J.Sher-e-BangiaAgric.Univ.,8(1). 13-22,January 2014 ISSN 1997-6038
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR COMBATING ANGOUMOIS GRAIN MOTH (Sitotroga cerealella)
POPULATION AT DIFFERENT GENERATION
T. Akter", M. Jaharr' and M. AU3
ABSTRACT
Effect of integrated management approach was studied for combating angoumois grain moth. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) at different generation in terms of adult emergence, adult longevity and population ratio during the period from March 2011 to September. 2011 in the Department of Entomology. Sher-e- Bangia Agricultural University. Dhaka. Bangladesh. The treatments of the studies were: Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gmJkg (T,); Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use ofdried tobacco leaves powder @5.0 gmJkg (T2); Sanitation +useofinsecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gmJkg (T); Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried tobacco leaves powder @5.0 gmlkg (T,); Sanitation +Release of Trichogramma evanescense after 30 days interval (number of Trichogramma =lOO/plastic container or replication (Ts): Sanitation +Application offumigant practice with phosphine gas with doses depending on the temperature and humidity and the pest population (To) and Untreated control (T,). The study was laid out inaCompletely Randomized Design (CRD) with fourreplications. In I"generation no adults emerged in Totreatment which was followed byT, (9.67) whereas the highest (38.00) adult was recorded in T, (untreated control) treatment. Similar trend of adult emergence was observed in 2""
generation and 3'dgeneration of the pest. In I"generation no adult longevity was recorded in Totreatment whereas the highest (10.00 days) adult longevity was recorded in T, treatment. Statistically significant variation was recorded for number of female. male and their ratio for Ist. 2"" and 3'd generation of angoumois grain moth instored rice grain due to integrated management approaches.
Keywords: angoumois grain moth iSitotroga cerealella), integrated management approach. adult emergence, adult longevity, population ratio
INTRODUCTION
Rice is the most important cereal crop and staple food in Bangladesh. The demand for rice is constantly rising in Bangladesh with nearly 2.3 million people being added each year to her of about 120 million (Anon, 2001). Maintenance of reserve food grain stocks is necessary to ensure a continuous supply at stable prize. Losses due to insect infestation are the most serious problems in grain storage, particularly in the cases of developing countries like Bangladesh. The harvested crops or grains are stored in storage. The stored grains suffer seriously from the attack of a number of insect pests. Now a-days, pest control by botanicals have been proposed as potential pest control measures in the world. But very few works have so far been done in Bangladesh on botanical use as pesticides.
Many preventive and effective control measures have been reported to minimize the loss of stored grains due to insect attack.
At
present, in many areas of the world locally available plants and plant materials have been widely used to protect stored product against damage by insect attack (Golob and Webley, 1980; Talukder and Howse, 1993). Because of undesirable side effects of the use ofsynthetic'&3 Associate Professor & Professor, Department of Entomology. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207.
Bangladesh .• 2Professor. Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
or chemical pesticides, this awareness has created a worldwide interest in the development of alternative strategies, including the search for new types of insecticides and use of age-old traditional botanicals pest control agents (Heyda et al., 1983). In ancient times, Egyptian farmers used to mix the stored grains with fine kitchen ashes (Abdel-Gawaad and Khatab, 1985). During 1690, tobacco was used as contact insecticides and in 1773 nicotine fumigation was trying (Famulu, 1992). Indo-Pakistani farmers use biskatali for the control of stored grain pests, while various Nigerian tribes use roots, stems and leaves of plants (Ahmed and Khatab, 1985; Ahmed and Grainge, 1986). The main advantages of botanical are that these can be easily produced by farmers, less expensive, biodegradable, broad spectrum, safe to apply and unique in action. Most of the botanical insecticides are non-hazardous and non-toxic to human. The earlier studies by different authors (Islam, 1987; Talukder and Howse, 1993, 1994; Haque and Husain, 1993) also established the successful actions of different plant parts and extracts against different major stored product insect pests.
