As a result, the most common disposal method for municipal solid waste is the sanitary landfill. For this endeavour, field research has been conducted through the construction of a pilot scale sanitary landfill (PSSL) in Khulna.
Objectives of This Study
Methodology of This Study
This research establishes an appropriate MSW management method for each specific location/region of LDACs considering the local conditions of practical implementation of Pilot Scale Sanitary Landfill operation in LDACs like Bangladesh. Feasibility study, site characteristics, topography, subsoil investigation, mineralogy and meteorological conditions are analyzed in this chapter for operational studies of pilot scale Sanitary Landfill at Khulna.
General
Source storage to disposal
Secondary dumps are considered as the facilities where large quantities of waste are collected and finally transferred to the desired locations by large vehicles such as open or closed trucks, demountable container trucks, etc. There is a sanitary landfill in Matuail, Dahka, in which waste is disposed through a semi-anaerobic process.
Sources of Solid Wastes in Bangladesh
Institutional sources: The sources of this waste are mainly universities, schools, hospital clinics, pathology laboratories, prisons, government and private centers/offices/institutions. This waste mainly includes paper, plastic, stationery and medical waste. Street Sweeping: This waste is mostly generated in open areas such as streets, alleys, parks, highways, vacant lands, playgrounds, beaches, terminals, recreational areas, etc.
Generation of Solid Waste
MSW generation in major six cities of Bangladesh
Municipal solid waste is the heterogeneous composition of waste, organic and inorganic, biodegradable quickly and slowly, fresh and decaying, hazardous and non-hazardous, created in different sources due to human activities.
Characteristics of solid wastes in Bangladesh
The nutrient contents in the organic component of the municipal waste were carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), which here means that the chemical properties were determined by chemical analysis in the laboratory and the results are shown in Table 2.5.
Ultimate Disposal Practices of Solid Wastes in Bangladesh
1-lower, work is being done to improve the organizational structure for handling solid waste in various cities. In most city corporations and municipalities, there is no separate department for handling solid waste.
Laws and Regulations
In general, most local urban bodies have an insufficient number of staff involved in waste management activities. The pourshava or city corporation will be responsible for the sanitation of the municipality/city corporation area and for the control of environmental pollution.
Current Practice of SWM in Khulna
Subject to the general supervision and control of the pourasha/municipal corporation, the users of all other buildings and lands shall be responsible for the removal of garbage from such buildings and lands. Apart from one section where KCC carries out door-to-door collection ([)tD], its main responsibilities are to transport waste from 130 secondary dumping sites (SDS) and 1200 roadside dustbins (DBP) to the dumping site at Raj band, about 8 km. west of the city he manages.
Definition of Sanitary Landfill
Dry landfills are designed to seal off the solid waste in hopes of reducing leachate production, thus reducing the possibility of leachate leakage outside the landfill system. Stabilization Time: The main advantage of a wet landfill is the increased rate of stabilization of the solid waste in the landfill.
Evolution of Sanitary Landfills
The possibility of landfill gas migrating from the site and the consequences of gas migration are taken into account. The PSSL site is located in the northwest corner with an area of 1.1 hectares.
Subsoil Investigation
It is clear that the performance of all the geo-environmental structures such as landfill liners, covers, vertical barrier impoundments, settlement and lateral stability mainly depends on the subsurface conditions and the basic properties of the soil. The geotechnical properties of the subsoils were determined in the laboratory using conventional test methods after the soil samples were collected by means of a subsoil exploration by wash drilling method to a depth of 15m. The existing ground surface exists at a depth of Im from road level, while the groundwater table is encountered at a depth of 2m as shown in the subsurface strata presented in Figure 3.3.
Soil quality analysis in the proposed area shows that the soil is acidic with pH ranging from 4.42 to 5.50 and soil density ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 gm/cc.
Mineralogical Composition of Clay
Clay mineralogical findings collected from the New Rajbandh site have substantiated such a postulation.
Environmental Parameters .1 Meteorological Conditions
Air and Surface Water Quality
There is natural air on site and other pollutants such as Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM). A small channel 8 m wide originates near the proposed landfill site and tangentially through the site before joining the nearby Kya River which flows about 3 km downstream. Further downstream, water quality in the river at the confluence point of the stream shows no significant levels of pollution.
However, coliform bacteria were found in the samples, indicating organic pollution of the river body.
Ground Water Hydrology and Quality
Ecological Environment
Health and Safety
Volume Minimization
Conceptual Designs of Landfill Components
Overview of Pilot Scale Sanitary Landfill
The site of the PSSL is situated on the north-west corner with an area of I .lacres. The ground surface of the site is below the top of the surrounding earthen wall and the site has the dimensions of 64mx55m. However, scientific and technical considerations, guided by field experiences, are given while establishing the dimensions and material specifications of the various components of the landfill.
