Introduction to Bangladesh Economy
MUNMUN SHABNAM BIPASHA
Department of Business
Administration
Daffodil International
University
Content
Introduction
Economic activities
The economic activities of the people of Bangladesh
Different economic system
Characteristics of capitalistic economic system
Characteristics of socialistic economic system
Characteristics of mixed economic system
Underdeveloped, developing and developed economies
Whether Bangladesh is an underdeveloped or developing country
Vicious circle of poverty
Basic economic problems of Bangladesh
Solution of economic problems of Bangladesh
Introduction
Facing wants
Earn money by engaging in various works
Limited resources
Makes efforts to fulfill demand with limited resources
Wants increases again and again
Limited resources
Economic problem
Inequality
Inefficiency
Laisse Fairy- No Gov’t Intervention
Economic activities
Definition: In the way man earns money and spends it to fulfill his wants and the activities which he performs in this regard are called economic activities. So, the economic activities of human beings are mainly of two types-
1. Activities related to earning money and
2. Activities related to spending money.
The main objective of economic activities is to satisfy wants through consumption.
The economic activities of the people of Bangladesh
The nature of economic activities of any country depends upon-
1.Geographical and natural conditions 2. Behaviors of the race population 3.Rate of education 4.Stage of development 5.The overall socioeconomic conditions.
Agricultur e
Agricultur
e Business
and tradeBusiness
and trade ServiceService Work in small and
cottage industries
Work in small and
cottage industries
Fish cultivatio
n and catching
fishes Fish cultivatio
n and catching
fishes
Driving vehiclesDriving vehicles
Rearing animals and birds Rearing animals and birds
The major economic activities of the people of Bangladesh
Different Economic System
Economic System: The economic rules and regulations and the environmental factors by
which overall economic activities of a country are conducted is called the economic system.
3 main types of economic systems prevail in different countries of the world, such as:
(1)Capitalistic economic system (2)Socialistic economic system (3)Mixed economic system
Capitalistic Economic System
Individual ownership of resources
Non-government
initiative Automatic pricing system.
Freedom of
consumers. Free
competition
Profit earning
Characteristics of Capitalistic Economic System
Socialistic Economic System
Main exponents of socialism- Karl Marx and
Angles
State
ownership of wealth
Absence of individual
initiative Central planning
Limitation of the freedom of
consumer
Characteristics of Socialistic Economic System
Mixed Economic System
Co-existence of government and non-government
sectors
Freedom of
consumers Pricing system
Government
control Profit earning
Concept
Few Concepts:
Economic Growth
Economic Development = GDP+
Health+Edu+ Liv Std
HDI (Human Development
Index)=INCOME,EDU,ACCODODATION,HE
ALTH,LIVING STANDARD
Underdeveloped, Developing and Developed Economies
The countries of the world are classified into three groups on the basis of the level and stage of economic development such as:
• Underdeveloped countries
• Developing countries
• Developed countries.
List of some Developed & Developing Nations
COUNTRY STATUS HDI
Argentina Developing 0.83
Australia Developed 0.93
Brazil Developing 0.75
Canada Developed 0.91
Chile Developed 0.82
China Developing 0.72
France Developed 0.89
Germany Developed 0.91
Greece Developed 0.87
Israel Developed 0.89
Italy Developed 0.87
Malaysia Developing 0.78
Mexico Developing 0.76
Netherlands Developed 0.92
Nigeria Developing 0.51
North Korea Developing -
Norway Developed 0.94
Philippines Developing 0.66
Qatar Developing 0.85
Russia Developing 0.79
South Korea Developed 0.89
Spain Developed 0.87
Sweden Developed 0.90
Taiwan Developed 0.88
Turkey Developed 0.76
2
Developed vs. Developing
HRDI above .85 considering for developed. Exceptional case: Chili &
Turkey.
For more you can visit:
https://www.investopedia.com/upd ates/top-developing-countries/
Underdeveloped Countries
Those countries are
called underdeveloped ones where-
No economic
development in real term has taken place
Per capita income of the people is less
The standard of living is low
Importance of primary occupation is very high
Capital is less
Unemployment is high
Most of the demands of the people remain
unfulfilled.
Main
Characteristics of Underdeveloped
Countries
• Less Per Capita Income and Standard of Living
• Overdependence on Agriculture
• Underdeveloped Industry
• Less Capital
• Insufficient use of Natural Resource
• Wide-spread Unemployment
• Lack of Technical Knowledge
• Underdeveloped Transport and Communication System
• Illiteracy
• Over-dependence on Foreign Aid
• Adverse Social Environment
Developing Countries
Those countries are called developing ones where-
per capita income and standard of living of the people are gradually increasing
economy is gradually advancing forward
sufficient potentialities for the increase in per capita income and
standard of living have been created
per capita income and standard of living is less compare to developed countries
Main Characteristics of Developing Countries
Unemploy ment and Economic Disparity
Tendenc y of Per
Capita Income Increaseto
Dynamism Economic in
Programs
Planned Developm
Effortsent
Socio- economi problemsc
Gradual Developm
ent of Social Environme
nt Gradual
Developm ent of Agricultur
e and Industry
Developed Countries
Those countries are called developed ones where-
Substantial development has taken place
Per capita income of the people and their standard of living are very high
Productivity in agriculture and industry is high
Rate of unemployment is negligible
The supply of goods of daily use and luxury are sufficient
Transport and communication system is developed
Facilities for education, health, housing, etc. are available in abundance
High Per Capita Income and Standard of
Living
High Per Capita Income and Standard of
Living
Extensive Industrialization
Extensive
Industrialization Abundance of Capital Abundance of
Capital Full Utilization of Resources Full Utilization of
Resources
Developed Technological
Knowledge Developed Technological
Knowledge
Developed Transport and Communication
System Developed Transport and Communication
System
Higher Rate of Education Higher Rate of
Education Skilled ManpowerSkilled Manpower
Less Pressure of Population Less Pressure of
Population Developed Social Environment Developed Social
Environment
Main characteristics of developed countries
Whether Bangladesh is an underdeveloped or developing country?