Few scientific research works have done to explore locally available plant materials for the management of harmful insect pests in storage like angoumois grain moth. Present studies were under taken to assess effectiveness of integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth at different generation on adult emergence, adult longevity and population ratio.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Sher-e- Bangladesh Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from March 2011 to September, 2011. For the experiments, de-infested rice variety BR-ll, collected from farrners house of Chhagalnyaiya, Feni was used. The neem leaves used for the experiments were collected from trees from in and around the university campus. The tobacco leaves, neem seed kernels, malathion-57EC and fumigant aluminum phosphide used were purchased from the local market of Moulobibazar, Dhaka. Parasitoids Trichogramma evanescense Westwood were collected from Ispahani Bio-Tec, Konabari, Gazipur. The plastic containers used for this experiment were also purchased from the local market of Kawranbazar, Dhaka. The insect S.cerealella (Olivier) was reared from pure culture on rice of BR-Il to ensure the continuous supply of adults. The details of the experiments including the rearing of the test insect de-infestation of grains and different botanicals are furnished below:
Male and female moths were sorted under a simple microscope by their abdominal tergites and size of the body. One hundred pairs of S.cerealella (Olivier) were introduced into a plastic containers (26 em height x 110 em diameter) containing 1 kg of de-infested rice grains. The mouth of the container was covered by fine mesh nylon nets and kept in the laboratory at the prevailing temperature and relative humidity. The insects were allowed to mate and to lay eggs for seven days and then the adults were separated. The rice grains with eggs were kept for 25 days to develop into adults and then the adult emergence was observed. One- day old adults were sorted from rice grains and were used for the study. Before artificial infestation of rice grains with moths, the rice grains of BR-l1 variety was dried in the sun for de-infestation as suggested by Nawab et al. (1980). Petri-dishes (l.0 ern height X 6 em diameter) were used to set the experiment. For this experiment, 250 gm of de-infested rice seeds was kept in each of the seven sterilized plastic containers in each of the replications. Firstly, leaves were washed in running water in the laboratory. Then the plant materials were kept in the shady open place for air-drying znd then were dried in the oven at 60°C to grain constant weight. Dusts were prepared by pulverizing the dried leaves with the help of a grinder. Then dusts were passed through a 25-mesh diameter sieve to obtain fine and uniform material. The dusts were preserved in airtight condition in polythene bags tillits use as described by Chitra et al. (1993).
After then treatments of this experiment were applied on the upper layer of the seeds in each container.
Treatments
The treatments of the experiment are given below:
T1: Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (Sanitation) +Use of dried neem leaves powder @ 10 gm /kg
T2: Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (Sanitation) + Use of dried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gm /kg
T3: Sanitation +Use of insecticide (Malathion-57 EC, concentration 0.025%) in the empty bins as preventive measure +Use of dried neem leaves powder @ 10 gm /kg
T4: Sanitation +Use of insecticide (Malathion-57 EC, concentration 0.025%) in the empty bins as preventive measure +Use of dried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gm /kg
Ts: Sanitation +Release Trichogramma evanescense in 30 days interval
T6: Sanitation +Application of fumigant Phosphine gas (alluminium phosphatide tablet) with does depending on the temperature and humidity and the pest population
T7: Control
Afterwards 5 pairs of adult moth (male & female) were released in each container. There were 4 replications considering each container as a replication. The significance of the difference among the treatment means was estimated by the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level (Gomez and Gomez 1984). Data on healthy and infested rice grain by weight and by number were recorded and % of infestation and reduction of infestation over control was estimated. Thus this study was made in three generations of these insects in separately. So in this experiment two more sets with 4 replications were taken for this study purpose. 1srset for 1stgeneration, 2nd set for 2nd generation and 3rd set for 3rd
generation were observed respectively.
To determine the per cent of damaged rice seeds, number of seeds having hole and normal seeds were counted per container or replicate and per cent of damaged seeds were calculated by using the following formula-
91 f d d dsi Total no. of seeds - no .of healthy seeds 100 o0 amage see s m no.= Total no. of seeds x
% Infestation (by Number) =Number of infested seeds xl 00 Total no. of seeds
. . Weight of infested seeds
%Infestation (by weight) = T t Io a weig. ht0fsee sd x 100
01. I I' • ducti (% Infestation in control- % Infestation in the concerned treatment) x 100
-10 ntestation re uction = %Infestation in control
RESULTS
The study was conducted to develop of an integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) in stored rice grain.
