Please be informed that based on verification, 18% of the content of the above assignment is stated to be plagiarism and is covered/not covered as per the plagiarism policy and institution release for CASR, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. His constant support, patience, valuable suggestions, helpful criticisms, constant encouragement and inspiration enabled me to overcome all difficulties in this research and in the preparation of my thesis. A newspaper recently claimed that CWASA is using extra chlorine to kill the coronavirus during the Covid-19 pandemic.
That is why the free chlorine, chloride ion, pH and TDS of the supplied water are analyzed to determine if there are any health problems related to this issue. In the raw supply water samples, the maximum chloride ion average was observed in the WASA water sample (ppm). The maximum mean free chlorine was observed in WASA 01 raw water (0.5 mg/L) which is within the standard limit.
In the raw water, the maximum TDS was observed in WASA water 01 which was about 172. Of the bottled raw mineral water, the highest chloride was observed in water bottle ppm), the highest pH was observed in bottled water, the highest TDS was observed in the bottled water sample 03.
Introduction
- Water Supply System in Chattogram Metropolitan Area
- Mohora Water Treatment Plant
- Treatment process descrip-tion
- Significance of the study
- Objectives
2 The study was done to measure the presence of free chlorine, chloride ion and to determine the quality of water supply in Chattogram area. According to CWASA the water treatment plant is designed to bring the water quality within the maximum acceptable limit/standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The west bank of the Halda River is where the intake structure and pump station are located.
The intake structure is connected to the raw water pumping station by a pipe in each compartment. The raw water is lifted by raw water pumps from the intake structures to the de-columning tanks or directly to the rapid mixing units. During the monsoon season, two dewatering basins are provided to prevent large sediment loads to the clarifiers, although this can be bypassed during the dry season.
If necessary, alum is added to the raw water in the meter vault to help settle the suspended solids in the melt pond. Each clarifier sludge blanket is periodically removed from a draw line for sludge that settles on the bottom and consolidates when the tank is closed for cleaning or is continuously removed from fixed sludge conditioning. Sludge is drawn from the sludge blanket of any clarity either continuously with fixed sludge conditioning or on a periodic basis from a sludge draw line that is placed at the bottom and consolidated when the tank is taken.
Purified water was transported to the Battali hill tank by five electric vertical centrifugal pumps at constant speed (four in service, one in standby). Downstream of the plant's raw water catchment, sludge side streams will be discharged back into the Halda River. Therefore, it is important to know the current status of free chlorine and other parameters of Chattogram WASA supply water quality.
The overall objective of the study was to identify whether there is any potential risk to drinking water supply from Chattogram WASA.
Review and Literature
- Drinking Water
- pH of Potable Water
- Effect of altered pH on Human Health and other factors
- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) in Water
- Chloride ion in water
- Adverse effect of Chloride Ion in water
- Free Chlorine
- Adverse effects of free chlorine on human health
7-containing metals become more toxic at lower pH as the solubility of metals increases at low pH (Islam et al., 2017). Previous studies have shown that water with a lower pH does not pose any health risk as the pH of our stomach is naturally low at pH 2, but this can cause aesthetic problems (Islam et al., 2017; USGS, 2016). According to Dirisu et al., 2016, water with a low pH level can cause skin irritation when used for bathing.
In addition, hazardous chemicals such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide become more toxic at high pH levels (Dirisu et al., 2016; WRN, 2016; Svobodova et al., 1993). The low pH water may include heavy metals, which can lead to toxicity, metal poisoning and other health problems, as well as symptoms such as chills, weakness, shortness of breath, immune system weakness, organ damage and so on (Anyanwu et al., 2018; Jan et al., 2015). The most common cations include calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium; anions include carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate and nitrate (Islam et al., 2017; WHO, 2017).
The amount of chlorine ions in the environment has increased year by year due to industrialization in recent years (Kumar and Puri, 2012). These compounds are mostly present in the excess chlorinated supply water and are responsible for the main cause of liver, kidney and colon cancer (Mohsen et al. According to Michaud et al., (2007), the increase in water temperature increases the free chlorine in water .
Excessive exposure to chlorinated water can be absorbed into our bodies by bathing or regular use, which is 100 times more than drinking water. Chloramines, hypochlorous acid, and disruption of the epithelial tissue junction contribute to muscle oxidation and increased permeability of the lung epithelium (Bernard et al., 2006; Mohsen et al., 2019; Nemery et al., 2002). Constant exposure to chlorinated water can cause respiratory problems in children, tank attendants, lifeguards, top swimmers, etc.
