Occurrence of Gastro-intestinal Parasitic Infection in Pabna Cattle at Sujanagar Upazila , Pabna ,Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Examination of 109 faecal samples of Pabna Cattle at Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Sujanagar , Pabna from 12 December, 2008 to 16 February, 2009 revealed that 78.89% of the samples were positive for the gastrointestinal parasites. The occurrence of different gastro-international helminths were 29.35% Fasciola, 13.76%
Moniezia,11.00% Paramphistomum,8.25% Balantidium coli,5.50% Toxocara vitulorum, 3.66% Strongyloides, 2.75% Coooperia, 1.83% Bunostomum 1.83%
Entamoeba and also 1.83% Mix infestation.( Fasciola& Monneizia). Among the gastro-intestinal parasites, the infection with Fasciola in cattle remained high (29.35%). Females (87.87 %) were more susceptible to parasitic infection than male (75%). The Highest frequency of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection was recorded at the age between one to three years (83.887%). The small sized farms were more prone (84.05%) to the gastrointestinal parasite than the large farms (55.55%).
Key words:Gastro-intestinal parasites, Pabna Cattle, Occurrence, Sex, Age,Farm size.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is a densely populated developing country in south asia having tropical climate. The total population of her is about 14.24 crores. The Population per square kilometer is 953 which is the highest in the world (BBS, 2008). Like other developing countries the economy of Bangladesh depends mainly on her agriculture sector where livestock is an important subsector providing egg, milk, meat, leather, drought power
& considered to be the backbone of agriculturte (Asian Livestock, 1984). The magnitude contribution of the agriculture sector to the GDP is about 20.87% . As a sub sector of agriculture the share of livestock in the GDP is 2.92% which was 17.2% of the GDP contributed by agriculture sector (BBS, 2008). There are about 22.90 million cattle, 1.26 million buffalo, 21.56 million goat, 2.78 million sheep, 212.47 million chicken and 39.84 million duck present in Bangladesh ( DLS, 2009).
Among the livestock population Pabna cattle is an renounced indigenous cattle breed of Bangladesh. Pabna cattle are found in the northern low-lying basins around the estuary of the Padma and Jamuna river (Shahzadpur, Bera and Sathia upazilla of the greater Pabna district). The coat color of the variety / type is red or grey or a mixture of both. Cows are good sized and possess better milking ability. Males are bigger in size and coat color is mostly deep grey to white with different shades. The adult male and female weigh about 350 to 400kg and 250 to 280kg respectively (FAO, 2004b). This indigenous cattle exhibit remarkable heat tolerance, the ability to maintain body condition on poor quality feed stuff and to a certain degree of registence to local diseases (Das et al., 2003). The daily milk yield of pabna cattle is about 2.81 kg (Hossain and Routledge, 1982).
But most of our animal are unhealthy, emaciated and their productive performance are not satisfactory due to low productive capacity of local breed and malnutrition due parasitic diseases. It has been estimated that about 10% animal die annually due to parasitic disease. Gastro-intestinal parasitic infections are widely prevalent in Bangladesh and produce a substantial economic loss. Some GI parasites may cause death in calves in heavy infestations. Prevalence of helminthes parasitic infestation in cattle in some areas of Bangladesh has been reported earlier (Rahman et al., 1971;
Rahman and Razzak, 1973).
In Bangladesh, parasitic infestation is the major cause of hindering the development
of livestock population (Jabber and Green, 1983). The climate of Bangladesh is suitable for the parasites, which are to great extent responsible for calf mortality in this country. The mortality rate of crossbred calves is more than that of indigenous ones (Haque, 1986).
Gastro-intestinal parasites like Fasciola, Paramphistomum, Ascaris, Bunostomum, Strongyloids are most common in Bangladesh. Gastro-intestinal parasites are problems among cattle population in Bangladesh. The infection rates are variable depending upon different intrinsic and extrinsic epidemiological and biological factors. The economic losses may be in the form of mortality, decreased productivity, reduced weight gain and other means resulting globally from parasitic diseases. Most cattle population in Bangladesh comes from primitive and low productive breeds.
Most animals are reared in house under the age old traditional husbandry practices.
