EVALUATION OF HEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN PPR AFFECTED BLACK
BANGLE GOAT
A CLINICAL REPORT SUBMITTED BY
ROLL NO: 05/39
INTERN ID: E-37 REG NO: 230
SESSION: 2004-2005
A PART OF FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE (DVM)
CHITAGONG VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY CHITTAGONG-4202
EVALUATION OF HEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN PPR AFFECTED BLACK
BANGLE GOAT
A Report Submitted as Per Approved Style and Content
Signature of author Name: Md. Shaif Uddin Intern ID: E-37
Roll No. : 2005/39 Reg. No. : 230 Session: 2004-2005
Signature of supervisor Dr. A.S. M. Golam Kibria
DVM (CVASU) , MS (BAU)
Lecturer
Department of Anatomy and Histology CVASU
CHITAGONG VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY KHULSHI, CHITTAGONG.
FEBRUARY, 2011
CONTENTS
Chapter Contents Page No
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
1 Introduction 01 - 02
2 Review of Literature 03 - 06
3 Materials and Method 07 - 12
4 Result and Discussion 13 - 21
5 Conclusion 22
6 References 23-25
7 Appendix 26 -27
LIST OF THE TABLE
Table No Title Page no
Table :1 Normal blood chemistry values of adult goats 26 -27
LIST OF GRAPHS FIGURE
No
Title Page no
1 Components of blood 6
2 Comparison of RBC between two groups 14
3 Comparison of PCV% between two groups 14
4 ESR% between two groups 15
5 WBC between two groups 16
6 Comparison of lymphocytes 16
7 Comparison of Neutrophil 17
8 Comparison of Eosinophil 17
9 Comparison of Monocyte 18
10 plasma protein analysis between two groups 18
11 Comparison of Glucose levels 19
12 Comparison of Calcium between two groups 20 13 Comparison of phosphorous between two groups 20
Abbreviations
ALP Alkaline phosphatase CK Creatinine Kinase
CVASU Chittagong Veterinary And Animal Sciences University DLC Differential leukocyte count
cm /sec Centimeter per second
CM Centimeter
GM Gram ETC Etcetera
Hb Hemoglobin
HCl Hydro choleric acid
RBC Red Blood Cell
TLC Total leucocytes count TEC Total erythrocytes count TP Total protein.
CBC Complete Blood Count.
EDTA Ethylene-di-amine-tetraceticacid
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises are due to Almighty Allah who enabled the author to complete this work successfully. The author expresses his sincere gratitude, heartfelt respect and immense indebtedness to his supervisor Dr. A. S .M. Golam Kibria, lecturer , Department of Anatomy and Histology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for his guidance, valuable suggestions, inspiration and involvement.
The author would like to express his deep sense of gratitude and great fullness to the Dr.
Azizur Rahaman (Department of Physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology) and internship coordinator Md. Asraf A. Bishwas, Associate Professor, Department of animal science and nutrition, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for their constant inspiration and valuable suggestion for completion of the report work.
The author is grateful to Mr. Md. Enamul Hossain, Technician of physiology lab. & Mr.
Rafiqul Islam Lab. technician of biochemistry lab, CVASU their help during lab Work.
The author would like to thanks DR. Md. Abdul Mannan (Veterinary surgeon, SAQTVH) for his help during blood examination, blood preservation & for giving valuable information’s.
Finally, it is my pleasure to express big thanks to University authority, my parents, all of my well wishers, roommates, close friends for their encouragement and inspiration during my study period and preparation of this report at this level.
The Author February, 2011
Shaif, M . (2011). Evaluation of hematobiochemical parameters in PPR infected black bangle goat
Abstract
The study was conducted from the duration of April 2010 to December 2010 to evaluate the hemato -biochemical parameters in PPR infected black bangle goat at Chittagong districts.
