gimakalmi.
To find out the best combination of sowing time and fertilizer managcmcnt cf Gimakalmi to achieve maximum growth and ensuring higher yield.
Ch ter2
R-,eview c± Literature
Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(limakalmi is one of the important vegetables grown in Bangladesh as well as in
many other countries of the world. The crop has received conventional less attentionof the researchers on its various aspects because normally it grows with less care or management practices. For that a very few studies on growth, yield and development of (jimakalmi have been carried out in our country. Nevertheless. sonic of the important works and researches related to the sowing time and fertilizer management so far done at home and abroad on different vegetable crops production including (iimakalmi has been reviewed in this chapter under the following headings.
2.1 Sowing time of leafy vegetable
Kazim et al. (2000) conducted an experiment on the effects of sowing/planting dates on seed yield and quality of lettuce in Southeastern Anatolian project area. Lettuce cv.
Lital seeds were sown in autumn (8 and 22 September, and 8 and 23 October) during 1993/94 and 1994/95 growing seasons, and in spring (13 and 18 March) of 1993/94 season. Seedlings with 5-6 true leaves were transplanted in the field (I larran Plams, Turkey) on 29 October, Il November, 21 December and 8 January, respectively, for autumn-sown plants; and on 19 and 29 April, respectively, for spring-sown plants. For autumn-sown plants 50% bolting occurred from the middle of April to tO May: seed maturation time was between 16 and 30 June: and seeds were harvested on 20-30 June and from 16 June to 1 July for the first and second seasons, respectively. For plants sown in spring, bolting occurred in the second part of June, plants matured during 18- 29 August, and the seeds were harvested at maturity. Seed germination and emergence were evaluated immediately after harvest and 6 months later. Seed yields of spring-sown plants were approximately half the yields of autumn-sown plants. No
4
significant dilThrenees in seed quality and percentage germination were observed, but emergence ratio and emergence period assessed 6 months afler harvesting showed some differences between sowing dates. The most suitable lettuce sowing and planting dates for the Southeastern Anatolian project area are from 20 September to
10 October and from 10 November to 20 December, respectively.
Nuruzzaman (1999) found significant effect of planting time on the growth and yield of cabbage. lie got the highest gross and marketable yield (102.42 t/ha and 70.18 t/ha) from early planting
Futane ci al. (1995) reported that the number of head fbrming plants and yield of cabbage were influenced by the planting times. They transplanted cabbage seedlings on 27 October, 17 November, 7 December and 27 December and Ibund that the percentage of head forming plants was lower in 27 December planting than in the other planting dates. [he yield was the highest with planting on 7 December, while the lowest was noted with the planting on 27 December (5.24 iJha and 3.54 iJha, respectively).
(ihanti and Malik (1995) conducted an experiment at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya of' West Bengal in 2 consecutive years. They transplanted six early Jvars during different summer months. Stems were longest in August- tra::pnted crops. The most compact heads were recorded for crops transplanted in September.
Shashidhar ci al. (1994) studied the yield of cabbage affected by the planting datcs [hey carried out an experiment with 2-year trials at Karnataka, India and recorded the highest leaf damage that occurred in the plantings of first week of January and it was
the lowest in the plantings of first October. They also Ibund that the highest average yield was 87.14 tfha when the seedlings were planted in the first week of October.
Sajjan ci cii. (1992) studied the response of lettuce cv. Great lakes to different dates of transplanting (20 july, 20 August and 20 September) and levels of Ièrtilizer (50:25:25, 75:25:25, 100:50:50. 125:50:50. 150:75:75, 175:75:75, kg N. P205, K2 0/ha) during 1988-89. The seed yield was highest when the crop was transplanted on 20 August The treatment receiving 175:75:75 kg N. P2O5. K20/ha gave the highest seed yield and interaction was significant. Number of capsules plant number of seed/capsule and
1000 seed weight contributed to seed yield.
liveraarts ci cii. (1990) found that the head formation and yield of cabbage were aiTheted by the planting date in the Netherlands. They conducted an experiment with two-year trials, planted in mid-May, mid-June and mid-July and harvested at the end of October. They observed that the head tbrmalion was usually more rapid with June planting and the yiekL'ha declined with later planting.
Flans and park (1985) Ibund that heading of cabbage was affected by sowing time.
They added that the best result was obtained in September compared to the planting time of October under the climatic condition of Cheju Lslan in South Korea.
Ilossain ci cii. (1983) observed that the yield of cabbage was influenced by different planting times and spacings. In a trial seeds were sown on 20 September, 15 October or 5 November and the seedlings were transplanted 30 days later. Sowing on 15 October gave the highest yield (50 kg/plot). The late planting date of sowing showed unsatisfactory results for all the cases.
6
2.2 Fertilizer management in of leafy vegetable
Aditya ci at (1995) conducted an experiment on the effect of ditlèrcnt levels of nitrogen on the production
ofPak choi
(Brassica chinensis L) cv.Batishak at the I lorticultural Farm
ofBAU. Mymensingh. They reported that application of nitrogen significantly influenced the wowth and yield
ofBatisak. The yield was increased with increasing levels of nitrogen, and maximum yield per hectare in both fresh and dry weight basis was obtained with 200 kg N/ha.
Park c/
at.(1993) conducted an experiment on the effect of fertilizer level on the growth of
ipomoca aqua/kuand reported that application of N fertilizer at 30 kg per 10 hectare increased yield more than lower rates.
A field experiment was carried out at IPSA. Salna. C'iazipur during the khari fseason of 1986 to study the efrect of manuring doses on the grovth and yield ofGima Kabul.
Plant height, number of branches per plant and weight of foliage per plant were significantly increased by increasing dose of manure. Every increase in manurial dose was associated with a significant increase in yield (Awal. 1989). For obtaining good yield and high quality leafy vegetable of Gima Kalmi, ISO kg urea per hectare should be applied (Rashid. 1993).
An experiment was carried out at IPSA, Salna, (Jazipur during Kharif season of 1986
to study the effect of four manuring doses (0. tO. 30 and 60 t/ha of cowdung) and
harvest frequency (17. 21 and 25 days) on growth and yield of Girnakalmi. The total
yield was highest (68.82 Uha) at 25 days harvest frequency which was statistically
similar to that
(65.82t/ha) produced by 17 days harvest frequency. Although 25 days
harvest frequency produced the highest yield, most of the foliage became fibrous and
unfit for consumption (Awal, 1989).
