In addition, the study focused on determining the general flow curve for the filter, determining the time required to filter the volume of water and also to understand the social acceptance of the filter. 36 Figure 16. The second level of physical decomposition for the power system 36 Figure 17. The second level of physical decomposition for the monitor/detector system 37 Figure 18. The second level of physical decomposition for the pump system 38.
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
The current BWS system in West Africa does not have the capacity to monitor chemical compounds, filtration and disinfection of potable water. As a result, there is not enough potable water in West Africa to support a large-scale U.S.
OBJECTIVES
BENEFIT OF THE STUDY
A quality water system in the West African region will reduce the risk of various water-borne diseases that have threatened the region. The system will improve the quality of drinking water in the West African region and reduce the risk of consuming contaminated water.
SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
The water system can be implemented or sold to other third world countries that may have similar water problems as in West Africa.[09] The water system would be beneficial to investors in pursuit of business opportunities in the area.
METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
The current state of water systems in West Africa will not affect the research. Develop the maintenance concept for the sustainable support of the system throughout its planned life cycle.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
A prototype model built using commercial off-the-shelf components was tested and evaluated to determine design feasibility. The test results were evaluated to ensure proper compatibility and integration with other external components of the system.
PRIMARY WATER SOURCES IN WEST AFRICA
Rain Water
Purification of river water is not cost-effective as it may require constant replacement of the filter elements. Because of these disadvantages, river water is not cost-effective to purify for human consumption in West Africa.[18].
REVIEW OF WATER PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Lack of water treatment results in the growth of microorganisms in the water distribution system (WHO 2014). Physical methods of water purification include boiling, heating (fuel and solar), sedimentation, filtration and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
REVIEW OF WATER QUALITY IN WEST AFRICA
In West African countries, water supply is deficient in both rural and urban areas. In Nigeria, for example, urban water supply has declined and water quality is questionable (Ezeabasili, Anike, and Okonkwo 2014). According to Ezeabasili, Anike and Okonkwo (2014), interrupted water supply in urban areas is due to lack of operation and maintenance of PWS.
Nitrates in the soil could leach into the well water system due to heavy rainfall. For example, nitrate is present in water due to the mineralization of chemical compounds in the soil (Gilli, Mangan and Mundry 2012).[28].
NEEDS ANALYSIS
OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
High-Level User Requirement
System Size
Operational Concept
The location will be close to other African villages that will benefit from the system. Based on user needs and system size, the water purification system will be able to produce 7,000 to 10,000 liters of water per day.[35] The system is expected to operate for 20 hours per day and the remaining four hours will be used for minor maintenance such as flushing/cleaning the system, post-use inspection, daily inspection and inspection on turnaround, and replacement of parts.
Proposed Maintenance Concept
Environmental Factor
System Reliability
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
While operational analysis illustrates what the water system needs to do to fulfill its operational tasks, functional analysis shows a more detailed analysis of the functionalities required of the system to fulfill its intended function. The functional description of the water system “serves as the basis for the identification of the resources required for the system to fulfill its functions” (Blanchard and Fabrycky 2011, 100). Functional analysis is described as “an iterative process of translating system requirements into detailed criteria and subsequent identification of the resources required to operate and support the system” (Blanchard and Fabrycky 2011, 100).
For this thesis and the purpose of the water system, functional analysis will include the functional decomposition of the system. The goal is to identify and dissect the vital functions of the water system, which will result in a list of functions and sub-functions required from the water system to close the capacity gaps.[38]
Functional Hierarchy
Functional Flow Block Diagram
The FFBD shows the sequential way to perform the functions of the water system using a flowchart (NASA/SP 2007). The AND gate “indicates parallel functions and all conditions that must be met to proceed to the step of the water treatment process” (DAU/DSMC 2001, 50). Each of these high level functions will enter its specific AND gates for the start of the water purification process.
System will continue to loop and the water purification process continues until the storage tank is full. The TLA is used concurrently with FFBD to capture the duration and sequence of water system function (NASA/SP 2007).