The hematobiochemical tests are performed in the laboratory under the department of Physi- ology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences Uni- versity, Chittagong. For this ten black bangle goat are randomly selected, where five of goats are affected by PPR and five healthy goats are considered as controlled groups. Total erythro- cyte count(TEC), Differential Leukocyte count (DLC), average mean values of hemoglobin(Hb), Packed cell volume(PCV), were determined by using routine hematologi- cal procedures and calcium, glucose, total protein, phosphorous were determined by using biochemical analyzer. The results of the present study showed that the average value of RBC, PCV, Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, and basophile are close between non diseased and PPR af- fected goat. But the values of Plasma protein, Monocyte , Eosinophil, are higher in PPR af- fected group than controlled groups. On the other hand, the values of ESR, Ca, and P are lower in PPR affected groups than the controlled groups of black bangle goats. The findings of present study clearly indicate that the viral disease PPR has influential effect on hemato- biochemical parameters of Black Bangle goat.
KEYS WORDS: Black Bangle goats, PPR, hematology, biochemical analysis.
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
Traditionally goat rearing is an integral part of mixed farming in Bangladesh and their contribution to national economy is valued for producing high quality meat, milk and skin.
Goat rearing can also play important role in poverty alleviation, income generation, creation of employment opportunity and food production (Debanath, 1995). However different types of infectious diseases (PPR, Pneumonia, Goatpox, Enterotoximia, Mastitis, Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Papillomatosis, Ringworm etc.) and non-infectious diseases (Ketosis, pregnancy toxemia and vaginal prolapsed etc)are important problems to raise and rear the goat population in our country. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile viral disease of small ruminants, characterized by mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, enteritis and pneumonia .The disease is endemic in Bangladesh and causes major economic losses due to the high rates of mortality and morbidity in infected domestic animals of sheep and goats. It causes death in more than 50 per cent of the affected animals due to high fever, pneumonia, diarrhea and dehydration. Peste Des Petits ruminant’s virus (PPRV) is antigenically related to Rinderpest virus (RPV), from which it can be differentiated by the serum neutralization test (SN). Together with RP, canine distemper and measles virus, PPRV is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. Peste des petits ruminants virus is usually introduced to a susceptible herd by direct contact with newly purchased animals. The virus is excreted in oculonasal discharges, saliva and feces at the onset of the clinical signs. The usual incubation period is from two to six days before fever and mucosal erosions occur. Diarrhea develops two to three days later and death is usually preceded by pneumonia.
In Bangladesh, Dr Taylor identified the first PPR outbreak during 1993.Then it spread throughout the country and had divesting effects in organized Goat Farm .In Bangladesh it is thought that the diseases might have come from India.(Debanath1995).In endemic condition, it may be less dramatic or may occur as a sub clinical or even in apparent form(Debanath1995).Control of PPR based on concerted effort of vaccination and zoo sanitary measure. When an animal population grows, there is often a proportional increase in disease incidence .Disease present such as a wide variety of symptoms that the physical exam
is not sufficient to provide a diagnosis, so blood profile can play a curtail role for accurate diagnosis .Blood component may be influenced by physiological factors, such as age and species, and by pathological factors (Szbo et.al2005, Lloyed and Gibson, 2006).
Physiological equilibrium is maintained mainly by the blood in the body (Geneser, 1986).but many physiological conditions may alter this equilibrium. When thorough history and physical examination fail to yield a diagnosis in difficult cases, many practitioners turn to blood samples for a complete blood count and chemistry panel, hoping these tests will identify the problem (Navarre Christine, 2007).
Normal blood work can rule out some diseases. And if there are abnormalities, they might aid in establishing a prognosis and/or developing a therapeutic plan, even if a specific diagnosis is lacking (Navarre Christine, 2007).
The importance of hematobiochemical indices in animal husbandry is well acknowledged.
Metabolic disturbance usually by inappropriate feeding without manifestation of clinical symptoms are important in animal husbandry and may cause insufficiently developed breeding cattle (Radostits et al., 2003).