Nitrogen was reported to be the most important fertilizer to increase plant growth and yield of l3atisak (Anonymous, 1984). Miah (1987) reported that yield of Batisak increased with an increase in nitrogen level from 80 kg to 172 kg per hectare under Mymensingh condition.
Hamid el aL (1986) conducted an experiment on the efThct of nitrogenous fertilizer on the growth and yield of Indian Spinach and found significant variations among the different nitrogen treatments in respect of the number of shootlplant. number of leaves/plant, shoot length, leaf length and breadth and yield. The highest yield (79.34 t/ha) was obtained by applying the highest dose of nitrogen (250 kg N/ha).
The experimental results obtained by Islam ci aL (1984) at the l3angladesh Agricultural IJnivcrsity, Mymcnsingh revealed that application of nitrogen increased the yield and quality of Kang Kong. The influence of nitrogen was distinct at the second and third harvest. Application of 160 kg N/ha was found to be the best for seed propagated plants, while 11w the vegetatively propagated plants the use of nitrogenous fertilizer appeared to be economic only upto the level of 80 kg N/ha. in addition to increased yield, the added nitrogen also improves the edible quality of the vegetable, particularly at the later harvests.
In Girnakalmi, Iirst harvest should be done alter 30 days of seed sowing and the subsequent harvest should be done at 15 days interval &om first harvest for obtaining the good quality and maximum yield of Gimakalmi (Anon., 1983).
Rashid ci a/l (1981) studied aecliniatiiation, adaptability and performance of Kang Kong (ipomoca aquallca) and reported that increasing the application of nitrogen levels up to certain limit significantly increased the yield. i'indal (1983) reported that
Kang Kong responded to nitrogen fertilizers applied either before planting or as subsequent top dressing.
Ral (1981) also reported that nitrogen increases the vegetative growth and produces good quality foliage and promotes carbohydrate synthesis. Like Spinach, Kang Kong also responds to the application of nitrogen. The general recommendation of nitrogen for Kang Kong under Bangladesh condilions is 150 kg urea per hectare (Anonymous, 1980; Ilossain, 1980). They suggested to apply 50% should be applied in three equal installments as top dressing after seven days of germination, 2nd and 3td alter
JSIand 2' harvest of the corp.
Bruemmer and Roe (1979) reported that nitrogen had a positive effect to increase the
yield of water spinach (ipomoca aqualka).
Cht ter3
Matcn'als and Mcthods
Chapter III
MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Experimental site
Fhe study was carried out in the horticulture Farm of Sher-e-l3angla Agricultural University. Shcr-c-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from March to June 2007. The location of the experimental site is 23074'N latitude and 90°351F longitude an elevation of 8.2 m from the sea level (Anon., 1989).
3.2 Characteristics of soil
The experimental site belongs to the Modhupur Tract (UNOP. 1988) under AEZ No.
28 and had Shallow red brown terraee soil. The selected plot was medium high land and the soil series was Tejgaon (FAQ, 1988). The charactcristics of the soil under the experimental plot were analyzed in the Soil Testing Laboratory. SRI)! Farmgate.
Dhaka. Details of the recorded soil characteristics were presented in Appendix 1.
3.3 Weather condition of the experimental site
The experimental site was under the subtropical climate, characterized by three distinct seasons, the monsoon or the rainy season from November to February and the pre-monsoon period or hot season from March to April and the monsoon period from May to October (Edit et al.. 1979). Details of the meteorological data related to the temperature. relative humidity and rainfall during the period of the experiment was collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department. Dhaka and presented in Appendix I!.
3.4 Planting materials
For the research work, Gima Kalmi BARI-1 seed was used as the planting material.
The seed of (jima Kalmi were collected from Siddique Bazar, Dhaka. Seeds were used@ 1.3kg/ha.
33 Treatment of the experiment
Ihe experiment had of two factors. Details were presented below:
Factor A: Three levels of sowing time I. S1 = Sowing on 16 March
S2 'Sowingon31 March 53 = Sowing on 15 April
Factor B: Four levels
or
fertilizer No fertilizerF1 — Cowdung(15 ton/ha) 1:2 Poultry manure (7 ton/ha)
. = Inorganic fertilizer (Urea: 200 kg + TSP: 100 kg + MP: 100 kg/ha)
There were 12 (3 x 4) treatments combination such as S1F0. S1F1, S1F2, S1171. S2F0.
S2F1. S21"2
.
s21`3.s3
F0, s31:, 531:2 and S3F3.3.6 Design and layout of the experiment
The two litetors experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCRD) with three replications. An area 25.0 m X 7.5 m was divided into three equal blocks. The layout of the experiment was prepared 1kw distributing the treatment combinations in every individual plot of each block. Each block was divided into 12 plots where 12 treatments combination were allotted at random. There were 36 unit plots altogether in the experiment. 'the size of the each plot was I .5 rn x 1.0 m. The distance maintained between two blocks and two plots were 0.75 m and 0.5 m respectively. The distance between plant to plant and row to row were 30 cm and 25 cm respectively and each plot consisted of 20 plants. The layout of the experiment is shown in Figure 1.
N
S
Plotsizc l.Smx 1Mm Plot spacing 50 cm
Between replication - 0.75 in Plant to plant distance - 30 cm
7.5 m
S1F3 S1F2 S2F2
S2F3 S2F1 S1P0
S1F1 S3F0 S3F3
S3F3 S1F0 S2!:0
S2F1 S1F3 SiP2
S3F1 S2F3 S2F1
83F2
J
[ S2F2 S1F3S3F0
s 2
1:0 S1F1S2F2
[ S
3F3 S2F3
r
s1
1:2 S3F2 rS3FlS1 Sowing on 16 March S2 = Sowing on 31 March S3 Sowing on 15 April Factors B:
F0 No fertilizer F1 - Cowdung (I Si/ba) 1;2 = Poultry manure (71/ha)
13 = Urea (200 kg/ba) i fp (100 kit/ha) + NIP (100 kg/ha)
Figure 1. Layout of the experimental plot
3.7 Land preparation
The plot selected for conducting the experiment was opened in the lirst week of March 2007 with a power tiller, and was kept exposed to the sun for a week, after one week the land was harrowed, ploughed and cross-ploughed several times followed by laddering to obtain a good tilth condition. Weeds and stubbles were removed, and linally a desirable tilth of soil was obtained for sowing seeds of Gimakalmi. The experimental plot was partitioned into unit plots in accordance with the experimental design. Recommended doses of well decomposed cow dung and chemical fertilizers as indicated below were mixed with the soil of each unit plot.
