We hereby confirm that we have examined the above Master's thesis and have determined that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that all revisions required by the thesis examination board have been made. Mere grateful thanks may not be enough for the privilege of expressing my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Manirul Islam, Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, CVASU, for unequivocal motivation, kind guidance, loving encouragement and constant supervision throughout the study period. and preparation of the manuscript.
Altaf Hossain, Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Food Sciences and Nutrition, CVASU for his valuable advice, scholastic guidance, inspiration and suggestions during my study period. Jannatara Khatun, Dean, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, CVASU for her kind cooperation and providing necessary facilities to conduct this research. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of essential oils (Eucalyptus globulus) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and blood parameters in broiler chickens.
A total of 96-day-old Ross 308 non-sexed broilers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups: T0= Control (basal diet); T1= Antibiotics (basal diet + 0.1% amoxicillin in drinking water); T2 = essential oil (basal diet + 0.4 ml/L eucalyptus oil, DM basis); T3= Essential oil (basal diet + 0.8 ml/L eucalyptus oil, DM basis). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Eucalyptus globulius essential oil reduced weekly weight gain, improved FCR, decreased mortality, CP, EE, total ash, and blood HDL level.
General Feature
In addition, some phytobiotics stabilize the microbiome, which reduces microbial toxins (Steiner, 2006; Windisch et al., 2008; Perič et al., 2010). This, in turn, reduces inflammation and; therefore, protein production can be attributed to growth as opposed to production of immune modulators (Kroismayr et al., 2008; Steiner, 2006). Essential oils are compounds obtained by distillation or solvent extraction from aromatic plants, herbs or spices (Yang et al., 2009).
Each component may have a different mechanism of action and these components may work synergistically (Senatore, 1996; Russo et al., 1998). Eucalyptus oil also stimulates the immune system response with effects on the phagocytic ability of human monocyte-derived macrophages (Priyanka et al., 2017). Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were found to be able to implement humoral immune response mediated by innate cells and to have a potent immune modulatory effect in chickens (Awaad et al., 2010).
Essential oils are often used as traditional medicines to improve health or treat diseases in humans, as they have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Kim et al., 2008; Brenes and Roura, 2010). In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of most essential oils is much higher than acceptable levels in the animal industry in terms of cost-effectiveness and palatability of feed (Yang et al., 2015).
Objectives
- Effect of essential oils on feed palatability and digestibility
- Scientific Classification
- Botanical Information
- Morphological Description
- Geographical Distribution
Among the 3000 known essential oils, 300 are commercially important and are used in the pharmaceutical, agronomic, food, sanitary, cosmetic and perfume industries as effective alternatives or supplements to synthetic compounds (Bakkali et al., 2008). EOs improve nutrient utilization and absorption by increasing the activity of digestive enzymes, including trypsin and amylase (Jang et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2003). In addition, the active substances increase intestinal mucus secretion, which prevents the adhesion of pathogens (Jamroz et al., 2006).
Flavor and smell of feed are enhanced with the addition of essential oils, for this reason feed palatability and intake increase (Kroismayr et al., 2006). It is believed that the increased feed palatability associated with the supplementation of essential oils may also be due to their antioxidative properties that can preserve the qualities of the diet and prevent the release of unfavorable odors from the diet (Sola-Oriol et al. , 2011; Franz et al., 2010). It may therefore be possible to replace chemical antioxidants (e.g. ethoxyquin and butylated hydroxytoluene) that are regularly used in animal nutrition with sufficient amounts of essential oils (natural antioxidants), especially when chemical antioxidants are prohibited (Yang et al., 2015) .
Furthermore, the oil possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities including antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticide/insect repellent, herbicide, acaricide and nematicide (Batish et al., 2008). The introduction of Eucalyptus globulus to Ethiopia is said to have played an important role in the development of the country (Gobel et al., 2002).
