INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is a densely populated developing country in South Asia having tropical climate. Livestock is an important sub-sector in Bangladesh, considered to be back bone of agriculture. The magnitude of contribution of the livestock sector to GDP is about 2.96% (2001-02) in Bangladesh. It has been estimated that about 10% animal die annually due to parasitic diseases. Parasitic disease is one of the major causes of hindering the livestock development in Bangladesh (Jabber and green, 1983).The agro-ecological condition of Bangladesh is highly favorable for persistence of parasitic diseases in domestic ruminants. The economic losses ensuing from parasitic disease are in the form of mortality, stunting growth, weight loss, reduced feed utilization, productive and reproductive performance (milk production and draft power) and condemnation of carcasses at the slaughter house. It has been estimated that more than 500 million cattle world wide are at risk due to parasitic infection.
Most of our animals are unhealthy and emaciated and their productive performances are not satisfactory due to mainly low productive capacity of local breed, malnutrition and parasitic diseases. It has been estimated that about 10% animals die annually due to parasitic diseases (Mia & Kibria, 1993). Annual economic loss due to various parasitic diseases at Savar Military Dairy Farm was estimated 1008067.75 (Afazuddin, 1985). Gastrointestinal parasites are a major constraint to health and productivity in Grazing livestock production systems (Fox, M., 1997). Various species of Paramphistomum cause a disease called Paramphistomosis which affects on production, since these parasites provoke lower nutrition utilization, a loss of weight and a decrease in milk production, causing great economic losses. (Rangel- Ruiz, L.J. et al., 2003). Paramphistomiosis is a widespread parasitic disease of ruminants and causes heavy losses. These parasites wander in the duodenal mucosa resulting in severe erosions. In heavy infection, they causes enteritis characterized by oedema, haemorrhages and ulceration where as adult flukes in the fore-stomach are well tolerated. The immature fluke causes high degree of morbidity as well as mortality (Panda, 1985). Paramphistomum cervi is considered to be one of the most important species of Paramphistomes since they are cattle parasites with cosmopolitan distribution. The harm caused by the infection in bovine affects production, since these parameters provide a lower nutritious conversion, a loss of mass and decrease in milk production, which cause economic losses (Ilha et al., 2005). Death due to
immature Paramphistomes is very high and may be as high as (80-90) % in domesticated ruminants (Juyal et al., 2003; Ilha et al., 2005). As the parasitic infection causes high economic losses by hindering the development of livestock in Bangladesh, for this reason the present study was undertaken with the following objective-
Objective:
To observe the frequency of Paramphistomiosis in cattle at Sonatala, under Bogra district.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tariq, et al. (2006) reported that an epidemiological study with an objective to assess the prevalence of Paramphistomum infection in association with age, breed, season and sex was carried out in naturally infected animal and adult animals, females and local breed were lower infected.
Chandra, R. C., B.S. Gill, (1975) observed that previous infection of Paramphistomum and age of the host afford some protection against re-infection and hence acute disease is usually seen in young animals. Young animals were two times more at risk of infection than adult animals.
Magona, J.W., Musisi, (2002) found the influence of sex on the susceptibility of animals to infections could be attributed to genetic predisposition and differential susceptibility owing to hormonal control. Further experimental studies are needed to confirm the assumption. Differences in susceptibility to infection between sexes have been observed by various workers. The observed disparity may not solely be due to differences in susceptibility but may also depend on a sex related variation in behavior that results in differences in exposure.
Javed, khan et al. (2006) conducted an epidemiological study was undertaken at veterinary hospital, infection rate of Paramphistomum was17.09%. It was also observed that the higher infection rate was recorded in sex wise the prevalence indicated that males were more commonly affected than females.
Urquhart et al. (2000) observed heavy duodenal infection in Paramphistomiosis.
There are also rectal hemorrhages.
Tanveer and khan (1989) reported that in fresh water, snails are of considerable media for growth of Amphistomes and veterinary importance and found throughout the year.
Abrous et al. (1999); Pfukenyi et al. (2005) and Haridy et al. (2006) showed the two most important factors influencing the incidence of Paramphistomiosis are the temperature and moisture, affecting the hatching of fluke ova and the viability of encysting cercariae and the population of snails.
Misra et al. (1997) observed that a higher incidence of Paramphistomiosis occurred during autumn followed by summer and the lowest during spring.