Adult emerged: Adult emerged for 1
S\
2nd and 3rd generation varied significantly due to integrated ....management approaches for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain . At 1st generation no adultswere emerged in T6(Sanitation +Application of fumigant with phosphine gas with doses depending on the temperature and humidity and the pest population) treatment which was followed (9.67, 13.33 and 14.33) by T, (Sanitation + Release Trichogramma evanescense Westwood after 30 days interval (number of Trichogramma
=
100/plastic container or replication), T4 (Sanitation +use of insecticide in(fIe em~(y bins as preventative measure
+Use of dn'ed tobacco leaves powder ~ ~(/ gmlkgj and r;
(Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gm/kg) treatment respectively, whereas the highest (38.00) adult was recorded in
T7 (untreated control) treatment which was followed (26.00 and 18'()0) by T3 (Sanitation + use of insecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gm/kg) and TI (Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gm/kg) treatment (Table 1). At 2nd generation the lowest (9.67) adults were emerged in T6 treatment which was statistically similar (15.00 and 18.(0) by T4 and T2 treatment respectively and closely followed (27.67) by T5, whereas the highest (199.33) adult was recorded in T7 treatment which was followed (114.33) by T3 treatment. At 3rd generation the lowest (16.33) adults were emerged in T4 treatment which was statistically similar (17.67) by Tz treatment and closely followed (41.00 and 42.(0) by T6 and T5 respectively, whereas the highest (270.00) in T7 which was followed by T3 treatment (187.00).
Table 1. Effect of integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth at 1St,2Dd, 3rdgeneration in terms of adult emergence
*Treatment Adult emerged at
1" generation 2ndgeneration 3mgeneration
TI 18.00 be 56.33 c 83.33 c
Tl 14.33 c 18.00 de 17.67 e
T3 26.00 b 114.33 b 187.00 b
T. 13.33 c 15.00e 16.33 e
T~ 9.67 c 27.67 d 42.00 d
T6 O.OOd 9.67 e 41.00 d
T7 38.00 a 199.33 a 270.00 a
LSD(o.o~) 9.219 9.943 22.31
Level of Significance 0.01 O.oI 0.01
CV(%) 10.88 9.03 13.57
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability and numeric data represents the mean value of 4 replications
*
T1: Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) + Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gm/kg; T2: Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gm/kg; T3:Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried neem kamel powder @10 gm/kg; T.:Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gm/kg; T~:Sanitation +Release Trichogramma evanescense after 30 days interval (number of Trichogramma
=
loo/plastic container or replication; T6: Sanitation +Application of fumigant practice with phosphine gas with doses depending on the temperature and humidity and the pest population andT7:Untreated controlAdult longevity: Adult longevity showed statistically significant variation due to integrated management approaches for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain. At 1'( generation no adult longevity was recorded in T6 treatment which was closely followed (2.33 days and 3.00 days) by T4 and T2 treatment, respectively, whereas the highest (10.00 days) adult longevity was recorded in T7 treatment which was followed (6.67 days) by TJ treatment. At 2nd generation the lowest (2.33 days) adult longevity was recorded in T4 treatment which was closely followed (4.67 days) by T2treatment, whereas the highest (10.00 days) adult longevity was recorded in T5 and T7 treatment which was statistically identical (9.67 days) with T6 and closely followed (6.33 days and 6.67 days) by T3 and TI treatment. At 3rd generation the lowest (3.00 days) adult longevity was recorded in T4 treatment which was closely followed (5.00 days) by Tz treatment, whereas the highest (10.00 days) adult longevity was recorded in Ts, T6 and T7 treatment which was closely followed (7.33 days and 7.67 days) by T3 and TI treatment and they were statistically identical (Table 2).
