This project paper, Research on "Prevalent Cardiovascular Diseases and Management System in the Center of Kushtia District, Bangladesh" submitted to the Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, has been accepted as satisfactory for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree and endorsed for on style and content. Rakibul Islam, I declare that this project is carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. Mizanur Rahman, Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Pharmacist degree. The entire present work was submitted as a thesis for the partial completion of the B.Sc. pharmacies.
I would also like to express my respect to all the lecturers of the Pharmacy Department of Daffodil International University and grateful to the other members for their excellent cooperation. They are characterized by the formation of open ulcers on the lining of the stomach or small intestine and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Anti-ulcer medications are commonly used to treat peptic ulcers, but the prevalence and consequences of use among college students are not well known.
This survey paper aims to investigate the prevalence and consequences of anti-ulcer drug use among undergraduate students. The findings of the study showed that a significant number of undergraduates used anti-ulcer drugs, with a majority using antacid and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as the most commonly used type. Overall, this study highlights the need for education and awareness campaigns aimed at undergraduate students regarding the risks and benefits of antiulcer drug use.
These drugs work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing the acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach from acid damage.
The mechanism of anti-ulcer drug
In the United States, approximately 3,000 deaths per year are attributed to duodenal ulcers and an equal number to gastric ulcers. While the hospitalization and death rates for peptic ulcers have declined significantly in the United States, changes in the criteria for determining the underlying cause of death may be part of the decline. Hospitalization rates for duodenal ulcers decreased by nearly 50% from 1970 to 1978, but there was no corresponding decrease in hospitalization rates for gastric ulcers.
In most Western countries, duodenal ulcer is more common than gastric ulcer in terms of morbidity, although deaths from gastric ulcer are equal to or greater than those from duodenal ulcer. In Japan, however, the morbidity and mortality rates are higher for gastric ulcer than for duodenal ulcer (KURATA & HAILE, 1984). Assessment of ulcer drug self-medication based on demographic studies of ulcer disease and drug use in the community.
Numerous studies have examined drug self-administration in various countries around the world, including the use of anti-ulcer drugs. The most common reasons for self-medication were the need for rapid relief of symptoms (55.6%), fear of worsening symptoms (47.2%), and difficulty obtaining an appointment (25.0%). According to the recent data, the most commonly used drug was analgesic/antipyretic, accounting for 58.75% of the drugs used, followed by anti-ulcers with 40.17%, antibiotics with 18.17%, antihistamines with 10.58% and antitussives by 9.33%.
The majority of students, 54.5%, took painkillers/antipyretics without consulting a medical professional, followed by 49.83% self-prescribing antibiotics, 43.5% anti-ulcers, 46.83% antitussives and 31.08 % antihistamines (Idris et al., 2016). ). According to the recent report, self-medication was found to be prevalent in 88.49% of cases. The main reasons for self-medication were previous experiences with the disease (48%), mild illness (30%) and the desire to save time (25%).
Interestingly, 38% of the students had learned about their medications from previous prescriptions issued by doctors to treat their previous illnesses. Regarding reasons for seeking self-medication, 126 students (47.19%) believed that their illness was mild, while they preferred self-medication because it saved time. Cost-effectiveness was cited as the primary reason by 42 students (15.73%), while they preferred self-medication due to the urgency of their situation (Banerjee & Bhadury, 2012).
General Objective
Specific objective of the study
Study Design
Questionnaire development, pretesting and validation
This cross-sectional study was conducted among students from different departments of Daffodil International University. Undergraduate students studying at Daffodil International University can participate in this survey and are willing to participate in the survey.
Exclusion criteria
Sample size and sampling technique
Socio- demographic data
Gender of participant
Information about self-medication
According to Table 2, the majority of participants (55%, n = 55) had engaged in self-medication within the last six months. Self-medication can be defined as the use of drugs to treat a disease or symptom when the user is not a medically qualified professional.”.
Assessment of taking anti-ulcer drug
16 In this study we can see that the majority of participants (n=100, 70%) are taking anti-ulcer medications. The main reasons for morbidity were related to acidity, with heartburn being the second most commonly reported cause and chest pain third. Medications or drug groups commonly used for self-medication among 70 students; those taking different medications at different times are shown in different graphs.
Among those who use different drugs at different times, antacids, ranitidine, omeprazole, esomeprazole and rabeprazole are the most frequently used drugs for self-care. Of the total of 70 students, 38% sought advice from a pharmacist for information on self-medication, while 20% consulted a doctor and 15% relied on family and friends. On the other hand, 32% of the participants got their drugs from family/friends, in other words, available at home.
Out of the 70% of volunteers who took part in the study, 49 agreed that they did not experience any negative effects during self-medication.
Attitude towards self-medications of anti-ulcer drug
Self-medication is the taking of medication that has not been recommended, prescribed or regulated by an authorized health professional (Fuentes Albarrán & Villa Zapata, 2008). The results of this study provide valuable insight into the prevalence and causes of acidity-related morbidity among participants. It is noteworthy that a majority of participants take anti-ulcer medications, indicating that the problem of acidity is quite widespread among this population.
This information can be useful for healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating patients with similar symptoms. In addition, the study provides insight into the drugs commonly used for self-medication among college students who take different drugs at different times. A survey of volunteers showed that self-medication, although not necessarily recommended, had no negative effects on most participants.
24 vary, it is important to note that they can all be unpleasant and in some cases dangerous. It is crucial to understand that self-medication can be risky as it can lead to incorrect dosage, mixing of medications that can interact negatively, and failure to identify underlying health problems. Furthermore, self-medication can mask the symptoms of an underlying condition, making diagnosis and treatment difficult for healthcare professionals.
Therefore, it is recommended that you always consult a healthcare professional before taking any medications, whether prescription or over-the-counter. Although the majority of volunteers experienced no negative effects from self-medication, the 30% who did report side effects should serve as a reminder of the risks associated with self-medication. It is always best to seek professional advice before taking any medication, to ensure it is safe and effective for individual use.
The consequences of taking anti-ulcer medications can be both physical and psychological, including an increased risk of side effects and drug addiction. It is important that health care providers and educators raise awareness of the risks associated with the use of ulcer medications and promote safe and effective alternative treatment options for students. Overall, this study provides valuable information on the prevalence and causes of acidity-related morbidity among the participants, as well as insights into the medications commonly used for self-medication among the students taking different medications at different times.
These findings may be useful for healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat similar cases, as well as for individuals who may experience similar symptoms and seek self-care options. However, it is important to note that self-medication can be risky and individuals should always consult a healthcare professional before taking any medication, even if it is available over the counter.