Many cattle are over worked and most of them under fed or half fed during most of the time of the years. They are not supplied with adequate balanced ration. As a result the general nutritional status of most of the cattle is in subnormal level, which greatly increases susceptibility to parasitic diseases (Blood et al., 1990).
The hot and humid climatic conditions in Bangladesh are highly conductive for the development and multiplication of parasites. Anorexia and reduced feed Intake coupled with the direct effect of the parasites on the host contribute to reduce weight gain and lowered production (Soulsby, 1982). A number of different studies carried out in different parts of the country revealed that parasitic infections are rampant in livestock. (Saifuzzaman, 1996, Roy et al., 2000; Samad, 2001). Loss of production in cattle industry in Bangladesh in terms of mortality, milk and meat production and loss of production due to parasitism may extend up to 50% of the total production (ADB, 1986). The agro-ecological and geo-climatic conditions of Bangladesh are highly favorable for the growth & multiplication of gastro-intestinal parasites. Calves are usually neglected as they do not bring any immediate financial return and the cost of their maintenances considerably adds to the production cost of milk. Calves under rural condition in Bangladesh are usually maintenances just to use letting down of milk in cows. As a result most of the calves maintained under traditional management system start eating grass at their early life, which invariable expose to early infection (M.A. Samad, 2001).
Most of the earlier reports of calf diseases in Bangladesh have been confined on
general morbidity and mortality rates based on hospital with farm recorders clinical and sub clinical parasitic infection and necroscopic examination of dead calves.
(Hossain et al, 1988).
The Geo-climatic condition in a certain locality is one of the factors that determines the type and severity of parasitic infections in grazing animals (Arambulo & Moran, 1981). Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Sujanagar of Pabna district in Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable upazilla of parasitic infestation for its low land area, climatic condition as well as weather of that region. This study will be helpful to epidemiologist for the control as well treatment of parasitic infection of animals and improve the health of livestock and demand of meat, millk and draught activity.
The present study was designed with the following objectives:
To determine the occurence of gastrointestinal endo parasitic infections in Pabna cattle at Sujanagar Thana, Pabna district.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Epidemiology of Gastro-intestinal parasite:
M.A. Samad (2001) conducted a study on GIT Parasitism in calves under traditional management in Bangladesh. He has shown that 63.32% had single, 33.74% had dual and only 2.94% had triple parasitic infection. The parasitic infection was recorded in calves up to 30 days (3.79%), higher level of infection was observed between 271 to 365 days. The prevalence of Strongyloides spp.
(4.46%), Trichuris spp.(3.52%), Fasciola spp. (11.20%), Paramphistomum spp.
( 38.92%), Moniezia spp.( 2.35%), Balantidium spp.(3.52%) and Coccidiasis 8.93%.
Hassan (1964); Rahman (1969); Ahmed (1970); Bhuiyan (1970); Sinha et al., (1973); Garrels (1975); Nooruddin et al., (1987) mentioned that, the agro- ecological and geo-climatic condition of Bangladesh is highly favorable for the growth & multiplication of helminthes.
Mondol (1997); have mentioned that ruminant mostly cattle, goat, sheep and buffalo are vulnerable to several helminthes parasite in Bangladesh. These are trematode, cestode and nematode. Among the trematodes Fasciola , Amphistomes and Schistosomes are most important.
John. K. Ward et al., (1979) reported that the incidence of round worm is 53.8%, Eimeria spp 52.3% & Monezia spp. 5.8% .
Qudir et al.,( 1981), has shown that Schistosomiasis is a sporadic disease in Bangladesh. The epidemiology of trematodes is greatly influenced by husbandry practice and abundant of snail are intermediate host.
S.M.Z.H. Chowdhury, M.F. Miah, M.M. H. Mondol, M.J.F.A. Taimurc, S.Jahan and M.A. Hossain (1993) mentioned that strongyloids infection was highest (59.7%) followed by Capillaria spp. (11.5%), Trichuris spp. (0.1%), Stronlgyloides spp. (3.7%) and Ascaris spp. (2.9%) in Bangladesh.
Bhuiyan, (1970) mentioned that the economic losses caused by Fasciola gigantica infection in ruminant in term of liver damage was taka 3.2 million.