The changes in hematological constituents are important indicators of the physiological or pathological state of the animal (Ahmed Ijaz et al., 2003). Blood examination is also performed for screening procedure to asses’ general health (Gutienez et al., 1971; Jain, N.C;
Peinado, V.I. et al., 1993).
The complete blood count (CBC) is an important and powerful diagnostic tool as a component of a minimum database. It can be used to monitor response to therapy, to gage the severity of an illness or as a starting point for formulating a list of differential diagnosis.
Interpretation of the (CBC) can be broken down into three sections: evaluation of the erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelets. Each of these parameters can be interpreting individually: however, integration of the data is important for the highest diagnostic yield (Barger et al., 2003).
It is well known that variables such as breed, stage of growth, age, reproduction status The evaluation of the levels of blood parameters and its fraction supply the information required to interpret the occurrence of dehydration, infectious, immune diseases and inflammatory responses, The determination of blood parametric values using laboratory procedure to aid the diagnosis of several diseases and dysfunction, as they provide reliable results and also inputs for research studies on nutrition, physiology and pathology(Bounouset al 2000).
Objectives of the study
1. To known the different procedure of biochemical analysis of blood parameter 2. To compare blood parameter in PPR affected group and control group.
Chapter-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The available literature related to the field of PPR in goats is rather scarce, and only a few au- thors have looked into this problem. Some of them tested the concentration of biochemical indicators exclusively in Healthy goats and did not observe any aberrations from the physio- logical Values (BARAKAT and EL-GUINDI; NAZIFI et al., 1999). Others investigated healthy goats and presented biochemical indicators in relation to age, sex, breed, reproduction cycle, season of the year, influence of stress, and maintenance conditions. These indicators were then compared to analogue values in other animal species, as well as to those of humans (BARLET et al., 1971). Furthermore, the changes in biochemical indicators in the blood of goats as a result of certain, usually parasitic, but also metabolic, diseases were investigated by Fetcher (1982).
This work is designed to contribute to the understanding of potential Hematological disor- ders at the sub-clinical level by observing changes in concentration of PCV, ESR, TLC DLC, glucose, , total proteins and Ca,P in the blood of goats. A herd of goats was kept extensively, with only a minor influence of breeders on their production. As there have been no systematic analyses of biochemical indicators in goats carried out in Croatia, this work is aimed at deter- mining those indicators and comparing them to values obtained by other authors. Evaluation of blood parameter is important for production as well as disease prevention. However, some of the available literature pertinent to this study is reviewed here.
DEFINITION OF BLOOD:
Bloods is fluid specialized connective tissue propelled through the closed channel popularly known as blood vessels having cellular and non cellular components, usually bright red in color and slights al- kaline in chemical reaction (ph7.4) and carry oxygen as well as other nutrients to tissue and expel car- bon dioxide with other tissue metabolic toxic products, remaining in circulation constantly.
Accordingly, to Merriam-webster.com/dictionary (2009) Blood is defined as “The fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, and capillaries. And veins of the vertebrates animal carrying nourishment and oxygen to and brings away waste products from all the body is blood.
The American Heritage Medical Dictionary(2004) stated, The fluid consisting pf plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that’s is circulated by the heart through the arteries and veins, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and wastes materials away from all body tissues. One of the four hu-
mors of ancient and medieval physiology, identified with the blood found in the vessels and believed to cause cheerfulness, decent from the common ancestor, parental linkage”.
IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD PARAMETER
The hematological feature has attracted many workers to look at these features in order to make clini- cal predictions of ht e health status of a particular animal, the blood picture changes with the advance - ment of the animal age and also varies with certain condition as stress .bacteria, viral intoxication. The blood of the domestic animals contains erythrocyte, non granular and granular leucocytes as well as platelets suspended in plasma.
Fasuyi (2007) stated that Blood with its myriad of constituents provides a valuable medium both for clinical investigation and nutritional evaluation of the organism. The ingestion of numerous dietary components has measurable effects on blood constituents. Nutrients levels in blood and body fluid might not be valid indication of nutrients function at cellular levels. They are considered to be the proximate measure of long term nutritional status. Consequently blood sampling for the assay of bio- chemical constituents and hematological traits are frequently employed in nutritional and clinical studies. Changes in the constituent’s components of blood when compared to normal value could be used to interpret the metabolic state of the animal as well as quality of feed.
