Untreated and treated sawdust and wheat straw were produced with unsaturated polyester resin by hand-mixing a conventional compression technique. Copper nanoparticle-impregnated sawdust and wheat straw (15% fiber loading) show an increase in tensile strength (~104% and ~93%, respectively) and antifungal activity (~14% and ~11%, respectively) relative to untreated composites.
Introduction
Normally, surface atoms respond more readily to the melting process than those at the center of the particle, and the order of the crystal lattice is destroyed by the method. A great improvement in the mechanical properties of natural fibers can be achieved through alkali treatment, while an improvement in the antifungal activity can be achieved through surface modification, mixing of bactericides and loading of NPs.
Problem statement
Objectives
Scope of the study
Novelty of the work
S., "Coconut Fiber Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Composite by Compatibilizer Process" Applied Polymer Composites, vol. 2, s. 76] Yao, F., Qinglin, Wu, Yong Lei og Zhou, D., "Rice Straw Fiber Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Composite: Effect of Compatibilisating and Toughening Treatment", Journal of Applied Polymer Sci, bind 119, pp.
Materials
Unsaturated polyester resin or virgin resin was selected as the composite matrix, which was collected from a local market through NASEEM Chemicals Industries, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (laboratory grade) was used as a crosslinking agent or hardener, laboratory grade sodium hydroxide (Merck, Germany) was used as a remover of non-cellulosic components from sawdust, and acetone (Merck, Germany) was used. used, which were collected from a local market through NASEEM Chemicals Industries, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Experimental
The tensile strength was calculated by dividing the cross-sectional area of the specimens by maximum strength. Water absorption behavior of the rectangular developed composite samples was taken with the dimensions (length × width × thickness) of mm.
Results and discussion
The mechanical properties (tensile strength and tensile modulus) of the virgin resin and sawdust reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites are shown in Figure 2. The XRD pattern of the virgin resin and the treated and untreated sawdust composites are shown in Figure 2.
Conclusion
R., “Effects of performance on mechanical properties of sawdust/carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites,” International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, vol. Structures and performance of simultaneously ultrasonic and alkali treated oil palm, empty fruit bunch fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites‖, Compos. H., “The properties of unsaturated polyester based on the glycolyzed poly(ethylene terephthalate) with different glycol compositions”, Polymer, vol.
H., “On the void reduction mechanisms in vibration-assisted consolidation of fiber-reinforced polymer composites”, Compos. 29] Mariatti, M., Nasir, M., Ismail, H., “The effects of hole locations and hole sizes on damage behavior of woven thermoplastic composites”, Polymer testing, vol.
Introduction
Therefore, the development of nanocomposites is one of the rapidly growing areas of renewable materials research [10]. Sustainable nanocomposites are gaining popularity in widespread perspectives such as environmental conservation, carbon dioxide reduction, consumption of plastic waste in the environment, and low emission of other pollutants [13]. Logically, it is believed that the strengthening of the interfacial adhesion of fiber reinforced composites can be possible by the impregnation of nanoparticles [21, 22].
Due to the remarkable advantages of the natural fiber reinforced composites material scientists try to explore new and sustainable materials with natural fibers with nanomaterials [23, 24]. The characterization of the produced sawdust and its nanocomposites was carried out using FTIR, SEM, TGA, DSC and XRD techniques.
Materials
Experimental
A small drop of liquid sol was positioned on a microscopic carbon-coated copper grid (200 mesh size) and dried under vacuum at room temperature before measurements. Thermogravimetric analyzes of various composite samples were recorded using a TGA (NETZSCH STA 449F3 Jupiter®, Germany) to study the thermal characteristics of the composites. To evaluate the water absorption properties of the developed rectangular composites, dimensions (length × width × thickness) of mm were obtained following the standard test method ASTM D570-99.
After removing the samples from the water bath, surface water was blotted with absorbent paper and then weighed (W1) using an analytical balance. Biodegradation of composites was measured by the weight loss of the samples buried in moist soil and fed at room temperature.
Results and discussion
The mechanical performances (tensile strength and modulus) of the sawdust-reinforced polyester resin composites were analyzed by varying the sawdust loading shown in Figs. The breaking of the resin polymeric chains for the presence of high frictional forces leads to a decrease in the thermal stability of the composite [36]. On heat flow, the thermograms of the compositions determined a glass transition (Tg), crystallization exotherm (Tc), a melting endotherm (Tm), a crosslinking exotherm, and finally decomposition of all the samples [39].
The average size of copper nanoparticles analyzed from the (111) vertex is ∼18 nm, which is larger than TEM analysis [ 23 ]. Therefore, the Mm value of sawdust composites impregnated with copper nanoparticles is lower than that of the untreated one (Table 3).
Conclusion
F., "Inclusion of a Thermoplastic Phase to Improve Impact and Post-Impact Performances of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Composites - A Review", Materials &. 29] Moshiul Alam, A., Beg, M., Reddy Prasad, D., Khan, M., Mina, M., ―Structures and performances of simultaneous ultrasound and alkali-treated oil palm empty fruit cluster fiber reinforced poly (lactic acid) ) composites‖, Compos. 32] Ku, H., Wang, H., Pattarachaiyakoop, N., Trada, M., ―A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites‖, Compos.