The footprint of the site is shown in figure 3.6. With 40 tons of waste to liii daily, the lifetime of the landfill has been estimated at 6 months.
Cross Section of Pilot Scale Sanitary Landfill
Introduction
Inauguration Ceremony of PSSL Operation
Plan Layout, Site Preparation and Construction Steps
- Inspection of Incoming Waste and Vehicle Recording
- Waste Weighting
- Compaction and Waste Plantation
- Daily Waste Cover
- Physical Characteristics of Waste
The incoming waste transport vehicles are counted: the quantity of waste measured roughly and then the weight measured indirectly by unit weight method, and thus properly recorded in the PSSL yard office. The vehicle control gate and waste inspection in the PSSL are shown in Figure 4.4, which is maintained manually by using colored bamboo 56. The example of the site office registration maintained in the site office is shown in Table 4.1.
This has been done by the outgoing vehicle to prevent possible littering as it drives out into the street.
Operation Maintenance
- Waste Identification and Restriction
- Safety
- Tools
- External Infrastructures and Landfill Infrastructures
- Litter and fire control
- Control of Scavenger and Vectors
External infrastructure, such as fencing of the PSSL site, is important for the protection of excavators, animals, etc. Thus, the wind cannot pick up material as easily as when waste is deposited on top of the work surface. Portable fences are often used to collect the debris, followed by manual cleaning of the debris fence and the area downwind of the working face Dust is also a nuisance at landfills, both for employees and neighbors.
Digging is done in most open dumping sites in Bangladesh by poor street children, which seems very difficult to control even in PSSL through strong inspection.
Leachate Management and the Monsoon
During heavy rains in monsoon, a large amount of leachate is generated which is pumped out into the nearby reservoir dams of PSSL due to the difficulties of the operation shown in Figure 4.13. Monitoring of well water and leachate was investigated in the laboratory shown in Appendix F. After completion of the landfill, gas production in the landfill is monitored every three months.
At the landfill, soil is used as a final cover, suitable for preventing infiltration and promoting runoff and evaporation.
Complete Landfill Use
Post-closure Maintenance of Completed Areas
Labor
Equipment
Introduction
- What facilities had in PSSL
- Routine inspections and evaluation
- Characteristics of cover material
- Waste Deposition, Placing and Compaction
- Equipment
- Access Roads
- Employee Facility
- Communications
- Fire Protection
- Limited Access
- Vector and Dust Control
- Accident Prevention and Safety
- Inspection, bond and maintenance after completion
- Leachate Collection, Removal and Treatment System
- Effect of Climate on Sanitary Landfill
- Waste Deposition and the Climate
- Unloading of Refuse
- Working Face
- Landfill Gas Monitoring
This can reduce the risks of landfill gas and leaching and extend the life of the facility. At PSSL, clay soils collected from 0 to 2 m depth of the site were used for cover material. This access road extends from the landfill gate to the discharge area.
Care has been taken to repair all cracked, eroded and uneven areas in the final cover during backfilling.
The requirements for the PSSL Weigh bridge
After a year, it has seen noticeable gas production to undergo decomposition of the waste. And it has verified that the gas produced in the landfill cell is flammable.
Appropriate Operation Approach for Sanitary LndIlH in Bangladesh
- Waste Receiving and Recording
- Waste Deposition
- Waste Plantation
- Waste Compaction
- Control of Birds, Insects and Animals
- Operation of Vehicle
- Staff Management
- Environment Aspects
It is essential to get back to the root cause of solid waste problems and tackle them from there. The cover material is taken directly in front of the working face and compacted on the waste. For the proper disposal and planting of waste, two ways must be done from the landfill cell.
The top covering of the wet cell will be completed at the end of each monsoon.
SUMMARY
The floor area of the location is 1 m below the top of the surrounding earth embankment and the plot has dimensions of 64mx55m. The amount of leachate collected in the leachate collection and detection systems was measured and thereby controlled. In order to verify the operation of the CCL, the leachate collected through the collection and detection pipes was characterized in the laboratory with the necessary routine tests.
The quality of the surface water and groundwater in and around the landfill was tested by collecting water samples from both the constructed groundwater monitoring well and the adjacent natural streams.
CONCLUSIONS
During the period of disposal, a huge amount of leachate was generated due to the nature of the waste and the typical monsoon season of Bangladesh, which created unfavorable conditions for disposal. Truck-type tractors are sometimes hindered by wheel punctures with glass or sticks typical of municipal waste, and compaction was not smooth using this type of tractor. The covering material is obtained directly in front of the working face and pressed on the scrap If.
This technique allows for more efficient use of the landfill when constructing a single lift than does the area method, because cover does not need to be imported, and a portion of the waste is deposited below the original surface.
Recommendation for future research works
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