Mage et al. (2002) and Keyyu et al. (2006) showed a higher incidence of Paramphistomiosis in cattle was noted in younger animals (bellow 2 years of age) than adult (two years and above).
Hirani, N.D. et al. (1997) examined 929 faecal samples of cattle for two consecutive years from February, 1995 to January, 1997 revealed that 38.86% of the samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasites. The predominant infection was of Amphistomes 21.85%
A. Singh et al. (2006) reported that a survey was carried out in district Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, from July, 2005 to June, 2006 and a total of 791 faecal samples of bovines (404 cattle, 387 buffaloes) were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasitic egg, incidence of Amphistome was maximum 33.12%).
Hoque et al. (1992) reported that from the examination of fecal sample the prevalence of Paramphistomum was 21.58%.
Haque, (1986) showed the mortality rate of crossbred calves is more than that of indigenous ones. The present study also recorded higher frequency in cross than local bred.
Garrels, (1975) reported that prevalence of in cattle from the faeces of 500 cows in six villages was 64%.
Howlader et al. (1990) reported that the fluke infection of cattle in Savar area of Dhaka district was recorded as Paramphistomum 46%.
Samad, M.A. (2001) was conducted a study on gastro-intestinal parasitism was conducted in calves under traditional management in Bangladesh. He has shown that 63.32% had single, 33.74% dual and only 2.94% had triple parasitic infections. The parasitic infestation was higher in between the age of 271 to 365 days and prevalence of Paramphistomum was 38.92%.
Uddin et al, (1994) was conducted a study on the overall infection rates of different species of gastro-intestinal helminthes in Banderban district. They showed the infestation rate Paramphistomum was 56.66%.
Saifuzzaman, (1996) observed the infection rate of Paramphistomum in cattle was higher in male 45.54% which was lower in female 55.56%.
Islam et al. (1989) reported that Paramphistomiosis is the most prevalent disease in ruminant in Bangladesh. Controversies over the pathogenesis of the adult amphistomes still exist in the country. However marine infection can cause severe diarrhoea 60% to 90% slaughtered cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat have Paramhistomatid infection.
Stear et al. (1999) showed the differences in the level of parasitism between different breeds of cattle observed in the present study are in agreement with the observations of other workers in various parts of the world where, some breeds were found to be more susceptible to helminthes infection than others. Some of this variation is due to genetic factors in the host, but there is the possibility that the observed differences in resistance may be due to heterosis if the animals are not pure bred.
Sarder, et al. (2006) reported that the rate of Paramphistomiosis in native breed of cattle was 45.28% and in cross breed the rate was 51.11%. They also reported that frequency of Paramphistomum is increase with the age.
Bari et al. (1991) conducted fecal examination of one hundred samples randomly obtained from the cattle of Bangladesh agricultural University Dairy Farm showed
that Paramphistomiosis occupied in 33% cattl
e
and was the highest among parasitic infection.Blood, D.C. (1968) reported that the main clinical manifestations or effects of Paramphistomiosis appear to be caused by the adult worms in the intestines of calves up to 6 months old. Heavy infection is associated with anorexia, poor growth, poor coat & thriving, wasting and intermittent diarrhoea. Intestinal colic may occur associated with strong butyric odor of animal breath. In addition, pot-bellied appearance, grinding of teeth, reduced weight gain, anaemia & steatorrhea may also be found.
Rolfe et al. (1991); Abrous et al. (1999) reported that the two most important factors influencing the incidence of Paramphistomiasis are the temperature and moisture affect the hatching of fluke ova and viability of encysting cercariae and the population of snails. They also emphasized that during autumn season, the temperature and moisture are favorable for the rapid propagation of the parasitic life cycle.
Development in the snail (intermediate host) is similar to that of fasciola and under favorable conditions (26-30)0C can be completed within four weeks. After ingestion of encysted metacercariae with herbage, development in the final host occurred entirely in the alimentary tract. Following excystment in the duodenum the young flukes attach and feed there for about six weeks before migrating forward to the fore- stomach where they mature. The pre-patent period is between seven to ten weeks.