�
Less per capita income
Underdeveloped
agriculture and industry Low standard of
living Wide
unemploym High ent
population growth
Shortage of savings,
Underdeveloped transport communication system Less
education
Inadequate health, housing rate and other basic facilities
Prevalent social indiscipline
and Political instability
Whether Bangladesh is an underdeveloped or developing country?
�
Dynamism in respect of
development has come into force Future expansion in
economic development Gradual increase in the
rate of education
Standard of living of the people is gradually improving
Per capita income is increasing
though at a slow rate.
Vicious circle of poverty
The main obstacle towards economic development faced by both undeveloped and developed countries is poverty. � ‘The vicious
circle of poverty is such a combination of certain forces which through mutual actions and reactions keep a country poor”.- Professor Ragnar Nurkse
The basic vicious circle stems from the fact that in least developed countries (LDCs) total productivity is low due to
Deficiency in capital
Market imperfections,
Economic backwardness
Underdevelopment.
Professor Ragnar Nurkse
Demand side and Supply side Vicious Circle of Poverty
ProductivityLow
IncomeLow
DemLow and InvestmentLow
Capital Deficiency
ProducLow tivity
IncomLow e SavingLow
s InvestLow
ment
Capital Deficie
ncy
Figure 1
Figure 2
Demand Side: - The low level of real income leads to low level demand, which in turn, leads to a low rate of investment and hence back to deficiency of capital, low productivity and low income. Figure 1
Supply Side: - Low productivity is reflected in low real income. The low level of real income means low savings. The low level of savings leads to a low level of productivity and to deficiency of capital.
Deficiency of capital, in turn, leads to a low level of productivity and back to low income. Figure 2
Underdeveloped Human and Natural Resources
Market Imperfections
Underdeveloped Natural Resources Backward People
The development of natural resources is depending upon the productive capacity of the people of the country. If people are backward and illiterate, lack in technical skill, knowledge and entrepreneurial activity, the natural resources will tend to remain unutilized even misutilized.
On the other hand, people are economically backward in a country due to underdeveloped natural resources. Therefore both consequences cause of backward people.
Basic economic problems of Bangladesh
Undeveloped Agriculture Undeveloped
Industry
Less Per Capita Income
Low Standard of Living
Inadequacy of
Capital
Basic economic problems of Bangladesh
Rapid
Population Growth
Unemploy ment Problem
Food Deficit Lack of Education
Deficit in Foreign
Trade
Basic economic problems of Bangladesh
Over Dependence on Foreign Aid
Underdeveloped Socio- economic Infrastructure
Lack of Proper Planning Undeveloped Social
Environment
Political Instability
Solution of economic problems of Bangladesh
Agricultural Development
Rapid Industrialization Capital
Increase
Full Utilization of Natural Resources Population Control
Solution of Economic Problems of Bangladesh
Agricultural Development
Agricultural development shallhave to be attained through adoption of modern agricultural method.
• Use of improved seeds and manures,
• Increased irrigation facilities,
• Adequate agricultural loan,
• Flood control, cooperative farming
• Increasing National Income.
• Enhancing Employment opportunities.
Rapid
Industrializati
on
Solution of Economic Problems of Bangladesh
Capital Increase
An increase in capital investment in the sector of agriculture, industry, trade and commerce etc. will lead to increase production and income.For this purpose, savings of the people are to be increased for increasing capital.
Proper social
environment has to be
maintained for
profitable investment.
Full Utilization of Natural Resources
There are fertileagricultural land, water resources, natural gas and other mineral resources in Bangladesh.Bright prospect for discovery of some more mineral resources is also there production, income and employment opportunities will increase if these natural resources are properly utilized.
Solution of Economic Problems of Bangladesh
It is not possible to achieve economic development in the present rate of increase of population cannot be controlled.
For this, the
tendency of
population increase should be controlled through family planning.
Population
Control
Solution of Economic Problems of Bangladesh
Sound Planning
Poverty
Alleviation
Programmes
Equitable Distribution of National Income
Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Sound Administrative
Arrangements
Solution of economic problems of Bangladesh
Sound Planning
Sound planning is most essential for solution of economicproblems and rapid
development.Besides, formulation of rural based planning and implementation are essential for development of our rural economy.
Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Innumerable helpless and poor men and women ofBangladesh should be given loans and aid through various government and non- government organizations for self employment.
Through this assistance they will be able to keep themselves engaged in self-employed occupations such as dairy poultry farming, live-stock rearing, cultivation of flowers and vegetables, establishment of handicrafts, small shops etc.
Solution of economic problems of Bangladesh
Equitable Distribution of National Income
At present wealth is being concentrated in the hands of a few people of Bangladesh. As a result, the number of poor people and their level of poverty are increasing.
Arrangement shall have to be made for equitable distribution of income and wealth through adoption of appropriate principles of development.
Improvement of Social Environment
Our social environment shall have to be improved through expansion of education and culture, social movement and formulation of appropriate laws.
The path of development will be smooth with the removal of superstitions, religious fanaticism, adverse social rules and regulations etc.
Solution of Economic Problems of Bangladesh
Sound Administrative Arrangements
Our administrative system shall have to be made sound and efficient for solving economic problems and to help economic development.
Proper understanding and cooperation among different administrative
divisions are to be increased.