Boray, (1985) mentioned that, the total losses due to Fascioliasis worldwide may account to two thousand million US dollar per year. He also mentioned that Fascioliasis occurs in per acute, sub acute and chronic form in many countries of the world; however in Bangladesh chronic form of Fascioliasis in most prevalent.
The incidence of infestations in adult beef cattle has been reported at over 50% in Iowa (Zimmerman and Hubbard, 1961), 67.3% in Kansas (Leland et al., 1973), 59.1% in Montana (Jacobson and Worley, 1969), 83.9% in Georgia (Ciordia, 1975) and 87.5% in Wisconsin dairy cows (Cox and Todd ,1962).
Uddin et al., (1994) conducted a study on the overall infection rates of different species of gastro-intestinal helminthes in Bandarban district. They showed the infection rates were Haemonchus spp. (42.5%), Bunostomum spp.(55.83%), Oesophagostomum spp. (24.17%), Trichuris spp.(12.08%), Strongylus spp.
(15.42%), Fasciola spp. (15.42%), Pararamphistomum spp. (56.66%) and Moniezia spp. (11.25%).
Alim et al., (2000) examined 106 liver samles of which 78 were infected with Fassciola gingantica, 54 with Gigantocotyle explanatum and 38 with both the parasites.
MacGregor and Kingscote (1957) reported that 21.2% of the cattle in Ontario had gastrointestinal parasite eggs in the feces.
Howlader et.al., (1991) examined 77 liver and faeces sample. They showed the number of liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) per animal varied from 1 to 14 (mean
= 5.27) and the number of fluke eggs per gram (Epg) of faeces ranged from 100 to 900 (mean = 363.64). A good correlation was observed between Epg and number of flukes in the liver. Overall fluke and Epg ratio was 1: 76.
Garrels (1975) conducted a study on the overall prevalence of parasites in the faeces of 500 cows in six villages. The prevalence were Paramphistomum.spp.
64%, Trichostrongyllus spp and Strongylus spp. 34%, Fasciola spp.22% &
Balantidium coli 14%.
Islam et al., (1989) mentioned that the Paramphistomum spp most prevalent in ruminant in Bangladesh. Controversies over the pathogenecity of the adult amphistomes still exist in the country.
Mia et al.,(1975); Gautam et al., (1976); Banerjec et al.,(1983); Roberts et al., (1990); Reported that ascariasis occurs through out the world and clinically manifested usually in young animals where as adult animals act as carrier. The usual mode of infestation by ascariasis is the ingestion of eggs containing larvae but in case of Neoascaris vitulorum infection occurs through ingestion of colostrums and milk. Transplacental transmission was also recorded in calves.
Rahman et al., (1972) found parasitic diseases as the most common infection among cattle diseases in Mymensingh district. They detected 8.35% Fascioliasis and 4.94% Nematodiasis.
S.A .Sardar et al.,(2006) stated that the over all prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite in native cattle is Fasciola spp. 25%, Paramphistomum spp. 45.28%, Strongyloides spp. 8.89%, Trichuris spp. 6.11%, Schistosoma spp.
29.44% ,Monezia spp.8.33%
Ahmed (1970) recorded that 38.66% infection with Bunostomum spp. 17.23%
with Capillaria spp. 19.30% with Trichurois spp.. and 8.51% with Neoascaris spp.in cattle and buffalo.
Rahaman and Razzak (1973) examined faecal samples of 838 cattle from Commila district and found 37% infection among cattle population. The Neoascaris vitulorurn was recorded in 0.8%.