Table 2. Effect of integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth, S.
cerealella at 1'" 2nd, 3rd generation in terms of adult longevity
Treatment Adult longevity at
1"generation 2ndgeneration 3"' generation
TI 6.67b 6.67 b 7.67b
T2 3.00 d 4.67 c 5.00 c
TJ 5.67 c 6.33 b 7.33b
T4 2.33 d 2.33 d 3.00 d
T5 10.00a 10.00a 10.00a
T. O.OOe 9.67 a 10.00a
T, 10.00 a 10.00 a 10.00 a
LSD(O.05) 0.937 1.268 1.081
LevelofSignificance 0.01 0.01 0.01
CV(%) 9.93 10.20 8.15
In acolumn means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability and numeric data represents themean valueof 4 replications
TI:Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried neem kamel powder@ 10 gm/kg;
T2: Cleanliness ofthe storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use ofdried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gm/kg; TJ: Sanitation +use ofinsecticide in the empty binsaspreventative measure +Use of dried neem kameIpowder @10 grn/kg; T.:Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use ofdried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0gmlkg; T5:Sanitation +Release Trichogramma evanescense after30 days interval (number ofTrichogramma =100/plastic container or replication; T6: Sanitation +Application of fumigant practice with phosphine gas with doses depending onthe temperature and humidity and the pestpopulation andT,: Untreated control
Status of female, male and their ratio in 1'" 2nd and 3rd generation ofS.cerealella
Statistically significant variation was recorded in terms of number female, male and their ratio under the present trial due to integrated management approaches for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain.
In case of 1st generation: Statistically significant variation was recorded for number of female, male and their ratio for 1st generation of angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain due to integrated management approaches for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain (Table 3). In case of female, the highest (23.33) number of female was recorded in T7which was closely followed (13.33) byT3, while the lowest (0.00) number was recorded in T6which was closely followed (8.00, 7.00, 6.33 and 5.33) by T1, T4,T2 and T5, treatment, respectively and they were statistically similar. In case of male, the highest (17.67) number of male was recorded in T7 which was closely followed (11.67, 10.00, 8.00, 6.00) by T3, T\, T2and T4 and they were statistically similar, whereas the lowest (0.00) number was recorded in T6which was followed (4.33) by T5, treatment. In case of female and male ratio, the highest ratio (1.34) w~ecorded in T7 which was statistically identical with the other treatment except T6treatment where no insects were recorded.
In case of 3rd generation: Statistically significant variation was recorded for number of female, male and their ratio were non-significant for 2ndgeneration of angournois grain moth in stored rice grain due to integrated management approaches for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain (Table 4). In case of female, the highest (100.00) number of female was recorded in T7which was closely followed (49.00) by T3, while the lowest (4.33) number was recorded in T6 which was statistically identical (8.33) by T2and T5,treatment, respectively. In case of male, the highest (99.33) number of male was recorded in T7which was closely followed (65.33) byT3, again the lowest (5.33) number was recorded in T6which was statistically identical (6.67 and 9.67) by T4and T2treatment. In case of female and male ratio, the highest ratio (I.26) was recorded in T4 and the lowest (0.51) was recorded in T1
treatment.
17
Table 3. Effect of integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth, S.
cerealella in terms of female and male and their ratio for angoumois grain moth in d . I"
store rice gram at generatIOn
*Treatment Female Male Ratio (Female: Male)
T, 8.00 c 10.00 be 0.91 a
T2 6.33 c 8.00be 0.76 a
T3 13.33 b 11.67 b 1.28a
T4 7.00 c 6.00 bc 1.30 a
r,
5.33 c 4.33 cd 1.33aT6 , 0.00 d 0.00 d 0.00 b
T7 23.33 a 17.67 a 1.34 a
LSD(o.os) 4.834 5.458 0.648
Significance level 0.01 0.05 0.01
CV(%)
.