3.8 Sowing of seeds
Direct sowing method was followed in this experiment and seeds were sown on 16 March, 31 March and 15 April and to seeds were sown in each row where plant to plant distance 30 em and row to row distance 25 cm. Thinning was done on seven days after emergence of seedling and only one seedling was allowed to grow in each location finally 20 plants were kept in a plot. Seeds were also sown around the experimental area check the border effect.
3.9 Application of manure and fertilizers
The fertilizers of urea, 151' and MP were applied in the experimental plot. The entire amounts of MP and TSP were applied during the final preparation of land. Urca was applied in three equal installments at 20, 40 and 60 days after seed sowing of Gimakalmi. The lbllowing amount of manure and fertilizers were used as (Rashid.
1993) shown in Table I.
13
Table I. Dose and method of application of fertilizers in Cimakalmi field
Fertilizers Dose/ha Application (%)
Basal 20 DAT 40 DAT 60 DAT
Cowdung 15 tons 100 -- -- --
Poultry manure 7 tons 100 -- -- --
Nitrogen (as urea)
200 kg -- 33.33 33.33 33.33
TSP 100kg 100 -- -- --
Ml' 100kg 100 -- -- --
3.10 Intercultural operation
After emergence of seedlings, various intercultural operations like irrigation, weeding, fertilizer top dressing etc were accomplished for better growth and development of the (jimakalmi seedlings.
3.10.1 Irrigation and drainage
Over-head irrigation was provided with a watering can to the plots once immediately after germination in every alternate day in the evening. Further irrigation was provided when needed. Stagnant water was drained out at the time ol heavy rain.
3.10.2 Weeding
Weeding was done to keep the plots free from weeds and for better aeration of soil, which ultimately ensured better growth and development. The newly emerged weeds were uprooted carefully after complete emergence of seedling of (limakalmi.
Breaking the crust of the soil was done when needed.
3.103 Top dressing
After basal dose, the remaining doses of urea were top-dressed in 3 equal installments at 20, 40 and 60 DAS. The fertilizers were applied on both sides of plant rows and mixed well with the soil. Ear thing up operation was done immediately after top- dressing with nitrogen fertilizer.
3.11 Plant protection
For controlling leaf caterpillars diazinon @ 1 mIlL water were applied 2 times at an interval of 10 days starting soon after the appearance of infestation- There was no appreciable attack of disease
3.12 harvesting
The first harvest was done from all plots at 30 days of sowing of (limakalmi seeds.
The border plants were not included at harvest. The plants were cut at a height of 5 cm from the ground level and data were recorded on several characters.
3.13 Data collection
1'en plants were randomly selected from each unit plot for the collection of data. The plants in the outer rows and the extreme end of the middle rows were excluded from the random selection to avoid the border effect. Data were recorded on the Ibllowing parameters from the sample plants during the course of experiment.
3.13.1 Plant height (cm)
Plant height was measured in centimeter (cm) from the ground level to the lip of the
plant at 1st. 2nd, 3rd and 4th harvest at 30. 45. 60 and 75 DAS, respectively from 10
sample plants.
3.13.2 Number of leaves per plant
The total number of leaves per plant was counted as the total leaves per plant. Data were recorded as the average of 10 plants selected at random from the inner rows of each plot starting from 30 to 75 DAS at 15 days interval.
3.133 Fresh weight of stems per plant (g
Stem from sampled selected plants were separated and weighed. The average was calculated to get the weight of per plant in gram (g). Data were recorded as the average of 10 plants selected at random from the inner rows of each plot starting from 30 DAS to 75 DAS at 15 days interval.
3.13.4 Dry matter content of stem
Fresh stem of the randomly selected plants was dried in the sun and there in an electrical oven at 72° C for 48 hrs. The dry matter contents of stem were computed according to the Ibilowing formula
Dry weight of stem
% Dry matter of stem =
Fresh weight of stem
Data were recorded as the average of 10 plants selected at random from the inner rows of each plot starting from 30 to 75 DAS at 15 days interval.
3.13.5 Fresh weight of leaves per plant (g)
I .eavcs from sampled selected plants were separated and weighed. The average was calculated to get the weight of per plant in gram (g). Data were recorded as the average of 10 plants selected at random from the inner rows of each plot starting from 30 to 75 DAS at IS days interval.
3.13.6 Dry matter content of leaves
Fresh leaves of the randomly selected plants were dried in the sun and there drying in an electrical oven at 72' C for 48 hrs. The dry matter contents of leaves were computed by according to the Ibilowing fhrmula
Dry weight of leaves
% Dry matter of leaves =
Fresh weight of leaves
Data were recorded as the average of 10 plants selected at random from the inner rows of each plot starting from 30 to 75 DAS at IS days interval.
3.13.7 Yield per hectare
Foliage per plot from sampled selected plants were separated and weighed. The average was calculated to get the weight of per plot in gram (g). Data were recorded as the average of S plants selected at random from the inner rows of each plot starting from 30 to 75 DAS at 15 days interval. Per plot yield was converted into yield per hectare and expressed in metric ton (Q per hectare.
3.14 Statistical analysis
The data obtained for different characters were statistically analyzed to find out the significance of the difference for sowing time and fertilizer management on yield contributing characters and yield of (iimakalmi. The mean values of all the recorded characters were evaluated and analysis of variance was performed by 'F' (variance ratio) test. the significance of the difference of means was estimated by Duncan's Multiple Range l'est (DM ItT) at 5% level of probability (Gomcz and (lomez, 1984).