Eucalyptus essential oil
Use of Eucalyptus essential oil
Numerous studies have shown the antimicrobial properties of eucalyptus essential oils against a wide range of microorganisms. In addition, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus urophylla are well known for their antibacterial (Cimanga et al., 2002) and antifungal (Su YC et al., 2006) activities. Several studies have focused on the antifungal properties of eucalyptus essential oils (Somda I et al., 2007; Ramezani H et al., 2002).
The research conducted by (Han et al., 2011) shows that the performance of MCFA mixture with eucalyptus fed to pigs was the same as that of antibiotics. For example, hot water extracts of dried leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora (Lemon-scented Eucalyptus) are used as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drugs for symptoms of respiratory infections, such as colds, flu and sinus congestion (Silva et al., 2003). In Japan, “Eucalyptus Leaf Extract” has been approved as a natural food additive and is also included as one of the antioxidants in the “List of Existing Food Additives in Japan” (Amakura et al., 2002).
Eucalyptus extracts exhibit various biological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities (Takahashi T et al., 2004). The study was conducted in experimental poultry house at the Department of the Animal Science and Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram-4225, Bangladesh.
Study period
Eucalyptus Essential oil extraction
Collection of Eucalyptus leaves
Cleaning of leaves
Distillation of oil
Design of the experiment
Animals and housing
Cleaning and sanitation
Diets
Experimental Water Preparation
Feeding of birds
On day 15, large linear feeders (3.5 ft. X 0.38 ft.) and round waterers (3 liter capacity) were provided to feed and drink the birds.
Medications
Carcass measurement
Analysis of meat
Hematological analysis
Data collection
Data analysis
Growth performance
Average daily gain (ADG)
Average daily feed intake (ADFI)
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
The aim of the conducted study was to observe and interpret the effects of eucalyptus essential oil by observing the growth, carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters of Ross-308 broilers.
Blood serum Parameters
Chemical Composition of meat
Carcass Characteristics
Mortality
The T3 treatment group treated with eucalyptus essential oil (water + 0.8 ml oil/l) showed the best performance in FCR. This is because essential oils from food can improve digestion (Anonymous, 1997; Mellor, 2000 a,b). The mortality rate shows that bird mortality is higher in the T0 treatment group where no antibiotic or essential oil was added. The best result was found in the T3 treatment group, where it was treated with eucalyptus essential oil (0.8 ml oil/l), but (Farhadi et al., 2016) concluded that there is no influence on mortality due to the nutritional supplementation of Eucalyptus EO.
The study investigated the effects of Eucalyptus essential oil supplementation on the performance parameters, carcass characteristics and blood parameters in commercial broilers under intensive rearing system. Eucalyptus globulus essential oil has shown a negative effect on growth performance of the broiler, so at the moment Eucalyptus globulus essential oil cannot be recommended as a dietary supplement of broilers. The effect of a combination of essential oil derived from selected herbs growing wild in Turkey on broiler performance.
Delivery of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn) essential oil to the pig gastrointestinal tract using gelatin-coated microcapsules. Effects of using eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus L.) leaf powder and its essential oil on growth performance and immune response of broilers. Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oil components affects feed buffering capacity, performance of turkey poults and their antioxidant status, digestive tract pH, gut microbiota and morphology.
Influence of essential oil components on growth performance and the functional activity of the pancreas and small intestine of broilers. Effects of dietary oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female chickens. Growth performance, intestinal viscosity, fat digestibility and plasma cholesterol in broilers fed a rye diet without or with essential oil components.
Effects of adding essential oil to weanling pig diets on performance, nutrient utilization, immune response and gut health. The effect of two different mixtures of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broilers. New alternative to antibiotics in shrimp hatcheries: effects of the essential oil of Cinnamosma scents on survival and bacterial concentration of Penaeus monodon larvae.
The influence of harvest time on the yield and composition of the essential oil from a thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.) growing wild in Campania (Southern Italy). Skoufos I, Giannenas I, Tontis D, Bartzanas T, Kittas C, Panagakis P, Tzora A. Effects of oregano essential oil and attapulgite on growth performance, gut microbiota and morphometry in broilers.