Clinical Signs of Gastrointestinal parasitic infection:
Fasciolosis-Sudden death where blood stained froth appears at the nostrils& anus, weakness, mucosal edema,abdominal pain indicate acute fasciolosis.on the oter hand anemia, bottle jawindicate chronic fasciolosis.(kamaruddin et al., 2007)
Paramphistomiasis-A characteristic& persistent foetid diarrhea, depression ,dehydration & anemia followed by sudden death were the important clinical signs of paraamphistomiasis.(Amalendu,2005)
Ascariasis- The major clinical signs of ascariasis are untriftiness,poor growth , vague digestive disturbences including constipation, mild diarrhea& dysentery.(Amalendu, 2005)
Moneiziasis-Poor coat, less than optimal growth ,afebrile diarrhea& occassionaly
colic are the common signs of ascariasis.(Blood,2003)
Bunostomiasis- Fidgeting, stampingand licking of the feet may observed iincase of mild infection but in severe cases the common signs are palor of mucosae, weakness, anasarcaunder the jaw and along the belly, prostration and death in two to three days.( Blood, 003)
Strongyloidosis- Diarrhoea in young animal is the most common clinical sign but the passage of massive number of larvae through the skin may also provoke dermatitis.
(Blood,2003)
Morphology parasite egg:
Fasciolosis-Eggs are oval, operculated,yellow-brown color and measure 130 to 150 by 60 to 90 µm.( Hendrix,1998)
Paramphistomiasis- Presence of posterior knob, distinct operculum and measure 114 to 176 µm by 73 to 100 µm.(Foreyt,2001)
Moneiziasis-Eggs with a square or irregularly triangular shape, Have row of interproglotial glands at the posterior borderand measuring 56 µm to 67 µm in diameter.(Hendrix,1998)
Ascariasis- The egg is subglobular with a thick pitted shell& is almost colorless.
(Urquhart et al.,2000)
Balantidiasis-The trpphozoite are ciliated,at the anterior end there is funnel shaped depression, internally two nuclei; a reniform macronucleus & adjacent micronucleus,two contractile vacuoles preseeeent.(Urquhart et al.,2000)
Strongyloidosis-Larvated egg , thin shell, blunt ends measuring 50x22 µm.
( Foreyt,2001)
Fig: Egg of Fasciola Fig: Egg of Paramphistomum
Fig: Egg of Moniezia expansa. Fig: Egg of Bunostomum
Fig: Egg of Toxocara vitulorum Fig: Trophozoite of Balantidium coli
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Selection of animal:
The study was carried out in Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Sujanagar under pabna district from 16December 2008 to 16 February 2009 . The study was carried on 109 sick cattle, which were brought for the treatment at the Hospital. The cattle were suspected to be affected with gastro-intestinal parasitic infection on the basis of owner complaint, clinical history- emaciation and gastro-intestinal disturbances; clinical signs- diarrhoea, inappetite, unthriftiness ; and physical examination . The farm was divided into three category ( Large size farm, medium size farm & small size farm ) accod to the number of animal. Large size farm contain nine & above cattle, medium size farm contain four to eight cattle and small size farm contain one to three cattle.
The description of each patient age, sex & date etcetra was recorded to asses their influence on the occurrence of the disease.
Fig: Location of the Study Area
Examination of Faecal sample:
For confirmation of the infection faecal sample of each of the cattle were collected
directly from the rectum. Immediately after collection of faecal samples both the gross and qualitative examinations were done during this study period. Gross examination of the faeces was done at the time of collection which include color, odor and consistency of faeces. The qualitative examination was done in the hospital to detect the eggs of parasite in the faecal sample under low power magnification (10 x 10; 40 x10) by using microscope. Samples were tested by direct smear and simple sedimentation method ( Hansen & Perry, 1994).
Collection of Data:
All data were collected by questionnaire survey (appendix). A present questionnaire was designed to collect information on the age, sex, farm size, parity, nutritional status, health condition, general management and disease problem etc. of cattle.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Clinico-parasitological examination of 109 Pabna cattle in two months period 86 (78.89%) cattle were found to be positive for ten different types of gastro-intestinal parasite.They were Fasciola, Paramphistomum, Toxocaara vitulorum, Bunostomum, Entamoeba, Moniezia, Cooperia Strngyloides & Balantidium coli.
Table-1: Frequency of Gastro-intestinal Parasites.