Timeline Analysis
LIST OF SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
TECHNOLOGY FEASIBILITY
Usability and Safety: Usability is the ease of use of the system to achieve quantified objectives and customer satisfaction in a quantified context. Safety is the safety of the system during operation or transport of water from one base to another. For the system cost criterion, a gallon of water at Walmart costs $1 and a soldier operating in a hot environment is expected to consume 2.6 gallons of water.
Baseline usability is expected to be 100 percent, as soldiers preferred bottled water for portability and ease of use. MROS utilization is estimated at 90%, as the system is expected to perform water purification operations 20 hours a day, with the remaining four hours spent on maintenance.
COST ANALYSIS OF THE WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
For the cost analysis of the water system, a time horizon of 15 years applies and a real discount rate of 1.0% is applied to the costs. The cost breakdown in Table 6 is a “linear” list where the total cost of the MROS was calculated by adding the cost of all items together. The cost breakdown for each item during the WDS acquisition period is shown in Table 8.
Therefore, electricity and fuel costs will be $17,700 during the first year of O&S of the system. The cost analysis of CWS in Table 11 shows that the first year of the initial water supply contract was.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The physical breakdown of the solar panel is incorporated into the breakdown of the electrical subsystem as shown in Figure 17. It consists of both electrical and mechanical pumps as shown in the physical breakdown of the subsystem in Figure 21. The reliability module of the water system is described in detail in Chapter IV, section C of this report.
During the purification process, the water flows through these three stages of the pre-filter subsystem before being sent to the membrane subsystem. However, the purification capability of the water system is based on the quality of the feed water obtained from the borehole.
WATER SAMPLING ANALYSIS
A non-return valve prevents the treated water from flowing back from the drinking water storage tank and prevents the membranes from rupturing. The ultraviolet disinfection system is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process that removes 99.99% of harmful microorganisms in water.
WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM PHYSICAL MODEL
In the operational analysis part of this thesis, an operational concept diagram was introduced to show the proposed concept of the water treatment system. In terms of the operational analysis discipline, the model drove the operation of the prototype. Once the pre-filtration is complete, the water is pushed through each of the membrane filters and finally to the holding tank.
The prototype model is a four-phase, point-of-use water purification system with a flow rate of 50 GPD. The results collected from the test, operation and evaluation of the prototype will form the basis for the development of the water purification system in the area of design for reliability, maintenance and.
Operational Test and Evaluation
Performance tests will verify the performance characteristics of each water treatment system system, such as production rate, water flow rate, and system component performance. Personnel testing and evaluation will verify the interface between operators and the water treatment system.
Pre-Water Treatment Test Analysis
SYSTEM RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
The reliability of the set of prefilter subsystems in operation is calculated as shown. The reliability of the standby subsystem group (pre-sediment and pre-carbon filters) is evaluated as shown. The calculation shows that the standby system of pre-sediment and pre-carbon filters has a reliability of 0.7856.
The reliability of the standby subsystem group (pre-sediment and pre-carbon filters) is calculated as shown. The calculation shows that the standby system of pre-sediment and pre-carbon filters has a reliability of 0.7856.
INTEROPERABILITY REQUIREMENTS
55 The best way to improve the reliability of your water system and ensure that water production is not interrupted is to have a backup water pump. When solar power is not available, an emergency generator or city electricity will be used. In addition, the membranes will be inspected daily during scheduled downtime maintenance to ensure that the Delta-P buttons are not indicating that the filters need to be replaced.
OPERATIONAL USE AND SYSTEM SUPPORT
This thesis proved to be a proof of concept for the feasibility of adding a treatment system to a water well system. In order to answer research question 1, in Chapter I of the diploma thesis, we discussed and determined the needs of users in the phase of conceptual design and analysis of the water treatment system. A study on well water quality in West Africa found that reliance on naturally filtered groundwater is insufficient for human consumption.
The presence of metal compounds and bacteria in the borehole water indicates a need for a purification system. Borehole drying: A review of the situation in the hydrogeological system of Ghana.” Journal of Water Resources and Protection.