BLOOD COMPONENT ANALYSIS Blood has two components
1. Cellular components a. Erythrocytes b. Leukocyte c. Thrombocyte 2. Non cellular component
a. Watery part (75-80%)
b. Non watery part includes mineral salt (e.g. sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, potassium phosphate, plasma protein, dissolve gases, waste product and nutrients (eg. glucose and amino acid). It also contains varying levels of antibodies, hormones and enzyme.
Among these Glucose, total protein, Calcium, phosphorous and gamma globulin has importance for evaluation for physical status of animal.
Blood glucose:
Glucose is the source of energy in life .Email Fischer received the Nobel prize in chemistry is the net result of for his studies on the structure of glucose (Conn et al). Blood glucose concentration depends on a wide Varity of factors and its concentration at anytime is the net result of equilibrium between the rates of entry and removal of glucose in the circulation. As such all the factors that exert influ - ence upon entry or removal become important in the regulation of blood glucose concentration. The blood glucose levels at which it occurs varies between species.
Total protein
The plasma protein have identified as albumin, fibrinogen and globulin fraction. The plasma proteins help to maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood.
Minerals
The most important ionic forms of blood are Calcium and Phosphorous .Both are related with calci- tocin, parathormone and vitamin-D. The concentration of electrolyte re expressed in milligrams per 100 ml (mg %).These are important for electrical neutrality of body fluids.
Gyenis et al (2005) reported that blood mineral result levels may be different as a function of method- ology applied and breed and genetic lines may also influence these parameters.
Figure -1
COMPONENET OF BLOOD:
Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 SITE SELECTION AND TIME DURATION
The experiment was conducted at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal sciences University (CVASU).The blood samples were collected from goat located at different areas of Chit- tagong on contact basis. All the hematological experiments were carried out in the Physiol- ogy, Biochemistry and Pharmacology; Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univer- sity (CVASU), khulsi Chittagong.The aim of experiment was to evaluate the values of blood parameter in goat in PPR.
The experiment was carried out form December to January.
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 3.2.1 SAMPLING
For examination and analysis of blood and plasma ten goats are selected randomly.
3.2.2 CLINICAL OBSERVATION
The goats were observed twice daily for clinical sign (slow movement, high temperature, di- arrhea, nasal secretion, coughing, loss of appetite).Other activates were also monitored and record as per as symptoms.
3.2.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION
For collection of blood sample and plasma firstly blood are collected from jugular vein ,where most of the goat age ranges from 1 to 2 years by using 5ml (25 gauge needle).For hematological analysis ,blood sample were mixed with 4%solution of sodium citrate at 1:10 ratio and for bio chemical analysis plasma are obtained after centrifugation. This method was done according to the description of Alcon (2002).Then blood sample are labeled accord- ingly.
3.2.3PRESERVATION OF SAMPLE
After collection of blood, blood is preserved at 4 degree Celsius and plasma is preserved at 40 degree Celsius at deep fridge until analysis. Screw capped sterile vial were used in order
to avoid contamination. Some times normal refrigerator (Nikkon, India) was used for preser- vation and storing of blood sample.
3.3 HEMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
3.3.1 TOTAL LEUCOCYTE COUNT (TLC)
The method was done with the reference of Alcon (2000) Anticoagulant: Sodium citrate (4%) solution was used.
PROCEDURE
1. A dry and clean counting chamber was placed under microscope. Afterward the chamber was examined under low power objectives without cover slip to understand the rolling.
2. Blood was mixed properly with 4% sodium citrate was sucked into the WBC pipette up to mark .5 keeping the pipette nearly horizontal.
3. The diluting fluid was sucked in the pipette until the mixture of blood and the reaches 11 marks above the bulb. The pipette was rotated and inverted several times to ensure thoroughly mixture of blood with the diluting fluid.