Helminthes No. of cases frequency
Fasciola spp 32 29.35%
Paramphistomum spp.. 12 11.00%
Moniezia spp. 15 13.76%
Toxocara vitulorum. 6 5.50%
Bunostomum spp. 2 1.83 %
Balantidium spp. 9 8.25%
Cooperia spp. 3 2.75%
Entamoeba spp 2 1.83%
Strongyloides spp. 4 3.66%
Mix infection (Fasciola spp. &
Moniezia spp) 2 1.83%
The highest percentage of parasitic infection was Fasciola 29.35% followed by Moniezia 13.76%, Paramphistomum 11.00%, Balantidium coli 8.25%,Toxocara vitulorum 5.50%, Strongyloides 3.66%, Cooperia 2.75%, Bunostomum , Entamoeba
& mixed infectation( Fasciola & Moniezia ) 1.83%. Howlader et al. (1990) observed highest incidence of Paramphistomum infection 46% followed by Fasciola 21% and Schistosoma 8% at Savar area of Dhaka district. On the other hand, Garrels (1975) recorded Paramphistomum. Trichostrongyles and Fasciola infection is 64.40%, 34%
and 22.40% in cattle respectively in Dhaka and Tangail district. The highest incidence of Fasciola infection as recorded in the study does not correlates with the findings of Garrels (1975) and Howlader et al.,(1990).
Fig: Frequency of Gastro-intestinal parasite
The present work is exclusively on gastro-intestinal parasitic infections and the occurence of these infections in two months of this year, in different age, sex and farm size. The variation in the different findings with the present finding on the occurrence of different gastro-intestinal parasitic infections might be due to differences in the number of samples examined, period and place of studies, environmental conditions and frequency of examination of the animals.
Chowdhury et al., (1993) recorded that the highest occurrence of parasitic infection at day one to one year aged group. But in this study the tendency of parasitic infections were found higher in 12 to 36 months aged group 83.87%. It indicated that the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection increased with the increase of age of cattle which was probably proportional to the period of exposure of infection and incubation period of the parasitic diseases. It might be due to the breed of animal, place of study & season of examination was different. Fasciolosis (32.25%) was highest in one year to three year age group and Monieziosis (17.74%) was significantly affecting this age group.
According to the table:3, the occurrence of parasitic infection was higher in female (87.87%) than male (75%). Fasciolosis, Monieziosis, Ascariasis, Bunostomiosis were highest in female (30.30%,21.21%,6.06%,3.03% respectively ) than male (28.94%,10.52%,5.26%,1.31%) respectively. But incase of Paramphistomiosis (11.84% ) male was more prone to the infection than the female (6.06%). Chowdury et al., reported that Ascariasis & Trichuriasis were higher in male (4.2% & 10.3%) than female(1.6% & 7.7%) than male. More parasitism in females might be due to physiological stress like pregnancy, laction, etc.
According to the table-4, Small sized farms were more susceptible to the parasitic infection (84.05%) than medium sized farm (74.19%) & large size farm (55.55%). It might be due to the awareness of large sized farm owners about hygienic management and the health condition.But, small size farm owners were poor . They were not conscious about health & hygiene of their cattle. They did not give anthelmentic regularly. So infection was high.
CHAPTER V
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study period was short.
Small sample size.
Undetermined worm load.
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
As Pabna cattle is an indigenous breed, it should be conserved. Most of the people are not aware about parasitic infections. The study revealed a significant occurrence of gastro-intestinal parasitic infections in Pabna cattle. The higher magnitude of infections were found at one to three years of aged cattle. The female were more susceptible to the parasitic infection than the male. The occurrence of parasitic infection in large farms was lower than the small farms. However, poor management, unavailability of drugs, lack of awareness of the farmers also enhances the high incidence of infections. Preventive measure should be undertaken. Animals should be dewormed at regular interval with an appropriate anathematic. Management system and overall hygiene conditions should be improved for better growth rate of cattle and to improve overall production performances.
CHAPTER VII
RECOMMENDATIONS
Further study should be needed with proper time.
Proper epidemiological study should be done.
Proper dose and regular deworming schedule should be maintained.
CHAPTER VIII
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APPENDIX
UPAZILLA VETRINARY HOSPITAL, SUJANAGAR, PABNA.
FAECES EXAMINATION REGISTER BOOK .
Date………
SL.
No.
Name &
address of owner
Owner Complain
Feed Supply
Farm Size
Age Sex Result of Coproscopy
Treatment Remark