Gupta and Singh, (1990); Chaudhury et al. (1993); Dutta et al. (2005); Osans and Lively, (2006) reported that the rainy season starting during July and August, changes of the environmental temperature and humidity so as favor the emergence of cercariae from snails, due to this, metacercariae may show their existence in July, after ingestion which produces the Paramphistomiosis in animals. Metacercariae survive in herbage for up to twelve weeks depending on the environmental conditions. These assumptions appear to be reason for the high incidence in Paramphistomiosis during August-September (summer-autumn), when animals become infected.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was carried out in 107 cattle brought for treatment at Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Sonatala, under Bogra district from 17 November, 2008 to 16 January, 2009. For parasitic investigation faecal samples were collected from rectum of cattle.
The cattle were suspected to be affected with parasitic infection on the basis of owner complaint, clinical sings, physical examination etcetera. The description of each patient according to breed, sex, age and date was recorded to assess their influence on the occurrence of the diseases.
The faecal samples were obtained directly from the rectum of animal. Samples were collected in suitable air tight containers such as screw cap bottles, plastic bags. The samples were carefully labeled with animal identification, breed, sex & age. Direct smear and sedimentation techniques were employed for faecal analysis. Each of the collected samples was examined immediately under compound microscope with low power objective (10x & 40x) and the egg of Paramphistomum was identified on the basis of the its characteristic morphological feature (Soulsby, 1982; Foreyt, 2001).
After microscopic examinations, results were recorded on the questionnaire as positive or negative. The animals were grouped according to Age; as young (Bellow two years) and adult (two years and above), Sex; male and female, and Breed; local and cross. The breed characteristics were determined by inspecting the phenotypic characters of the animal or by carefully questioning the owner and from the record of A.I register of the Hospital.
A questionnaire (Appendix-A) was set regarding age, sex, breed, clinical history, presenting sings etcetera of study individual. All the data were collected through direct interview from the owner when they brought the animal to the veterinary hospital for treatment. The results of the faecal examination were also recorded according to age, sex and breed.
Figure: Egg of Paramphistomum sp.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table-1: Frequency of Paramphistomiosis in cattle at Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Sonatala, Bogra.
Total number of animal examined
Number of positive cases
Percentage
107 32 29.90%
Out of 107 cattle examined, 32(29.90%) were infected with Paramphistomiasis (Table-1). Hoque et al. (1992) reported lower infection (21.58%) and Uddin et al.
(1994) reported higher (56.66%) than the present study result (29.90%). It might be due to the variation in study place, feed, de-worming, and managements of animal etcetera.
Table-2: Sex wise frequency of Paramphistomiosis in cattle.
Sex Number of animal examined
Number of positive cases
Percentage
Male 48 16 33.33%
Female 59 16 27.11%
The occurrence of Paramphistomiasis was more in male (33.33%) than females (27.11%) (Table-2). Saifuzzaman, (1996) reported that the infection rate in male was 45.54% which was lower than in female 55.56%. The lower infection in female might be due to the social practice of keeping female under better management and feeding conditions in comparison to males, which are generally let loose to graze freely in pastures.
Table-3: Age wise frequency of Paramphistomiosis in cattle.
Age Number of animal examined
Number of positive cases
Percentage Young (bellow two
Years)
50 17 34%
Adult (two Years and above)
57 15 26.31%
The frequency of Paramphistomiosis was more in younger cattle (34%) than adult (26.31%) (Table-3). Hasan et al. (2005) showed higher frequency in young (61.36%) than adult (49.36%) which corroborate the present result. But Sarder, S.A. (2006) reported that frequency of Paramphistomum is increase with the age. This variation might be due to the high susceptibility and low resistance power at young age.
Table-4: Breed wise frequency of Paramphistomiosis in cattle.
Breed Number of animal
examined
Number of positive cases
Percentage
Local 70 17 24.28%
Cross 37 15 40.54%
The frequency of this parasitic infection was observed higher in cross bred cattle (40.54%) than local bred (24.28%) (Table: 4). Sarder, S.A. (2006) reported that the frequency of Paramphistomiosis 45.27% in native bred and 51.11% in cross bred cattle. The present study also recorded higher frequency in cross bred cattle than local bred.
LIMITATIONS
Lacking of proper laboratory facilities.
The study period was too short (only two months).
Owners were not so much co-operative to collect the data.
Most of the owners were interested to treatment in the house.
CONCLUSION
It may be concluded that Paramphistomiosis is available in cattle at Sonatala Upazilla under Bogra district. This area is susceptible to parasitic infection due to marshy land.
