We hereby confirm that the project on the topic "EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC AND LEAD ALLOYS" The author (Ph.D. The project was carried out in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the diploma B.Sc.) in mechanical engineering of the year 2020 and is was approved in terms of style and content. We are also grateful to all of our thesis and SU project work team for helping us produce the project work and giving their valuable knowledge and time to complete the experiment.
Finally, we would like to thank everyone who has supported us in every way in completing the thesis. We hereby declare that the work presented in this project is the result of the investigation and research work carried out by us under the supervision of Md. The primary purpose of the hardness test is to determine the suitability of a material for a given application, or the particular treatment to which the material has been subjected.
Although aluminum alone is not the strongest metal, it is used in combination with other metals to create conductive, heat- and tarnish-resistant bonds. Rapid hardening processing improves the mechanical properties of many alloys in terms of increased tensile strength, ductility and fatigue and resistance to crack propagation [5]. Such improvements are mainly associated with large expansions in the solid solubility of the alloying elements, reduced macrosegregation, refinement of the alloy grain size, and changes in the size, shape, and distribution of the second phase particles due to the high degree of cooling.
Alloys produced by atomization, one of the rapid solidification techniques, followed by powder metallurgy (PM). consolidation overcomes the formation of coarse grains, coarse components and macrosegregation due to the high cooling rate [6].
Literature Review
- Alloy
- Types of alloy
- Aluminum Alloys
- Copper Alloys
- Stainless Steel alloy
- Gold Alloys
- Alloy makeup procedure
- Applications of different alloys in modern technologies
- Experimental Method
Alloys using aluminum include alnico, which contains nickel, iron, and cobalt; magnesium, which contains magnesium and duralumin, also known as duralumin and duralumin, which contains copper and, in some cases, magnesium and manganese. The most common gold alloys include yellow gold, which contains copper, silver and in some cases cobalt - and white gold, which contains. Cold working is done to create voids and dislocations in the structure of the aluminum and alloy element.
These deformations cause permanent defects in the crystalline composition of the material by hindering the movement made by the atoms. One of the most common ways to harden aluminum is through cold rolling as the metal is reduced in thickness by passing through rollers as it is compressed. Drawing is where the aluminum alloy is drawn through a small diameter until its diameter is reduced.
The third method involves bending, when the geometry of the aluminum is changed by deformation of the alloy above the working axis. Thus, the aluminum alloy is strengthened without changing the volume of the metal, as the shape of the aluminum changes instead. The 7000 series refers to the aluminum used in some Apple Watch models, including the 1st generation, Series 1 and Series 2 models.
Methodology
Description of lathe operation Before Testing Metal
- Turning
- Tapered turning
- Spherical generation
- Facing
- Thread cutting
- Taps and dies
Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, usually a non-rotating tool insert, describes a helical tool path by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates. Thus, the phrase "turning and drilling" categorizes the larger family of operations known as turning. Cutting faces on a workpiece, whether using a turning or drilling tool, is called "trimming" and can be classified as a subset of either category.
Turning can be done by hand, in a traditional form of lathe, which often requires constant operator supervision, or using an automated lathe that does not. Today the most common type of such automation is computer numerical control, better known as CNC. The general process of turning involves rotating a part while a cutting tool with a point is moved parallel to the axis of rotation.[1].
Turning can be done on the external surface of the part as well as the internal surface (the process known as boring). The starting material is usually a workpiece generated by other processes such as casting, forging, extrusion or drawing. Tapering turns produce a cylindrical shape that gradually decreases in diameter from one end to the other.
This can be achieved a) by compound slide b) by taper roll attachment c) by using a hydraulic copying attachment d) by using a C.N.C. lathe e) using a forming tool f) with tail displacement - this method is more suitable for shallow tapers. Facing on the lathe uses a facing tool to cut a flat surface perpendicular to the rotating axis of the workpiece. A coping tool is mounted on a tool holder that rests on the lathe carriage.
The tool will then feed perpendicular to the part's axis of rotation as it rotates in the jaws of the drill head. 1] Factors that affect the quality and efficiency of facing operations on the lathe are speed and feed, material hardness, cutter size and how the part is clamped. A hand tap cannot cut its threads in a single rotation because it creates long chips that quickly jam the tap (an effect known as "clumping" which can potentially break it.
Single-point threading
Materials
- Materials and their properties
Properties of Aluminum (Al): are given below
Properties of Magnesium (Mg) are given below
Properties of Lead (Pb) are given below
Properties of Zinc (Zn) are given below
Alloy Casting Procedure
The preparation and gluing of this sand mold is the critical step and is very often the rate controlling step in this process. The sand cores used to form the inner shape of hollow parts of the casting are made using dry sand components.
Compositions used
- Alloy testing
- Tensile Test
- Tensile Specimen Preparation
- Hardness Test
- Rockwell Hardness Testing
- Impact Test
Fracture toughness depends on whether it is brittle, ductile, or both. Most examples use either a round or square standard cross-section with two shoulders or a reduced profile length in between. The shoulders allow the specimen to be gripped, while the gage length shows deformation and failure in the elastic region when stretched under load.
The reduced cross-sectional gauge length of specific dimensions helps in accurate calculation of engineering stress via calculation of strain over area [10]. It is defined as the resistance to indentation and is determined by measuring the permanent depth of the indentation. The Rockwell method measures the permanent indentation depth produced by a force/load on an indentation.
First, a preliminary test force (commonly referred to as a preload or small load) is applied to a sample using a diamond or ball indenter. After maintaining the preliminary test force for a certain dwell time, the base indentation depth is measured. This force is held for a predetermined time (dwell time) to allow for elastic recovery.
After holding the preliminary test force for a certain dwell time, the final indentation depth is measured. The Rockwell hardness value is derived from the difference in base and final depth. The pre-test force is removed and the indentation is removed from the test specimen.
An impact test is used to observe the mechanics that a material will exhibit when it experiences an impact loading that causes the specimen to deform, fracture, or rupture immediately. To perform this test, the specimen is placed in a fixture with the geometry and orientation determined by the type of test being used and then a known weight, generally but not always in the form of a pendulum, is dropped from a known height so that collides with the specimen with sudden force. This collision between the weight and the sample generally results in the destruction of the sample, but the energy transfer between the two is used to determine the fracture mechanics of the material.
Result and discussion 4.1 Result
Specimen type: 01
Specimen type: 02
Specimen type: 03
For surface tension bars, the impact force at which the sample fails is found to be:. For this machine, the diameter of the steel ball was 0.0625 inches and the load applied to the sample was 100 kg for 3 minutes. The test on sample 03 was performed twice and the results obtained were 64HRN, 66 HRN.
The test on sample 03 was performed twice and the results obtained were 69 HRN, 72HRN.
Description of Hardness Test Graph
Hardness Test
Description of Impact Test Graph
Impact Test
Description of tensile test graph: Sample type-03 metal absorbs more tensile force to other samples. So we may prefer sample type-3 metal used for more traction where needed. Rockwell hardness number and Brinell hardness number Conversion: We have found the direct conversion chart [20] of Rockwell hardness number to Brinell hardness number.
Tension Test
Rockwell hardness number & Brinell hardness number Conversion
Strain value
These metals ruptured at approximately 5 kN, hence we failed to determine strain value at required force.
Discussion
Conclusion
The application of advances in dulling factor analysis property prediction to the heat treatment of 7010 aluminum alloy.