4. One drop was discarded from the tip to avoiding bubble. Then one drop was kept un- der the cover slip and waiting to sable the cells. The cells were counted in the small 80 square chambers according to zigzag method under microscope.
3.3.1 (b) TOTAL ERYTROCYTE COUNT
The method was done with the reference of Alcon (2000) Anticoagulant: Sodium citrate (4%) solution was used.
Procedure
1. The tip of the dry clean red pipette was dipped into the blood sample and blood was sucked up to .5 mark of the pipette.
2. Out side of the tip of the pipette was wiped with cotton. Then the tip of this pipette was immediately placed in to red cell diluting fluid and the pipette was tilted with the fluid up to 101 marks.
3. The rubber tube was stretched at the other end of the pipette and both ends were held with thumb and finger. The content of the pipette were mixed thoroughly by shaking with 8 knot method for 3-5 minutes.
4. The counting chamber was placed with cover glass under microscope using low power (10 X) objectives.
5. After discarding 2 to 3 drops of fluids from the pipette a small drop was placed to the edge of the cover glass placed on the counting chamber and the area under the cover glass was filled by the fluid introduced.
6. One-minute time was spread to allow the cells to settle over the chamber uniformity.
7. The cells were counted from the recognized 80 small squares under high power objec- tives (40x).After completions of counting total cells ,the number of RBC recorded from the supplied samples were expressed as ,number of cells counted×10000and the result was expressed in million/mm3.
3.3.1(c) DIFFERENT LEUCOCYTE COUNT
The method was done with reference of the method was done by Alcon (2000) SOLUTION USED: GIEMASA STAIN/WRIGHT STAIN SOLUTION.
MICROSCOPE USED :( OLMPUS, JAPAN)
PROCEDURE
1. One drop blood sample was taken in a dry, clean slide and another slide use as spreader.
The spreader was taken back wardly and touch with blood. Then waiting for spreading of blood with capillary action, the spread slide was drawn over the main slide at 45◦angles.
2. Then the slide was kept for few minutes to dry. Then it was kept in staining rack and flooded with stain and blow of air was kept over slide for 5 minutes for uniform staining.
Then the slide was clean in running water to clean off stain.
3. It was dried with the bloating paper and examine under microscope at 100xby using im- mersion oil.
4. The cells were recognized according to lobulation, granulation, shape, and color.
3.3.1 (d) ESTIMATION OF PCV APPARATUS USED
a) Wintrobes haematocrit tube
b) Centrifuged machine (Hettich, Germany)
REAGENT USED Paul-H eller’s reagent
Procedure
The citrated blood was drawn into the special loading pipette.
The tip of the pipette was inserted to the bottom of a clean, dry wintrobe hematocrit tube.
The rubber bulb of the pipette was pressed continuously to expel the blood out of the pipette.
The wintrobe hematocrit tube was filled from the bottom.
As the blood come out, the pipette was slowly with drawn but pressure was continued on the rubber bulb of the pipette so as to exclude air bubbles. The tip of the pipette was tried to keep under the rinsing column of blood to avoid foaming.
The tube was filed exactly to the 10 mark.
The tube was then placed in a centrifuge machine. Centrifuge was turned on and brought to full speed about 3000 rpm for 30 minutes.
After 30 minutes the tube were taken out of centrifuged machine and PCV was read directly from the calibrated on the right side of the tube.
The result was expressed in percentage.
3.4 PLASMA ANALYSIS
All bio chemical analysis was performed d under biochemical lab of CVASU by using SCEEN MASTER 3000.Following biochemical elements are analyzed.
Glucose
Total protein
Calcium and phosphorus.
Gamma globulin GLUCOSE ESTIMATION
Glucose is determined after enzymatic oxidation in the presence of glucose oxidase.The hy- drogen peroxides formed reacts, under catalytic activity of peroxides, with phenol and 4- aminohenazone to form a red violet quinanoeimine dye as indicator. This evaluation was
made by GOD-PAP method, enzymatic colorimetric test for glucose, with deprotienisation according to Barham et al (1972) and Teuscher et al (1971).