17
Cha ter4
Results and Discussion
Chapter IV
UFSLIIXS AND DISCUSSION
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dillerent sowing time and fertilizer management on growth and yield ol (iimakalmi. Data on different yield contributing characters and yield at difièrent days afler sowing (DAS) were recorded to lind out the optimum sowing time and fertilizer for (hmakalmi cultivation. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data on differcnt yield components and yield are given in Appendix IV-Vl11. The results have been presented and discussed under the following headings-
4.1 Plant height
A signilicant variation was found on plant height at different days after sowing due to sowing time (Figure 2). During 1st harvest at 30 DAS the longest (17.91 cm) plant was obtained form S2 (sowing on 31 March) which was statistically similar (17.00 cm) to S3 (sowing on 15 April) and the shortest (16.24 cm) plant was recorded form Si (sowing on 16 March). The longest (23.71 cm) plant was recorded from S2 and the shortest (21.49 cm) was Ibund from S1which was statistically similar (22.15 cm) to 53 at 45 DAS at 2nd harvest. At 60 DAS, in 3rd harvest the longest (29.01 cm) plant was recorded from S2 and the shortest (25.38 cm) was recorded Irom S1. which was statistically similar (26.40 cm) to 53. The longest (24.67 em) plant was recorded from 52, while S 1 gave the shortest (18.57 cm) plant. which was followed (21.86 cm) by S3 at 75 DAS at 4th harvest. Gimakalmi plant height increased upto a certain period of time under the prcsent trial than decreased. But the sowing time of 31 March was the best for the growth of plant as compared to other sowing date.
l)ifferent fertilizer management showed significant differences on plant height at 30, 45.60 and 75 DAS (Figure 3)). l)uring 1st harvest at 30 DAS the longest (19.12 cm) plant was obtained from 1:3 (200 kg/ha urea + lOt) kg/ha TSP and 100 kg/ha MP) which was closely (17.41 cm) followed by F (Poultry manure: 7 1./ha), while the shortest (15.38 cm) plant was the control condition i.e. no fertilizer. The longest (24.36 cm) plant was recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (23.45 cm) with F2 and the shortest (19.35 cm) plant was found from control condition i.e. no fertilizer at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest. During 3rd harvest at 60 DAS the longest (30.29 cm) plant was found from F3 which was statistically similar (28.47 cm) to F2 and the shortest (22.96 cm) plant gave the control condition i.e. no fertilizer. The longest (25.55 cm) plant was recorded from F3 which was closely followed (23.02 cm) by F:.
while the shortcst(l8.l4 cm) plant was observed in control condition i.e. no fertilizer.
Chemical fertilizer ensures plant nutrients which help proper growth of plant and the results are the longest plant. It was revealed that tallest plant was found from F30norganie fertilizer) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS. Awal (1989) reported that plant height per plant were significantly increased by increasing manure dose.
The variation was found due to the combined effect of sowing time and fertilizer management in terms of plant height at difibrent days after sowing (Table 2). At 30 DAS during 1st harvest the longest (21.13 cm) plant was recorded from S2F3 (Sowing on 31 March and 200 kg/ha Urea + 100 kg/ha TSP and 100 kg/ha MP) which was similar to S21`2 (19.87 cm) and the shortest (13.18cm) plant was recorded from S2F0 (Sowing on 31 March and no fertilizer). The longest (26.61 cm) plant was found from S2 F3 which was Ibilowed by S2 F1 (24.30 cm) and S21:2 (4.30 cm) while the shortest (18.04 cm) plant3 was recorded from S2F0 at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest. At 60 DAS during 3" harvest.
35 /
30
C
25
0
20
IS
10
1st (30 DASi 02nd 05 DAS) 03rd (60 DAS) 04th (75 I)AS
St 52
Sowing time
SI: Sowing on 16 March Sowing on 31 March Sowing on IS April
Figure 2. Effect of sowing time on plant height ofGirnakalmi at ditierent days after sowing
35 13 1st (30 DAS) 02nd (45 DAS) 03rd (60 DAS) 04th (75 DAS) 30
25 10
Is
Jo, -
El) F: I 1:2 1:3
rcrtili,er
FO: Control
F I: Cowdung (IS tlha) 1:2: Poultry litter (7 tlha)
1:3: Urea (200 ksfha) i TSP (100 kg/ha) ± MP (100 kg/ha) Figure 3. Effect of fertilizers on plant height ofGirnakatrni
at ditThrent days after sowing
20
Table 2. Combined effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on plant height and number of leaves per plant of Gimakalmi at different days after sowing
Treatment Plant height (cm)at different days after sowing Number of leaves at different days after sowing
Combination 1st (30 DAS) 2nd (45 DAS) 3rd (60 DAS)_ 4th (75 DAS) 1st (30DM) 1 2nd (45 DAS) _jL(60 DAS) I 4th (75 DAS)
S1 F0 15.69 a 18.31 (1 23.86 cde 17.44e 28.01 ig 32.51 f 36.35 a 36.84£
S1 F1 15.38e 21.82 c 23.47 de 16.40 a 31.87ef 41.82 ede 52.31 c 50.85 de
SF2 15.84 de 22.25 c 25.40cc! 18.27 de 33.39 ede 42.86 bed 53.46 be 50.27 a
S1 F, 18.05 bed 23.58 be 28.81 be 22.17 be 37.30 abed 44.60 abed 55.30 abc 52.33 cde
S31.- 13.18£ 18.04d 19.63 a 17.30 a 25.26g 31.05 f 35.26 a 35.38f
S2 F1 17.45 cde 24.30 abc 28.73 be 22.50 be 36.13 bade 46.26 aeb 56.92 abc 53.27 cde
S2F2 19.87 ab 25.86 ab 3 3.2 3 ab 28.12 a 39.14 ab 47.48 ab 59.26 ab 57.80 ab
S,F 21.13 a 26.61 a 34.44 a 30.77 a [42.44 a 49.64 a 61.12 a 59.39 a
S3F0 17.26 cde 21.68 c 25.39 ad 19.67 cde 31.95 det' 37.97 e 44.08 d 37.78 f
SF1 16.03 cde 21.80 e 25.79 ad 21.35 bed 32.74 edef 40.56 de 54.49 be 51.09 de
S1F' 16.51 cde 22.23 a 26.78 cd 22.68 be 33.60 cde 41.83 ede 55.03 be 55.69 abc
SF 18.17 be 22.90 c 27.62 ad 23.73 b .96 abc 37 43.67 bed 56.87abc 54.95 bed
LSD<ous) 2.048 2.574 4.573 3.559 4.771 4.661 5.417 3.746
Levelof significance ** ** * ** * *
CV(%) 7.10 6.77 9.90 9.69 8.25 6.60 6.19 9.46
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) difier significantly as per 0.05 level of probability Sowing on 16 March 1:0 : No fertilizer (control)
Si : Sowing on 31 March F : Cowdung: (IS vha) 5, : Sowing on IS April F,: Poultry manure: (7 Lha)
F3 : Inorganic fertilizer (Urea: 200 kit/ha + TSP: 100 kgTha i Ml': 100 kg/ba)
21
The longest (34.44 cm) plant was recorded from S2 F3 (sowing on 31 March) Which was similar to 52 F2 (33.23 cm) and the shortest (19.63 cm) plant was recorded from S2 F0 (Sowing on 3 1 March) and no fertilizer. The longest (30.77 cm) plant was recorded from 521;3. while the shortest (17.30 cm) plant was recorded from S21'0 at 75 DAS in 4th harvest.