12.51 17.83 13.35Ina column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per0.05 levelof probability and numeric data represents themean value of4replications
*
T,: Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gm/kg; T2:Cleanliness ofthe storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use ofdried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gm/kg; T3:Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins aspreventative measure +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gmlkg; T4:Sanitation +useofinsecticide inthe empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0gmlkg; Ts:Sanitation +Release Trichogramma evanescense after 30days interval (number ofTrichogramma =100/plastic container or replication; T6: Sanitation + Application of fumigant practice with phosphine gas with doses depending on the temperature and humidity and thepest population and T7: Untreated controlFig. 1.Life cycle ofAngoumois grain moth (S.cerealella), A. Egg, B. Larva, C.Pupa and D. Adult
Fig.2. Female moths (A) and Malemoths (B) ofS. cerealella (Olivier)
A
Fig.3. Healthy and Damage rice grains before and after infestation (A &B), Infested rice grain with larva (C)ofAngoumois grain moth
Table 4. Effect of integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth,S.
cerealella in terms of female and male and their ratio for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain at 2ndgeneration
*Treatment Female Male Ratio
(Female: Male)
T, 18.00 c 38.33 c 0.51
T2 8.33 cd 9.67 d 0.90
T3 49.00 b 65.33 b 0.77
T. 8.33 cd 6.67 d 1.26
T5 15.00 c 12.67 d 1.17
T6 4.33 d 5.33 d 0.89
T7 100.00 a 99.33 a 1.02
LSD0.05) 9.660 12.03 --
Significance level 0.01 ®l NS
CV(%) 9.02 10.26 14.55
In a column means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly as per 0.05levelofprobability and numeric data represents themean value of4replications
*
T,: Cleanliness ofthe storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gm/kg; T2: Cleanliness ofthestorage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Useof dried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 grn/kg; T3:Sanitation +useof insecticide in the empty bins aspreventative measure +Use of dried neem kamel powder @ 10 gmlkg; T.:Sanitation +useofinsecticide in the empty bins aspreventative measure +Use ofdried tobacco leaves powder @ 5.0 gmlkg; T5: Sanitation +Release Trichogramma evanescense after 30 days interval (number ofTrichogramma =100/plastic container or replication; T6:Sanitation +Application of fumigant practice with phosphine gas with doses depending on the temperature and humidity and thepestpopulation andT7:Untreated controlIn case of 2ndgeneration: Statistically significant variation was recorded for number of female, male andtheir ratio non-significant for 3rd generation of angoumois grain moth instored rice grain due to
integrated management approaches for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain (Table 5. In case of female, the highest (156.67) number of female was recorded in T7which was closely followed (97.67) by T3, while the lowest (9.00) number was recorded in T2which was statistically identical (9.33, 21.00 and 25.00) by T4, T6and Ts, treatment, respectively. In case of male, the highest (113.33) number of male was recorded in T7which was closely followed (89.33) by T3, again the lowest (7.00) number was recorded in T4which was statistically identical (8.67 and 17.00) by T2and T,treatment. In case of female and male ratio, the highest ratio (2.09) was recorded in T rand the lowest (1.02) was recorded in T2 treatment.
Table 5. Effect of integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth, S.
cerealella in terms of female and male and their ratio for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain at 3rd generation
*Treatment Female Male Ratio
(Female: Male)
T, 56.33 c 27.00 c 2.09
T2 9.00 d 8.67 de 1.02
TJ 97.67 b 89.33 b 1.12
T4 9.33 d 7.00 e 1.29
Ts 25.00 d 17.00 cde 1.88
T6 21.00 d 20.00 cd 1.06
T7 156.67 a 113.33 a 1.40
lSD(o.05) 26.20 11.97 --
Significance level 0.01 0.01 NS
CV(%) 17.93 16.95 14.24
Inacolumn means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar leUer(s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability and numeric data represents themean value of 4 replications
* T,: Cleanliness ofthe storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use of dried neem kame I powder @ 10 gm/kg; T,: Cleanliness of the storage including the container and premises (sanitation) +Use ofdried tobacco leaves powder@
5.0 gm/kg; TJ: Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried ncem karnel powder@
10gm/kg; Ta.Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins aspreventative measure +Use ofdried tobacco leaves powder@
5.0gmlkg; T,:Sanitation +Release Trichogramma evanescense after 30 days interval (number of Trichogramma = 100/plastic container or replication; T6:Sanitation + Application of fumigant practice with phosphine gas with doses depending on the temperature and humidity and the pest population and T,:Untreated control
DISCUSSION
The result of the experiment showed that the adult emerged and adult longevity for 151, 2nd and 3rd
generation varied significantly due to integrated management approaches for angoumois grain moth in stored rice grain. Incase of 151 generation T6 (Sanitation + Application of fumigant practice with phosphine gas, aluminium phosphide) treatment showed the best effectiveness against adult emerged and adult longevity. But in the 3m generation T4 (Sanitation +use of insecticide in the empty bins as preventative measure +Use of dried tobacco leaves powders @5.0 gmlkg) treatment showed the best effectiveness against adult emerged and adult longevity. Similar trend of results were also found from the number of healthy seeds and infested seeds, percent of infestation and weight loss of seeds.