The frequency of infection was higher in young cattle than adult. The males were more infected than female and higher infection was found in cross bred cattle than local bred. Proper measures like de-worming are to be taken in order to improve cattle health, production and economic return.
.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Sample size should be more.
Proper time was needed.
Samples should be collected from various places.
Cordial help of owner is an essential fact for this kind of study.
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APPENDIX-A
A study on occurrence of Paramphistomiosis in cattle at Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Sonatala, Bogra.
Case Recording Form
1. Case no.--- Date---
2. Name of owner and address --- 3. Description of the study animal:
Species --- Breed --- Age --- Sex ---
4. Clinical history --- 5. Presenting signs --- 6. Clinical sings --- 7. Faeces examination --- Positive --- Negative --- 8. Diagnosis ---
Signature:
---OCCURRENCE OF PARAMPHISTOMIOSIS IN CATTLE AT SONATALA UPAZILA, BOGRA
A Clinical report submitted by
Examination Roll No: 2003/45 Reg. no: 141
Internship ID: I-43 Session: 2002-2003
This clinical report submitted for partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Khulshi, Chittagong-4202
June, 2009
OCCURRENCE OF PARAMPHISTOMIOSIS IN CATTLE AT SONATALA UPAZILA, BOGRA
A clinical report submitted as per approved style and contents
Date of submission: 18. 06. 2009
……….
Signature of Supervisor Dr. Krisna Roy
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Pathology and Parasitology Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
………..
Signature of Author Name: Md. Sirajul Islam Roll No: 2003/45
Reg. No: 141
Intern ID: I-43
Session: 2002/2003
CONTENTS
SL. NO. Name of Contents Page No.
01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
02 ABSTRACT II
03 INTRODUCTION WITH OBJECTIVES 1-2
04 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3-6
04 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7-8
05 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 9-10
06 LIMITATIONS 11
07 CONCLUSION 12
08 RECOMMENDATIONS 13
09 REFERENCES 14-18
10 APPENDIX- A 19
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is ever grateful and indebted to the Almighty Allah without whose grace it would have never been possible to pursue this study in this field of science and to complete this production report writing for the Degree of Doctor Of Veterinary Medicine (DVM).
The author would like to express his deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Professor Dr. Nitish Chandra Debnath, Vice Chancellor of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University.
It is deemed as a proud privilege and extra terrestrial pleasure to express authors ever indebtedness, deepest sense of gratitude, sincere appreciation and profound regards to authors reverend and beloved teacher and Supervisor Dr. Krisna Roy, Asst.
Professor, Dept. of Pathology & Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary And Animal Sciences University for his scholastic guidance, uncompromising principles, sympathetic supervision, valuable advice, constant inspiration, affectionate feeling, radical investigation and constructive criticism in all phases of this study and preparing the manuscript also.
The author would like to express his deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Shekh Abdul Motin, Veterinary Surgeon, Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Sonatala, Bogra, for his cordial to help to the study.
The author highly express his sincere gratitude and gratefulness to the internship Coordinator, MR. Ashraf A. Biswash, Associate professor, Department of Animal Science And Nutrition, Chittagong Veterinary And Animal Sciences University., for his constant inspiration, cordial co-operation, valuable suggestion for completion of the report work.
The author is ever indebted to his father, mother, brothers, sisters, maternal uncles, grand mother, grand father and other relatives for their sacrifices, blessing and encouragement to get him in this position.
I
OCCURRENCE OF PARAMPHISTOMIOSIS IN CATTLE AT SONATALA UPAZILA, BOGRA
ABSTRACT
The study aimed at investigating the occurrence of Paramphistomiosis in association with age, sex and breed of sick cattle brought for treatment at Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Sonatala, under Bogra district. The study was carried out over a period of two months from 17 November 2008 to 16 January 2009. Coproscopy was conducted to monitor the occurrence of Paramphistomiosis. Out of 107 examined cattle 29.90%
were found positive for Paramphistomiosis. It was also observed that, infections in young cattle (bellow two years) (34%) were more than adult (above two years) (26.31%). Higher infection was observed in male cattle (33.33%) than females (27.11%) and the frequency of Paramphistomiosis was lower in local bred (24.28%) than cross bred cattle (40.54%).
Key words: Occurrence, Paramphistomiosis, Age, Sex, Breed, Cattle