From the results it was revealed that both sowing time and inorganic manure favored growth olGiniakalmi.
4.2 Number of leaves plant"
A Remarkable Variation was observed in respect of number of leaves per plant among difibrent sowing time at 30. 45. 60 and 75 DAS(Figure 4) During 1st harvest at 30 DAS the highest (35.74) number of leaves per plant was recorded form S2 (sowing on 31 March) which was statistically similar (34.06) to S (sowing on 15 April) and the lowest (32.64) number of leaves per plant was recorded form 5, (sowing on 16 March). The highest (43.61) number of leaves per plant was found from 52 and the lowest (40.45) was recorded from 5, which was statistically similar (41.00) to 53 at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest. During 3rd harvest at 60 DAS the highest (53.14) number of leaves per plant was recorded from 52 which was statistically similar (52.62) to S3 and the lowest (49.35) was obtained from Si. The highest (51.46) number of leaves per plant was recorded from 52 which was statistically similar (50.62) to S3. while S gave the lowest (49.35) number of leaves per plant at 75 DAS during 4th harvest. It was revealed that sowing time of 31 March was the best for number of leaves per plant compared to other sowing date. It might be caused that the plant which was planted in the March 3 i(S2) Availed relatively favorable environment resulting higher number of leaves per plant.
Application of different fertilizers raveled significantly influence on number of leaves per plant at 30. 45. 60 and 75 DAS (Figure 5). During 1st harvest at 30 DAS the highest
1 S
(39.23) number of leaves per plant was recorded from P3 (200 kg/ha Urea s 100 kg/ha TSP and IOU kg/ha MP) which was closely (35.38) followed by F2 (Poultry manure: 7 t/ha). while the lowest (28.41) was obtained from control condition i.e. no fertilizer.
The highest (45.97) number of leaves per plant was recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (44.06) to 1:2 and the lowest (33.84) number of leaves per plant was found from control condition i.e. no lërtilizer at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest. During 3rd harvest at 60 DAS, the highest (57.76) number of leaves per plant was recorded from 1:3 which was statistically similar (55.92) to F2 and the lowest (38.57) number of leaves per plant was obtained from control condition i.e. no fertilizer. The highest (55.56) number of leaves per plant was recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (54.59) to F2. while the lowest (36.66) number of leaves per plant was recorded from control condition i.e. no fertilizer during the harvest at 75 DAS. It was found that the maximum number of leaves obtained from inorganic fertilizer. The trend of the result that inorganic fertilizer increases number of leaves per plant. I lamid et al.(1 986) conducted significant variation among the different nitrogen treatment in number of leaves of Indian spinach.
Combined cflbet of sowing time and fertilizer management in terms of number of leaves per plant at different days alter sowing showed significant differences (fable 2). At 30 DAS during 1st harvest the highest (42.44) number of leaves per plant was recorded from the treatment combination of S21`; (Sowing on 31 March and 200 kg/ha Urea + 100 kg/ha TSP and 100 kg/ha MP) and the lowest (25.26) number of leaves per plant was obtained from S217- (Sowing on 31 March and no fertilizer). The highest (49.64) number of leaves per plant was recorded from SF;. while the lowest (31.05) number of leaves per plant was found from S'F( at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest. At 60 DAS during 3rd harvest the highest (61.12) number of leaves per plant was obtained from S2173. and the lowest (31.05) number of leaves per plant was recorded from S2F0. The highest (59.39) number of leaves per plant
23
o It (30 JAN) 02nd 05 F)AS) 03rd (60 DAS) 04th (75 DAN) 60
55 C- C) C- 50
I
40 45 3530
SI 52 5;
Sowing time
SI: Sowing on tG March Sowing on 31 March Sowing on 15 April
Figure 4. Effect of sowing time on number of Icaves per plant ofGimakalmt at different days after sowing
65 fl 1st (31) DAN) 0 2nd (45 I)AN) 60 03rd (60 DAN) (34111 (75 DAN)
FIR
45
30
Fcrtili,ct
FO: Controt
F I: Cowdung (15 i/ha) 1:2: Poultry litter (7 i/ha)
F3: Urea (200 ku/ha) + ISP (100 kg/ha) •I MP (100 kg/ha) Figure 5. Effect of fertilizers on number of leaves per plant of
(uimakalmi at different days after sowing
24
was recorded from SF3. while the treatment combination of S2170 showed the lowest (35.38) number of leaves per plant during 75 DAS in 4th harvest. This result showed that
the highest nuniber of leaves was found in S2F3 at 60 DAS.
4.3 Fresh weight of stem plant'
(jima Kalmi plant varied significantly difference at 30 45. 60 and 75 days after sowing due to planting of different time (Figure 6) During 1st harvest at 30 DAS, the highest (12.52 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded form S2 (sowing on 31 March) and the lowest (11.67 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was obtained form 8, (sowing on 16 March) which was statistically similar (11.80 g) to S3 (sowing on IS April). The highest 0 (20.52 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded from 52 and the lowest (19.21 g) was found from 53 which was statistically similar (19.74 g) to S1 at 45 DAS at 2nd harvest. At 60 DAS. in 3rd harvest, the highest (24.38 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was obtained from 52 and the lowest (21.58 g) was recorded from S1 which was statistically similar (23.19 g) to S. The highest (19.09 g) fresh weight of stem per plant
in
was recorded from S3, while S, gave the lowest (17.41 g) fresh weight of stem per plant which was followed (19.09 g) by S2 at 75 DAS during 4ih harvest. It was revealed that the highest fresh weight of stem was recorded sowing on 31 March. It might be caused due to availed relatively favorable environment.