Development of an integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) obtained in the present investigation is in agreement with the results obtained by Ramulu (1992); Tiwari and Bhatt (1987); Noyes and Ronald (1995) and Barbosa (1998).
Ramulu (1992) reported that during 1690, tobacco was used as contact insecticide. In ancient times, Egyptian farmers used to mix the stored grains with fine kitchen ashes (Abdel-Gawaad and Khatab,
1985).
Tiwari and Bhatt (1987) studied on the toxicity on the two insecticides to the stored product pest C.
cephalonica; toxicity was directly proportional to the concentration in the larval diet. Diets containing 0.012% BHC (HCH) and 0.3% Malathion caused 100 per cent larval mortality.
Noyes and Ronald (1995) reported that aluminum phosphide is an effective fumigant but is extremely toxic and the phosphine gas has moderate penetrating ability and does not adversely affect seed germination. Barbosa (1998) reported that application of insecticides may not always provide good control of the pest rather it may cause out break of pests.
These results were different from the findings observed by some others researchers (Sharma 1999;
Senguttuvan et al. 1995; and Don-Pedro et al., 1984). Sharma (1999) reported that neem seed (A.
indica) kernel powder at 4% and neem leaf powder at 5% protected maize for 5 months against Sitotroga cerealella. Senguttuvan et al. (1995) evaluated a range of plant products against Corcyra cephalonica on the basis of % dry matter loss % damaged kernels and pods. They observed that V.
negundo leaf powder, neem leaf powder and neen oil were most effective than neem kernel powder in adult emerging.
Malathion and dichlorovos each gave 86 -99% mortality at 6.6 ppm (Don-Pedro et al., 1984).
Although, the result obtained in this study "Development of an integrated management approach for combating angoumois grain moth, S. cerealella (Olivier)" may differed from those of the other workers but it is logical because in most cases, the angoumois grain moth, S. cerealella could be minimized by use of botanicals for encouraging the activities beneficial. Another reason to discourage the use of insecticides is their toxicity for causing hazard to the users, consumers and the environment also. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) approach for combating storage insect pests is very necessary.
Stored grains can be heavily damaged by insects if they are not properly conditioned and protected.
Grains produced may be stored for periods of a few weeks to a few years before they are fed or processed. Sanitation methods will help to reduce pest populations, although often only slightly, but they can be a meaningful part of an IPM programme.
CONCLUSION
Considering the results of this experiment, it could be observed that in most cases, the angoumois grain moth, S.cerealella could be minimized by use of botanicals and bio-control agent for encouraging the activities beneficial. Another reason to discourage the use of insecticides is their toxicity for causing hazard to the users, consumers and the environment also. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) approach for combating storage insect pests is very necessary, although the use of insecticides is still the most common method known to bring about iinmediate reduction in pest populations.
RECOMENDATION
Insecticides are costly, particularly for the farmers in Bangladesh and are dangerous to poorly protected applicators. On the other hand, biological control is complex and labour intensive as well as pest density dependent. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) approach for combating storage insect pest, S.cerealella is very necessary to bring about eco-friendly reduction in pest populations.
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