Chlorinated water increases free radicals in the body and causes aging of the human being (Cmest, 2000).
Materials and Methods
- Site of the Study
- Collection of Samples
- Treatments applied in the collected samples
- Filtration of the Different Sample Water
- Boiling of the Different Sample Water
- Combined Treatment of Filtration and Boiling
- Sunlight Treatment of the Samples
- Determination of Chloride Ion in the collected samples
- Determination of free Chlorine
- Determination of pH
- Determination of total dissolved solids (TDS)
- Statistical Analysis
First, 500 ml of the raw CWASA-supplied water and bottled water are placed in a regular household filter purchased from the local market. In a beaker, about 500 ml of raw CWASA water and bottled water are taken and boiled for about 4 to 10 minutes at 100ºC. After filtration of the water samples, approximately 250 ml of the filtered water was separated and boiled according to the previous procedure.
CWASA Filtered+Boiled Water Filtered+Boiled Sunlight Treated Water CWASA Sunlight Treated Bottled Water. The amount of chloride in the sample is directly related to the intensity of the color. Finally, at 60 minutes, the absorbance of the standard and test sample was evaluated in comparison to the blank sample.
The free chlorine content of supply water sample and bottled mineral water was determined by the following kit method. Free Chlorine Test Kit (Model: HI3831F. Manufacturer: HANNA instruments) was used to measure the free Chlorine. Initially, the chemical test kit was removed and carefully examined so that there is no damage in the kit.
The cap of the comparator was then gently placed on the cube and gently rotated and turned several times. Finally, the best match of the color band to a reference color attached next to the container was determined and the mg/L (ppm) free chlorine concentration was recorded. The pH of the water samples was determined using a Hanna microprocessor pH meter (model number: HI98107 pHep).
The TDS meter was then fully immersed in the water samples to measure TDS levels.
Results
- Result of Chloride ion
- Result for free Chlorine Concentration
- Result for pH
- Result for TDS
One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple comparison post hoc test, p<0.05, indicates that different superscript letters in the same row within each fraction indicate a significant difference between means. One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple comparison post hoc test, p<0.05, indicates that different superscript letters in the same row within each fraction indicate a significant difference between means.
Discussion
- Chloride ion
- Free Chlorine
- pH
- TDS
The WHO guideline (2011) states that, despite the possibility of chlorine residual exceeding the recommended range of 0.2-0.5 mg/L for centrally treated water at the point of delivery, the free chlorine doses are suitable for domestic water treatment to maintain a free chlorine residual of 0.2 mg/L in stored domestic water treated by chlorination. Chowdhury et al (2011) found that the mean free chlorine concentration in the CWASA supply water of two different zone of Chattogram city is 1.78 mg/L and 2.4393 mg/L respectively. In our study, all the samples (both bottled mineral water and the CWASA supply water) were found to be equal to or below 0.5 mg/L.
This result can be an indication of the continuous development in the water supply system of Chattogram WASA. According to the news prior to the Covid-19 situation, CWASA had previously chlorinated and contained from 0.2 to 0.8 milligrams of free chlorine. But our study shows that the free chlorine of the CWASA water was within the limit according to the standard.
If we look at the WASA supply water samples, we can see that the WASA 2 water sample has the highest pH of all. The pH levels of every water sample from different areas of CWASA fell within the permissible limit. The maximum pH of the six samples was observed in the WASA 02 supply water sample after filtration.
In water samples the minimum pH was found to be 6.5, which is the case in bottled mineral water sample 01 after boiling. No significant difference was observed in the pH value observed in previous research. The maximum TDS was found in the WASA feed water sample 02 and sample 03 when they were boiled and filtered.
This can be caused due to continuous improvement in the water supply system in the Chattogram WASA within these 8 years.
Conclusion
Recommendation and Future perspectives
2016). Level of pH in drinking water in an oil and gas producing community and perceived biological and health consequences. International Occupational Safety and Health Information Center (CIS), Chlorine, in International Chemical Safety Cards, 31 March 2009, International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and European Commission (EC), Accessed 24 July (2014). Kogevinas, Trihalomethane levels in exhaled breath as indicators of exposure to disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pools using chlorine and bromine as disinfectants.
Quality assessment of the non-carbonated bottled drinking water marketed in Bangladesh and comparison with tap water. An Internship Report on Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA), Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong. Retrieved June 23, 2022, from https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/health/extra-chlorine-kill-coronavirus-ctg-wasa-water-raises-health-worries-102265.
Marrë nga https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water- science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-.