Dillèrcnt fertilizer management showed significant differences on fresh weight of stem per plant at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS (Figure 7). During 1st harvest at 30 DAS, the highest (13.18 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded front F3 (Urea: 200 kg/ha + TSP:
100 kg/ha and M P: 100 kg/ha) which was closely (12.27 g) followed by F2 (Poultry
manure: 7 tlha). while the lowest (10.83 g) was found from control condition i.e. no
fertilizer. The highest (20.67 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was obtained from F3 which
was statistically similar (20.47 g) to F2 and the lowest (18.10 g) fresh weight of stem per
Harvcsting time
Sl: Sowing on 16 March Sowing on 31 March Sowing on 15 April
Figure 6. Effect of sowing time on fresh weight of stem per plant ofGimakalmi at different days after sowing
— 26 29 24 a 2'
0-
. 20 E U
to 16 '4 l.a 12
U-
In
IsI (3(1 DAS) 2nd (45 DAS) 3rd (60 DAS) 4th (75 DAS) I Iarvcsting time
FO: Control
El: Cowdung (15 tlha) Poultry lifter (7 tlha)
Urea (200 kg/ha)± TSP(lOO kg/ha) + MP(lO0 kg/ha) Figure 7. Effect of fertilizers on fresh weight of stem per
— plant ofGimakatmi at dittèrent days after sowing —
26
plant was recorded from control condition i.e. no fertilizer at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest.
During 3rd harvest at 60 DAS. the highest (24.76 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (24.44 g) with F2 and the lowest (19.98 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was found from control condition i.e. no fertilizer. The highest (20.36 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (19.73 g) to 1:2, while the lowest (15.46 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was obtained from control condition i.e. no fertilizer, at 75 DAS during 4th harvest.
The variation was found due to the combined ellect of sowing time and fertilizer management in terms of fresh weight of stem per plant at different days after sowing (Table 4). At 30 DAS during 1st harvest the highest (14.27 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded from S2F3 (Sowing on 31 March and 200 kg/ha Urea I IOU kg/ha .1-SF and 100 kg/ha MP) which was similar (13.19 g) to S2F2. and the lowest (10.18 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was obtained from S2F0 (Sowing on 31 March and no lCrtilizer).
The highest (21.88 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded from S2 F3. while the
lowest Cl 7.44 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded from S2F0 at 45 DAS during
2nd harvest, which was similar to S21-1 (21.33 g) and S2F2 (21.71 g). At 60 DAS during
3rd harvest the highest (27.25 g) fresh weight of stem per plant was obtained from S2F3,
which was statistically similar to S2172 (26.64 g) and S3172 (25.02 g) and the lowest (19.16
g) fresh weight of stem per plant was recorded from S2F0. The highest (21.69 g) fresh
weight of stem per plant was recorded from S21"3, while the lowest (14.16 g) fresh weight
of stem per plant was recorded from S21`0 at 75 DAS during the 4th harvest.
4.4 Dry matter content of stem
There was significant variation on dry matter content of stem at different days after sowing (Table 3). The maximum (114%) dry matter content of stem was found from
S228
Table 3. Effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on dry matter content of stem at different days after sowing
Treatment (S) Dry matter content (%) of stem at different days after sowing
1st (30 DAS) 2nd (45 DAS) I 3rd (60 DAS) 4th (75 DAS)
Sowing time
2.32 c 3.81 4.03 b 3.99 b
3.14 a 4.02 5.14 a 5.00 a
3.11a 4.87 5.04a 4.121,
LSD( o 051 0.531 0.912 0.634 0.457
Level of significance ** NS * *
CV(%) 7.23 5.45 6.49 7.51
Fertilizer management
F0 [ 2.72 c 3.85 3.96 c 4.09 c
F1 324 b 4.14 4.19 b 4.29 bc
F2 3.93 b 4.19 4.30 b 4.46b
4.25 a 4.50 4.77 a 4.97 it
LSD 005) 0.241 0.516 0.222 0.361
Level of significance J NS ** **
CV(%) 7.12 8.15 6.96 15.51
In a column means having similar letler(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level ofprobabiliiy S1 : Sowing on 16 March F0 : No fertilizer (control)
S, Sowing 01131 March F1 : Cowdung: (15 vlla) Sowing on 15 April F2 : Poultry manure: (7 cita)
Inorganic fertilizer (Urea: 200 kg/ha + TSP: LOU kg/ha - NIP: 100 kg'ha)
Table 4. Combined effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on fresh weight and dry matter content of stem at different days alter sowing of Gimakalmi
Treatment Fresh weight (g) of stem at different days afler sowing I Dry matter content (%) of stein at different days after sowing Combination 1st (30 DAS) 2nd (45 DAS) 1 3rd (9DAS) 4th (75 DAS) I 1st (30 DAS) i 2nd (45 DAS) 3rd (60 DAS) 4th (75 DAS)
SF 10.82 fg 17.62 e 1 20.20 Ig 15.90 fg 2.52 3.83 be 3.99 c 4.04
S1 F1 11.42 def 19.35d 21.444 17.43 del 3.08 3.97 b 4.11 be 4.14
S1 F2 11.72 cdef 19.81 cd 21.76 defg 17.58 dcl 3.12 4.00ah 4.16bc 4.22
S1 F3 12.83 be 20.09 bed 22.80 cdef 18.93 bed 3.28 4.15 ab 4,40 ab 4.48
S2 F0 10.18g 17.44e 19.16g 14.16g 2.93 3.93 It 4.55ab 4.54
S41 12.45 bede 21.33 abc 24.48 be 18.99 bed 3.49 4.08 ab 4.66 a 4.64
SF2 13.19 ab 21.71 ab 26.64 ab 20.92 abc 3.53 4.10 ab 4.72 a 4.73
S2F 14.27 a 21.88 a T_27.25 a 21.69 a 3.69 4.26 ab 4.95 a 4.98
S3F0 11.49 cdef 19.24 d 20.71 efg 16.32 ef 2.91 4.36 ab 4.50 a 4.10
S5F1 11.28 efg 20.03 ed 23.02 cde 18.51 cde 3.47 4.50 ab 4.61 a 4.20
S3F3 11.89 cdef 21.01 ed 25.02 abe 20.87 ab 3.52 4.53 ab 4.67 a 4.29
S1F 12.49 bed 21.29 bed 24.24 bcd 20.74 abc 3.68 4.68 a 4.90 a 4.54
LSD(OMS) 1.103 I 1.533 2.361 2.052 1.425 0.729 0.527 1.82
Level of significance ** ** ** NS a * NS
CV(o) 5.42 12.57 1_6.05 5.98 6.03 7.19 8.06 9.26
lit a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically similar and those havine dissimilar letter(s) differ signiticantly as per 0.05 level of probability S1 : Sowing on 16 March 1:0 No fertilizer (control)
Sowin2 on 31 March F1 : Cowdung: (IS vha) Sowing on IS April F : Poultry manure: (7 t/ha)
F3 : Inorganic fertilizer (Urea: 200 kg/ha + TSP: 100 kgjha . NIP: 100 kg/ha)
30
which was statistically similar (3.11%) to S3 and treatment Si had the lowest (2.32%) dry matter of stem at 30 DAS. At 45 DAS the maximum (4.87%) dry matter content of stem was found from 53 and treatment S had the lowest (3.8 1%) dry matter of stem. The maximum (5.14%) dry matter content of stem was found from S
7which was statistically similar (5.04%) to 83 and treatment S1 gave the lowest (4.03%) dry matter of stem at 60 DAS. At 75 DAS the maximum (5.00%) dry matter content of stem was found from S
2which was closely lol towed by
53(4.12%) and treatment
S1gave the lowest (3.99%) dry matter of stem.
