Nitrogen retention was increased as reported by Ghazi et al. (2010) when broilers were fed a soybean meal diet. The first commercial protease was available on the poultry feed market in the 1990s, in combination with other enzymes, with the aim of improving the energy and protein digestibility of oilseed meal and grain-based diets (Simbaya et al., 1996).
Chemistry of protease enzymes
Single amino acids can be released from dipeptide substrates by dipeptidases or from polypeptides by carboxypeptidases, while dipeptides can be released from the C-terminal end of a polypeptide chain by peptidyl dipeptidases (Figure 1) (Mótyánet al., 2013). Furthermore, other studies have concluded that protein and energy digestibility is improved by exogenous serine protease enzyme supplementation (Gitoee et al., 2015).
Role of protease enzymes on the protein digestion
However, many studies report an improvement in the digestibility of crude protein with the addition of a protease enzyme (Kamel et al., 2015). In addition, Fru-Nji et al. (2011) found that the digestibility of protein and energy is increased by exogenous protease enzymes.
Role of protease on amino acids utilization
Excessive levels of nitrogen in the environment lead to negative effects (De Vries et al., 2003). Ghazi et al., (2010) also found that the protease increased apparent nitrogen (N) digestibility and apparent N retention throughout the digestive tract in broilers.
Role of microbial enzymes on protease inhibitors
Page | 20 use of protease enzymes can not only be feed efficiency and utilization improvement of the animal to reduce production costs, but also to reduce the total nitrogen content excreted in the manure (Kamel et. al., 2015). It shows that for optimal environmental broiler performance, one of the more promising nutritional strategies is the use of a protease in feed. Hassan et al., (2011) found that addition of protease to broiler feed reduced N excretion by 7.97% in initial, growing and finishing periods respectively.
Impact of exogenous proteases on the growth responses of broiler chicken
Proteases have also been found to affect mucus layer thickness in the GI tract, which appears to alleviate the effect of a coccidial infection, resulting in higher weights (Peek et al., 2009). In addition, mild interactions with the intestinal mucosa have been reported, such as an increase in the thickness of the mucus layer in the intestinal lining of young chickens (Peek et al., 2009), and attributed potentially beneficial effects in conditions of coccidiosis challenges, which are not fully has not been demonstrated.
Effect of exogenous proteases on the meat, carcass characteristics and gastro- intestinal development of broiler chicken
Page | 23 the digestion of other nutrients in the feed matrix is possible, as well as changes in the microbial communities due to changes in the availability of easily accessible proteins in different parts of the intestinal lumen (Morita et al., 1998; Scott et al., 2013). . Also reported that increased protease supplementation of reduced crude protein diets had no significant effect on hatching percentage of broilers.
Effect of exogenous protease on the gut health and intestinal morphology of broiler chicken
Therefore, the effects of protease supplementation on PC digestibility may be partly explained by a shift in the microbial composition. Proteases have also been found to affect mucus layer thickness in the GI tract, which appears to alleviate the effect of a coccidial infection, resulting in higher weights (Peek . Page | 26 et al., 2009).
Effect of exogenous protease on the blood metabolites of broiler chickens
Interactions between the digestion of other nutrients in the feed matrix are possible, as well as changes in the microbial communities due to changes in the availability of easily accessible proteins in different parts of the intestinal lumen (Morita et al., 1998; Scott et al., 2013 ). Furthermore, mild interactions with the intestinal mucosa have been reported, such as an increase in the thickness of the mucus layer in the intestinal wall of young chickens (Peek et al., 2009), and potentially beneficial effects have been attributed to conditions of coccidiosis challenges. have not been fully demonstrated. 2009) and (Ahmadi et al. 2015) noted that TP will only be affected if the diets ingested by the animals are deficient in AA. However, feeding low CP diets, as shown in the current experiment, leads to an increase in liver lipogenesis and thus TG. 2006) and Dehghani-Tafti and Jahanian (2016) reported that, regardless of energy density, birds reared on low CP diets had higher TG.
The increase in abdominal fat deposition is a major disadvantage of low-CP diet feeding (Sklan and Plavnik 2002). However, the percentage of breast meat yield was not affected by diet in the present trial. Similar results have been previously reported by van Nguyen and Bunchasak (2005) and Infante-Rodríguez et al.
Effect of exogenous protease on the survivability of broiler
Broilers fed diets supplemented with 0.075 percent protease had the highest increase in income versus feed cost reported by Yadav and Sah (2005) in a study. These results agree with those of Carvajal et al. (2010) who reported that protease supplementation in broiler diets improved body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio between starter and grower periods. It is in agreement with Mateo and Carandango (2006) who found that feed cost per kg of gain was significantly lower on corn sorghum and sorghum diets. 2010) reported that replacing corn with sorghum in broiler diets reduced feed costs.
However, adding enzymes can reduce broiler feed costs by up to US$4.0-11.0 per ton, for layers by up to US$9.8 per ton, and feed cost per 1000 kg of eggs produced can be reduced by US$21.2 per ton . The new generation phytase is about 45% more effective in increasing body weight and about 70% more effective in improving feed conversion. From an economic point of view, the use of new generation phytase can save about 4.0-6.0 USD per ton of low-quality forage.
Importance of the study
For example, adding phytase enzyme to canola meal – a cheap protein source – was found to be as nutritious for broilers as the commonly used soy meal (canola meal is about $130 per ton cheaper than soybeans according to a 2014 study). estimation). In addition, phytase releases phosphorus from the phytate molecule in the gastrointestinal tract and makes it bioavailable to the birds, reducing the cost of inorganic phosphorus supplementation necessary for the development and maintenance of their skeletal system. It also minimizes the amount of phytate-bound phosphorus excreted, thus preventing negative environmental impacts.