REAGENTS
a. Enzymatic Reagent
Phosphate buffer
4-aminophenazone
Phenol
Glucose oxidase
Peroxide
Mutartase
Stabilizers
b. DEPROTINISING SOLUTION
Uranyl acetate
Sodium Chloride
3.5.2 (b) TOTAL PROTIEN ESTIMATION
Cupric ions react with protein in alkaline solution to form a purple complex. The absorbance of this complex is proportional to the proportional to the protein concentration in the sample.
The evaluation was made by using Photometric Colorimetric Test for Total Protein. Accord- ing to the reference of Weichselbaum et al (1946) and Josehson et al (1957)
REAGENTS
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium sodium tartarte
Copper Sulphate
Potassium iodide
Irritant R 36/38 STANDARD
Protein or Sodium azide 3.5.2 (c ) CALCIUM
Calcium in an alkaline medium combines with O- cresolphthalein complexioned to form a purple colored complex. Intensity of the color formed is directly proportional to the amount of calcium presence in a sample .GOBAL;S calcium kits was used for the determination of calcium in serum of plasma with the reference of Barnett et al (1973).This is done by colori- metric method .
CONTENTS:
Buffer agent
Color reagent
Calcium standard.
PHOSPHOROUS
Inorganic phosphate in serum reacts with molybdic acid to form a phosphor molybdic acid complex, which is reduced by ammonium iron (2)sulphate to molybdenum blue ,which is measured at 690 nm .This method is done by colorimetric method with the reference of Taussky et al (1953)and Goldenberg et al(1966)
CONTENTS
Molbdate reagent
Reductant
Reductant dilute and Phosphorus Standard.
STASTICAL ANALYSIS:
At first, raw data were organized by using computer Excel program and then analyzed De- scriptive analysis was performed to interpret the data.
Chapter 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted for the detection of selected hemato-biochemical profile (TEC, DLC, Hb, PCV ,Glucose, Total protein, Calcium, Phosphorous )of PPR affected goat .The experiment was conducted for 3 months from November2010 to January 2010.
Haematological values of the blood samples were estimated for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration following the procedures outlined by Schalm et al. (1975).
Red blood cell (RBC) and total white blood cell (WBC) as well as the differential WBC counts were determined using the Neubauer haemocytometer after appropriate dilution. Val- ues for the constants: mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCHC), mean corpuscular
haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were calculated from RBC, Hb and PCV values as described by Jain (1986). Biochemical constituents of the serum samples estimated include calcium (Lorenz, 1982), sodium and potassium (Berman, 1975), inorganic phosphorus, chloride and bicarbonate (Toro and Ackermann, 1975), urea (Tietz, 1970), crea- tinine (Bonsnes and Taussky, 1945) and cholesterol (Allain et al., 1974). Total protein and al- bumin were by the method of Peters et al. (1982) and globulin according to Coles (1986).
The activity of the enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) was measured using the method of Reitman and Frankel (1957) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was by the method of Roy (1970).
If an animal receives an injection before blood is drawnfor a blood panel, some tests may be affected. Researchers from the Institute for Physiopathology and Experimental Toxicology in Toulouse, France tested the theory by runningblood tests following a variety of injections, including B vitamins, imidocarb and fatty acids. It appears that the injections dramatically affected creatine kinase levels, a enzyme associated with muscle injury. In fact, following
fatty acid injections, creatine kinase levels increased over 20 timesbaseline levels. Keep this in mind if your animal has abnormal creatine kinase levels but no history of muscle injury.
Graphical presentation and discussion
For each blood parameters graphical presentation is performed to compare the values between the unaf- fected group (controlled group) and diseased group (PPR affected).
Figure -2
The erythrocyte count of controlled was subsequently 9,11,6,7,10and for PPRaffected group was 6,9,7,7.2,7. In RBC count the amount of red blood cell is higher in controlled group rather than affected group. Only in sample 3 RBC levels is slightly lower in controlled group.