Significant differences were obtained due to application of fertilizer management ('Fable 3). The highest (4.25%) dry matter was recorded from F
3while the lowest (2.72%) was obtained from control condition at 30 DAS. At 45 DAS the highest (4.50%) dry matter was recorded from F while the lowest (3.85%) was obtained from control condition. The highest (4.77%) dry matter was recorded from F
3while the lowest (196%) was obtained from control condition at 60 DAS. At 75 DAS the highest (4.97%) dry matter was recorded from F; while the lowest (4.09%) was obtained from control condition. From the observation it was Ibund that the highest result showed in F
3(inorganic fertilizer). Thepossible reason regarding high dry matter of stem is that proper dose of inorganic fertilizer uptake other nutrient in balance condition 'which accumulated more plant nutrient that gave more dry matter in stem.
Conthined effect of sowing time and fertilizer manage showed significant differences at
30. 45. 60 and 75 DAS (fable 4). At 30 DAS, the maximum (3.69%) dry matter was
obtained front the treatment combination of 5
2173and the minimum (2.52%) was found
from S,F0 . The maximum (4.68%) dry matter was obtained from the treatment
combination of S
3F3and the minimum (3.83%) was found from S
1F0 at 45 DAS. At 60DAS. the maximum (4.95%) dry matter was obtained from the treatment combination of S2F1 and the minimum (3.99%) was found from S1F0. The maximum (4.98%) thy matter was obtained from the treatment combination of S21-'3 and the minimum (4.04%) was
found from 51F0 at 75 DAS.
4.5 Fresh weight of leaves per plant
Sowing time showed significant differences in respect to fresh weight of leaves per plant at different days after sowing in different harvest (Fable 5). During 1 harvest at 30 DAS the highest (39.25 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from 52 (sowing on 31 March) and the lowest (35.69 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was Ibund from Si (sowing on 16 March) which was statistically similar (37.06 g) with 53 (sowing on 15 April). The highest (63.75 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was obtained from 52 and the lowest (60.12 g) was recorded from 53 which was statistically similar (60.60 g) to Si at 45 DAS at I harvest. At 60 DAS in 3rd harvest the highest (84.44 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was obtained from 52 and the lowest (79.40 g) was found from Si which was closely tbllowed (82.02 g) by S3. The highest (76.00 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from 53 which was statistically similar (74.47 g) to S2. while S gave the lowest (71.86 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant at 75 DAS during 4th harvest. From the observation it was found that [lie highest fresh weight of leaves per plant obtained from S2 at 60 DAS it might be caused due to availed favorable environment.
Application of Different fertilizer showed sigsifieant influence in respect to fresh weight of leaves per plant at 30. 45, 60 and 75 DAS (Table 5). At 1st harvest at 30 DAS the highest (41.77 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from F3 (200 kg/ha Urea + 100 kg/ha TSP and 100 kg/ha MP), while the lowest (32.63 g) was recorded from control condition i.e. no fertilizer. The highest (66.43 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was
32
recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (64.17 g) to F2 and the lowest (52.82 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from control condition i.e. no fertilizer at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest. During 3 harvest at 60 DAS the highest (88.34 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (86.37 g) to F2 and the lowest (69.32 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from control condition i.e. no fertilizer. The highest (80.31 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from F3 which was statistically similar (78.70 g) to F2. while the lowest (62.24 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from control condition. It was appeared that the height fresh weight of leaves was found from F3 (Inorganic fertilizer). The possible reason regarding high fresh weight of leaves is the proper dose of inorganic fertilizer uptake other nutrient in balance condition which accumulated more plant nutrient that gave more fresh weight of leaves. Awal (1989) reported that the fresh weight of leaves per plant increase by increasing fertilizer dose.