While conventional phytase is derived from various types of fungi, the new generation products are derived from bacterial sources. These improvements are due to the superior ability of the new generation phytase to release more phosphorus from dietary phytate, in addition to its beneficial effect in reducing the anti-nutritional properties of phytate. Page | 31 researchers to design an effective feed formulation that could help poultry integrators increase broiler meat production more efficiently and thus deliver premium quality meat to consumers worldwide.
Conclusion
Chapter-III
Materials and Methods
- Statement of the experiment
- Enzyme composition and activity
- Preparation of the experimental shed
- Collection of day-old broiler chicks and experimental design
- Feed grinding, mixing and preparing the diet
- Management
- Brooding
- Feeding and watering
- Lighting
- Method of broiler processing
- Calculation of data .1 Weight gain
- Sample processing and Analyses
- Feed sample
- Evaluation of parameters
- Serum biochemical parameters and analyses
- Gut morphology of broiler
- Production cost
The bird was fed starter ready-to-broiler diet for the first 14 days and then the final or formulated mash diet was used as feed to feed the birds throughout the trial period from the rest of the trial period (d 15 to in 33 days), as. shown in tables (2, 3). Vegetable oil (Palm) is added in half the required amount by sprinkling it over the food mixture and then mixed. Before the start of the test, proper cleaning and disinfection of all equipment was done.
Both pre-starter feed samples and test diet samples were collected before birds were fed the test diets to assess the nutritional value of each diet. Meat yield traits such as dressing percentage, breast weight, thigh weight, drum weight, neck weight, breast weight were also recorded at the end of the trial period. The individual weight of the gastrointestinal organs (liver, pancreas, bursa, heart, small intestine, proventiculus, gizzard, spleen) was also recorded to ascertain the development of the gastrointestinal organs of the birds.
At the beginning of the experiment and at the end of each weekend, we also recorded the average live weight of the broilers. The height of the villi was measured from the apical to the basal region corresponding to the upper part of the crypts.
RESULTS
- The gross responses and livability of broiler chickens fed vegetable based diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes
- Body weight
- Feed intake
- Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
- Livability
- Meat yield traits of broiler chickens
- Visceral organ weights (g/b) of broiler chickens fed enzymatic diet
- Blood serum metabolites of broiler chickens fed enzymatic diet
- Ileal intestinal morphology of broiler chickens fed protease supplemented diet The results of intestinal morphometric measurements i.e villus height (VH), crypt depth
- Economic analyses and cost effectiveness
Feed intake (FI) of broiler chickens shows that diet and interaction had no significant effect (P>0.05) on broiler chickens during the trial period as shown in Table 6. The viability of broiler chickens was not affected from dietary enzyme supplementation in this present study. The data show that diet and interaction had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the weight of visceral organs (Table 9) of broilers except for enzyme.
The data showed that the interaction between diet and enzyme had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the blood profiles of broilers, except for TG, which was only affected by diet treatment (P<0.05). The data showed that interaction between diet and enzyme had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the intestinal tissues of broilers. Total production cost (Tk/Kg live broiler) was significantly (P<0.05) less for the birds fed enzyme-supplemented diets (MS+, MWS+).
Discussion
- The gross responses of broiler chickens fed protease supplemented diet
- Livability of Broiler Chicken
- Meat yield characters and visceral organ weight of broiler chicken
- Blood metabolites of broiler fed enzyme supplemented diets
- Intestinal morphometric measurements of broiler fed enzyme diets
- Economic analyses and cost-effectiveness of broiler fed enzyme diet
The findings of the present study are consistent with the result of Freitas et al.(2011) who reported that the use of protease enzyme in the diet had no effect on the mortality of birds. A report stated that protein and energy levels in the diet do not affect carbohydrate metabolism (Swennen et al., 2007, Hada et al., 2013). So it can be assumed that due to the strict regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the same birds to maintain the blood glucose level (Hada et al., 2013).
Furthermore, increased TG in the blood profile may be a consequence of increased feed intake and caloric protein of the birds (Malheiros et al., 2003; Swennen et al., 2007). This implies that dietary exogenous enzymes improved the intestinal morphology of broilers (Kamel et al., 2015; Yuan et al., 2008). Villus height is very inherently related to the absorption, utilization and assimilation of food nutrients (Choct et al., 2006).
Chapter- VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Further research could be done on the protease enzyme to reduce nitrogen emissions from feces and environmental pollution and to reduce the production costs of broiler chickens.
Chapter-VII REFERENCES
34;Effect of diets with different energy concentrations on growth performance, carcass characteristics and chemical composition of broiler meat in dry tropics." SpringerPlus. 34;The effect of thermal processing and enzyme treatments of soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility in the ileum, and chyme characteristics in broilers.” Poultry science. 34;Dietary protease can alleviate the negative effects of coccidiosis infection on production performance in broilers." Animal Feed Science and Technology.
Effect of protein levels and feeding regimens on growth, body composition and in vitro lipogenesis of broilers." Poultry Science. 34;Muscle protein turnover in broilers: effects of high ambient temperatures and dietary protein intake." Reproduction, Nutrition,. 34; The effect of frying fat, vegetable oil and palm oil calcium soaps on the productive behavior and broilers of broilers." Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science.