35] Das, S., “Mechanical properties of waste paper/jute fabric reinforced polyester resin matrix hybrid composites”, Carbohydr. 40] Das, S., "Mechanical and water swell properties of waste paper reinforced unsaturated polyester composites", Constr Build Mater, vol.
Introduction
Such natural fibers are extremely low cost, light weight, high specific properties and low density fibers. Natural fibers are sustainable, easy to recycle, neutral to carbon dioxide, and available in large quantities. Natural fibers are now widely used as fillers in many industries, such as plastics, to obtain expected results and to reduce the price of the final product [29].
A better bonding of natural fibers to the matrix will develop the strength and hardness of the composites. The main component of natural fiber is cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and wax, and therefore natural fibers are commonly called as lingo-cellulosic materials [30].
Materials
Such ingredients create hygroscopic and hydrophilic fibers that do not match well with the hydrophobic polymer matrix in natural fiber reinforced composites. In addition, the researchers analyzed that chemical treatment of natural fibers improves fiber-matrix adhesion and enhances other properties. Therefore, good interfacial bonding of the fiber matrix can be achieved by alkaline treatment of the fiber surface [32].
Furthermore, there were better mechanical performances of wheat straw filler composites than corn starch and corn cob [33, 34]. The aim of this research work is to develop new types of sustainable wheat straw composites, including the preparation and characterization of reinforced wheat straw composites treated with sodium hydroxide.
Experimental
All chemicals were purchased from a local market from NASEEM Chemicals Industries, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The surface morphologies of untreated and treated wheat straw composites were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (Model: JSM-7600F, JEOL). The scanning system parameter was as follows: the scattering angle (2θ) was in the range of 15% TWS.
The biodegradability of the composites was determined by measuring the weight loss of samples buried in soil and incubated at room temperature. The water absorption of the rectangular developed composite samples was taken with dimensions (length × width × thickness) mm according to ASTM D570-99 standard test method.
Results and discussion
The binding interaction between the modified wheat straw and the untreated resin is stronger than that of the untreated one, because the active surfaces are increased in the modified fibers [35]. In addition, the morphology of the pure resin is smooth due to the uniform component (polyester resin). The image of a strong and durable composite reinforced with wheat straw is also extremely important.
The mechanical properties (tensile strength and tensile modulus) of the virgin resin and wheat straw reinforced polyester resin composites are shown in Figure 8. Biodegradability of the composite of virgin resin (VR), untreated wheat straw composite (UTWSC) and 2% sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw composite (2TWSC).
Conclusion
Elmessiry, M., Deeb, E., ―Analysis of the wheat straw/flax fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites‖, J Appl Mech Eng, vol. A comprehensive review on the surface modification, structure interface and bonding mechanism of plant cellulose fiber reinforced polymer-based composites‖, Composite Interfaces, vol. Structures and performances of poly (lactic acid) fiber-reinforced fiber-reinforced composites treated with simultaneous ultrasound and alkali treatment of palm oil‖, Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf, vol.
M., ―A new treatment for coconut fibers to improve the properties of cement-based composites – Combined effect of natural latex/pozzolanic materials‖, SM&T, vol. C., ―Water Absorption, Residual Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hydrothermally Conditioned Nano-Al2O3 Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,‖ Polym Bull, vol.
Materials
Experimental
Thermogravimetric measurements of the wheat straw and their composite samples (≈5 mg) were recorded by a TGA (NETZSCH STA 449F3 Jupiter®, Germany) in an Al2O3 crucible under a nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate 40-60 mL min-1) with a heating rate of 20 oC min-1 in the temperature range 26–600 oC. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of the wheat straw and their composite samples (≈5 mg) was recorded by a DSC (NETZSCH STA 449F3 Jupiter®, Germany) in an Al2O3. The biodegradability of the composite was determined by measuring the weight loss of the samples, which were buried in the soil and set at room temperature.
To study the water absorption behavior, rectangular developed composite samples were taken with dimensions (length × width × thickness) mm. After taking the samples from the water bath, the surface water was removed with absorbent paper and then weighed (w1) with a calibrated analytical balance.
Results and discussion
The TGA curves of untreated, cationized, copper-impregnated wheat straw composite, the composite of virgin resin and treated and untreated wheat straw are shown in Fig. 5 TGA curves for untreated wheat straw (UTWS), cationized wheat straw (CWS) and copper impregnated wheat straw (CuIWS). Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of virgin resin composite, untreated, cationized and copper impregnated wheat straw composite is shown in Fig.
7 Effect of wheat straw loading on tensile strength (a) and tensile modulus (b) of untreated wheat straw composite (UTWSC), cationized wheat straw composite (CWSC), and copper nanoparticle-impregnated wheat straw composite (CuIWSC). The copper nanocomposite has a higher stiffness than virgin resin and untreated wheat straw composite (Fig. 8, a, b).
Conclusion
In the alkaline wheat straw treatment process, untreated wheat straw and wheat straw treated with sodium hydroxide were used to form the composite. Mechanical properties of wheat straw impregnated with nano copper were prepared with effective best reinforcing agents to increase the mechanical strength and durability of the composites. The untreated wheat straw composite (1.511) is more biodegradable compared to the cationized and copper-impregnated ones (1.243 and 1.12, respectively).
The alkali-treated and copper-impregnated sawdust and wheat straw composite showed different morphological, chemical, thermal, physicomechanical and water absorbent properties. On the other hand, wheat straw reinforced composite is more biodegradable compared to sawdust reinforced composite.
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