Figure -3
For five subsequent sample PCV% of controlled group was23,25,28,32,36,and accordingly for diseased group the PCV levels was 25,33,30,30,27.
From the above grapes the PCV% is higher in most sample of the affected group. Mohammed et al. (1991) reported significant decrease in PCV and Hb concentration and significant in- crease in white blood cells (WBC) after bilateral urethra ligation in Borno white goats. How- ever, these values were within the range of 21-35% reported for WAD goats by Daramola et al. (2005). In contrast, Taiwo and Ogunsanmi (2003) reported higher values of 36.9% and 35.5% for clinically healthy WAD goats and sheep respectively. The implication of this ob- served PCV values, going by the reports of Dargie and Allonby (1975).
Figure -4
The values of ESR% for diseased group was nill for five samples whereas for controlled group the ESR
% was.25,.22,.23,.24,.24. In PPR affected group the PCV levels is higher. But ESR level is zero in each sample of diseased groups. Nevertheless, the Hb range in this study was similar to the mean value for goats fed Prosopis juliflora by Misri et al. (2000) and fell within the range of 7-15g/dl reported by Daramola et al. (2005). It however was lower than the value of 11.40g/dl reported for Red Sokoto goats (Tambuwal et al., 2002)
Figure -5
For five sample the TLC count for Controlled group was 5.1,11.3,12 , 9, 10 and for diseased group was 20.3, 7.5, 8.6 ,18.2 ,11.2 .TLC count indicate there is good relation ship between controlled and diseased groups.
Figure -6
Lymphocyte is an important parameter for viral diseases .The lymphocytic count for con- trolled group was 52, 60 ,64, 64, 69 and for affected group 63 , 60 , 41, 58, 49 .but here we observed value of lymphocyte is almost normal. The lower lymphocytes in males compared to females may be attributed to physiological stress response arising from their social behav- ior which consist of aggressiveness and hierarchical fights. Zapata et al. (2003) noted physio- logical stress response is accompanied by increase lymphopenia.
Figure -7
The values of neutrophil for controlled group was 31, 43 ,46,35 ,47 and for diseased group was 28, 21, 49 ,24 ,45 subsequently.
Figure -8
For diseased group the eosinophil was 6, 9 , 3, 1 ,2 and for controlled group was 2 ,4, 3, 7,
Figure -9
The monocytic levels in PPR affected group was 2, 9, 6 ,11 ,3 and for controlled group the monocyte levels was 1, 4, 3, 2 ,2 The graphs indicates that, the eosinophilic and Monocytic count is higher in PPR affected groups.
Figure -10
Plasma protein has greet diagnostic value, the plasma protein levels for controlled group was 6, 6.2 , 6.7 ,7.6 ,7.9 . The serum proteins are important in osmotic regulation, immunity and transport of several substances in the animal body (Jain, 1986).However, increase in mean values of total blood protein (TBP), albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLO) were not consistent with age (reflecting weight group). By contrast, Chineke et al. (2002) The higher values for total protein, albumin and globulin in this study compared to reports by Esugbohungbe and Oduyemi (2002) suggest that the studied plants could contain low levels of tannin known to diminish nutrient permeability in gut walls as well as increase excretion of endogenous pro- tein which is subsequently passed out in the faeces and so may not alter protein metabolism (Mitjavila et al., 1977).
Figure -11
The glucose levels for affected group was 5.3, 4.4, 2.8, 43, 22.1.and for controlled group 60.4, 60.7 ,70.9 ,80.1, 82.2. The glucose levels in diseased groups are significantly lower than normal. This may probably have been due to persistent enzymes are those mostly re- sponsible for the synthesis hypoglycemia since according to Radostits et al. (1994) of non-es- sential amino acids through the process catabolic activity is increased for gluconeogenesis thus known as transamination according to Carola et al. (1990) resulting in higher serum urea levels.