The Significant differences were recorded due to the combined efiCet of sowing time and fertilizer management in erms of fresh weight of leaves per plant at different days after sowing (Table 6). At 30 DAS during 1st harvest the highest (45.61 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was obtained from S2 F3 (Sowing on 31 March and 200 kg/ha tirca F 100 kg/ha TSP and 100 kg/ha MP) which was statistically similar (42.08 g) to S21-2 and the lowest (30. 13 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from S2 F0 (Sowing on 31 March and no fertilizer). The highest (71.02 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from S2F3 which was similar to 821:2 (68.73 g) while the lowest (48.77 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was lound from S2F0 at 45 DAS during 2nd harvest. At 60 DAS in 3rd harvest the highest (93.82 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded from
S21--3 which was statistically similar (91.54 g) to S2172 and the lowest (65.34 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was found from The highest (84.89 g) fresh weight of leaves per
TableS. Effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on fresh weight of leaves and dt' matter content of leaves of Gimakalmi
Treatment(s) Fresh weight of leaves at different days after sowing I Dry matter content of leaves (%)at different days after sowing 1st (30 DAS) I 2nd (45 DAS) 3rd (60 DAS) I 4th (75 DAS) 1st (30 DAS) I 2nd (45 DAS) 3rd (60 DAS) I 4th (75 DAS) Sowing time
1 60.12 b 79.40c 71.86h 16.10 b 7.29 b 19.03 b 9.41
S2 39.2511 63.75 a 84.44 a 76.00 a 6.81 a 7.91 a 9.64 a 10.13 a
S1 37.06 b 60.60 b 82.02 b 74.47 a 5.86 h 7.18 b 8.96 b 9.36 b
1.890 2.588 2.061 2.544 0.394 0.591 0.536 0.607
Level of significance * * * 4* ** ** ** **
CV(%) 5.98 I4.97 1 10.97 8.06 7.43 9.35 6.86 7.44
Fertilizer management
F0 32.63 c 52.82 c 69.32 c 62.24 c 5.27 c 5.97 c 7.86 c 7.91 c
F1 36.70 b 62.53 b 83.78 b 75.18 b 6.19 h 7.27 b 9.05 b 9.57 b
F2 38.23 b 64.17 ab 86.37 a 78.70 a 6.58 ab 8.11 a 9.76 a 10.36 a
F1 41.77 a 66.43 a 88.34 a 80.31 a 6.98a 8.50 a 10.17 a 10.69 a
2.182 2.988 2.379 2.938 0.454 0.682 0.618 0.701
Level of significance ** 4* *4 _4* *4 ** ** *4
CV(%) 5.98 4.97 10.97 8.06 7.43 9.35 6.86 J7.44
In a column means having s3nhiIar letter(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability Sowing on 16 March F : No fertilizer (control)
S2 Sowing on 31 March F 1 : Cowdung: IS t/ha Sowing on IS April F: Poultry manure: 7 tlia
F;: Inorganic fertilizer (Urea: 200 kg:ba TSP: 100 kgha NIP: 100 kg/ha)
34
Table 6. Combined effect of sowing time and fertilizer management on fresh weight of leaves and dry matter content of leaves ofCimakalmi
Treatment Fresh weight of leaves (g) at different days after sowing Dr matter content of leaves (%) at different days after sowing Combination 1st (30 DAS) 2nd (45 DAS) 3rd (6ODAS) 4th (75 DAS) 1st (30 DAS) I 2nd (45 DAS) 3rd (60 DAS) 4th (75 DAS)
32.30ef 51.95 f 7031 e 64.19d 5.37d 6.02ef 7.94 a 830d
S1 F1 35.65 de 61.78 ede 80.97 d 73.99 e 5.93 bed 6.49 ede 8.91 ede 9.56 bed
S1F1 36.01 de 62.91 ede 81.72 cd 77.36 e 6.40 be 7.97 bed 9.57 bed 9.82 be
S1 F 39.24 bed 64.88 bed 84.91 bed 76.36 be 6.71 b 8.23 be 9.70 be 9.89 be
S21.-0 30.13 f 48.77 f
S2F1 39.18 bed 66.47 abe
65.34 f 59.83 d 87.27 b 76.95 be
5.13 d 5.11 f 6.73 b 7.81 bed
6.75 1
9.78 be
6.65 a 10.25 h
S2F2 42.08 ab 68.73
a
91.54 a 82.48 a 7.60 it 9.01 ab 10.70 ab 11.75 aS7F1 45.61 a 71.02 a 93.82 a 84.89 a 7.77 a 9.72 a 11.32 a 11.88 a
S1F(, 35.59 de 57.74 e 72.29 e 62.90 d 5.32 d 6.86 de 9.05 ede 8.78 cd
S3F1 1 35.77 de 59.96 de 83.73 bed 74.80 be 5.91 bed 6.99 ada 8.45 de 8.91 bed
SF1 36.73 ad 61.33 ede 85.85 be 80.41 ab 5.76 cd 7.49ed 9.10 We 9.49 bed
SF1 40.45 be 63.38 bede 86.86 b 79.87 ab 6.44bc 7.61 cd 9.50 cd 10.24 b
LSD WQc ) 3.780 5.176 4.121 5.089 0.787 1.182 1.071 1.214
Level olsigiiificancc * *4 4* * *4 * * 4
CV(%) 1 5.98 4.97 10.97 8.06 7.43 9.35 16.86
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability Sowina on 16 March 1.-0 : No fertilizer (control)
5: : Sowing on 31 March F1 : Cowdung: (IS t/ha) Sowing on 15 April F2 : Poultry manure: (7 i/ha)
Inorganic fertilizer (Urea: 200 kg'ha 4 TSP: 100 kgha + NIP: 100 kg:lia)
35
plant was recorded from S 2F 3 which was similar to S2F2 (82.48 g), S3172 (80.41 g) and S.ih (79.87 g) while the lowest (59.73 g) fresh weight of leaves per plant was recorded 1mm S2F0 at 75 DAS during 4th harvest.
4.6 Dry matter content of leaves
There had a variation of dry matter content of leaves among three sowing time at different days aller sowing (Table 5).During I" harvest at 30 DAS the highest (6.8 1%) dry matter content of leaves was recorded form 52 (sowing on 31 March) and treatment 5T showed the lowest (5.86%) dry matter which was statistically similar (6.10%) to 53 (sowing on 15 April). The highest (7.9 1%) dry matter content of leaves was recorded from Sz and the lowest (7.18%) was obtained from S3 which was statistically similar (7.29%) with S1 at 45 DAS during the 2 harvest. At 60 DAS during the 3" harvest the highest (9.64%) dry matter content of leaves was recorded from 52 and the lowest (8.961/o) was recorded from S3 which was closely followed (9.03%) by S3. The highest (10.13%) dry matter content of leaves was recorded from 53, while S1 gave the lowest (9.36%) dry matter content of leaves which was statistically similar (9.41%) to S2 at 75 DAS during 4th
harvest. It was revealed that the highest dry matter content of leaves was found from S3 as 75 DAS. It might be caused due to availed favorable environment.
Application of Different fertilizer showed signi licant differences with respect to dry matter content of leaves at 30. 45. 60 and 75 DAS (Table 5). I)uring the JSI harvest at 30 DAS the