The monitored activities of the enzymes alanine mean levels observed for the transaminases could be transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and an indication that the test di- ets did not differ in their alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the sera of the goats effects on en- zyme secretion mechanism. According to studied did not vary widely between the diets ex- cept for Keele and Neil (1971), serum levels of AST are AST where only the mean from the 50Nwb:50Pm significantly high under disease and morbid conditions treatment differed sig- nificantly from the other diets. Involving injuries to large numbers of metabolically Enzymes are protein catalysts present mostly in active cells. However, the result of this study suggests a living cells and are constantly and rapidly degraded contrary situation in this regard thus in- dicating the renewed by new synthesis (Coles, 1986).
Figure -12
The calcium levels for five sample of affected group were subsequently 1, 1.8, 1, 1.5, 1 .1 and for controlled group was 9.1, 9.5, 10.1, 11.5, 12.3.
Figure 13
The phosphorous levels for controlled group was subsequently 3.5, 9.1, 5.6, 7.2, 8.1and for diseased group 5.2, 1, 6, 1.8, 1.7, 2.1.This study reveals that the calcium and phosphorous levels is significantly lower .This may be due to diarrhea, which causes tremendous loss of minerals and electrolytes.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
There were some limitations of this study. These are as follows-
1. Shortage of time period: This study was carried out only for a period of 30 days that was not sufficient.
2. I did not find any other such types of work done by other scientist in Bangladesh. So I could not compare my result with other scientist.
\
Chapter-5 CONCLUSION
Although the present study was limited with few hematological parameters it may be concluded that the viral disease PPR has great effect on their hematological parameters.
Evaluation of blood parameters is important in case of goat rearing. The result found that there is some hematobiochemical difference in goats which are affected with PPR that is the values some times higher and some times lower than the controlled group (standered blood parameter range).
By evaluating the parameters we can prevent diseases that reduce the production. It will be helpful for a farmer to calculate ration by evaluating blood parameters regularly. Detailed further research is necessary for the future advancement.
Chapter -6 Reference
Barlet , Castro, Boss and Wanner (1971). Effect of PPR in dwarf goat. Journal of animal sci- ence, 32: 968-973, 32: 933-956
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Appendix
Normal blood chemistry values for adult goats
CBC (Complete Blood Count):
WBC 4.0 -13.0
RBC 8.0 -18.0
*HGB 8.0-12.0
PCV 22 - 38
MCV 16-25
MCH 5.2 - 8.0
MCHC 30 - 36
Platelets 300 - 600
Reticulocytes 0
Neutrophils % 30 - 48
(segmented) 1.2 -7.2
(band) rare
Lymphocytes 50 -70
Monocytes 0 - 4
Eosinophils 1 - 8
Basophils 0 - 1
Plasma Proteins 6 - 7.5
Fibrinogen 100-400
* HGB= Hemoglobin
Goats in heavy lactation show lower normal hemoglobin values (8-9) then others.
Sera trace elements:
(CVDLS lab normal ranges)
Copper 0.80 - 1.2 ppm
Zinc 0.6 - 2.7 ppm
Magnesium 18 - 35 In conventional (USA) units:
AST (SGOT) 66.0 - 230.0
ALT (SGPT) 15.3 - 52.3
T. Bilirubin 0 - 0.9
ALK Phos 66.0 - 230.0
GGT 20 - 50
Total Protein 6.4 - 7.8
Albumin 2.4 - 4.4
Cholesterol 64.6 - 136.4
LDH 78.5 - 265.3
SDH 14 - 23.6
Creatinine 0.9 - 1.8
Phosphorus 3.2 - 9.8
Potassium 4.6-9.8
Calcium 8.9 - 10.6
Glucose 60 - 100
Sodium 133.5 - 154
Chloride 105 - 120
Magnesium 2.1 - 2.9
BUN 12.6 - 28
References:
Veterinary Drug Handbook, D.C. Plumb, Iowa State University Press, 1999
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Practice Publishing Co. 1984
