ict class

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WELCOME TO

ICT CLASS

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ICT for XI-XII

Monir Ahmed

Asst Prof, Dept of ICT

BAF Shaheen College Dhaka

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Chapter 5: C Programming (Part# 2)

1. Program & Programming Language 2. Machine Language

3. Assembly Language

4. High/Very High Level Language

Last Topic was:

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1. Translator Program:

a. Assembler, b. Compiler, c. Interpreter

2. Program Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Today’s Topic is:

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†mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ †h †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K

Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg (Translator Program) e‡j| A¨v‡m¤^wj ev D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ

†cÖvMÖvg‡K †mvm© †cÖvMÖvg (Source Program) Ges †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` Kiv †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg (Object Program) ejv nq|

wZb ai‡bi Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg i‡q‡Q| †hgb- 1| A¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler)

2| K¤úvBjvi (Compiler) 3| B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter)

Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg (Translator Program)

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A¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii KvR n‡”Q A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq wjwLZ Drm †cÖvMÖvg A_v©r †b‡gvwbK †KvW‡K

†gwk‡bi fvlvq wjwLZ Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍi Kiv|

A¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii cÖavb KvR:

• †b‡gvwbK †KvW‡K †gwk‡bi fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Kiv|

• †cÖvMÖv‡g †Kv‡bv fyj _vK‡j Zv Rvbv‡bv|

• me wb‡`©k Ges †WUv cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z Rgv ivLv|

A¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler)

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K¤úvBjvi GK ai‡bi Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg, hv D”PZi ev AwZ D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ †mvm©

†cÖvMÖvg‡K m¤ú~Y© GKmv‡_ †gwk‡bi fvlvq wjwLZ Ae‡R± †cÖvMªv‡g Abyev` K‡i|

wfbœ wfbœ D”PZi fvlvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ K¤úvBjvi e¨eüZ nq| KviY †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó K¤úvBjvi GKwU gvÎ D”PZi fvlvi †cÖvMÖvg‡K K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †h K¤úvBjvi COBOL †cÖvMÖvg‡K K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB K¤úvBjvi †ewmK †cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

K¤úvBjvi (Compiler)

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1| Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Abyev` K‡i Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv|

2| †cÖvMÖvg‡K wjsK Kiv| A_v©r †cÖvMÖv‡gi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq iæwUb †hvM Kiv| iæwUb n‡jv

†cÖvMÖv‡gi †QvU Ask hv‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KvR Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k †`qv _v‡K|

3| †cÖvMÖv‡g †Kv‡bv fyj _vK‡j Zv Rvbv‡bv|

4| cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †g‡gvwi Ae¯’vb ‰Zwi Kiv|

5| cÖ‡qvR‡b Source code ev Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Qvwc‡q †ei Kiv|

6| †cÖvMÖv‡gi †h †Kv‡bv fzjåvwšÍ ms‡kvab Kiv|

K¤úvBjvi (Compiler) Gi KvR

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B›Uvi‡cÖUvi GK ai‡bi Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg, hv D”PZi ev AwZ D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ †mvm©

†cÖvMÖvg‡K GKjvBb GKjvBb K‡i †gwk‡bi fvlvq wjwLZ Ae‡R± †cÖvMªv‡g Abyev` K‡i|

B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii eo myweav n‡”Q wWevwMs Kiv| A_©vr B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyjåvwšÍ kbv³ I ms‡kvab Kivi †ÿ‡Î mgq Kg jv‡M| Z‡e B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii Amyweav n‡”Q Abyev‡`i

†ÿ‡Î GwU axi MwZm¤úbœ Ges cÖwZevi †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU †÷U‡g›U bZzb K‡i

†gwkb fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z nq|

B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter)

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K¤úvBjvi (Compiler) B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter) 1| m¤ú~Y© †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K GKmv‡_ Abyev` K‡i| 1| GK jvBb GK jvBb K‡i Abyev` K‡i|

2| †cÖvMÖv‡gi me¸‡jv fyj GKmv‡_ cÖ`k©b K‡i| 2| cÖwZwU jvB‡bi fzj cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges fyj cvIqv gvÎB Abyev‡`i KvR eÜ K‡i †`q|

3| †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni MwZ Zzjbvg~jK `ªæZ| 3| MwZ Zzjbvg~jK Kg|

4| wWevwMs ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj-ÎæwU mbv³ I ms‡kvab Kivi †ÿ‡Î mgq †ewk jv‡M|

4| fyj-ÎæwU mbv³ I ms‡kvab Kivi †ÿ‡Î mgq Kg jv‡M|

5| GwU eo AvK…wZi †cÖvMÖvg | 5| GwU †QvU AvK…wZi †cÖvMÖvg|

6| KvR Ki‡Z cÖavb †ggwi‡Z †ewk RvqMv cÖ‡qvRb nq|

6| cÖavb †ggwi‡Z Kg RvqMv cÖ‡qvRb nq|

7| GKevi K¤úvBj Kivi ci wØZxqevi K¤úvBj Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

7| B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î cybivq iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq|

K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

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cÖ‡Z¨K †cÖvMÖv‡gi wZbwU Ask _v‡K, hv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i mgš^‡q c~Y©v½ †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒc jvf K‡i| Ask wZbwU n‡jv-

• BbcyU (Input) : †h mKj †WUv ev wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq|

• cÖwµqv (Process) : wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cÖwµqvKiY Kiv|

• AvDUcyU (Output) : cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci †h djvdj cvIqv hvq|

†cÖvMÖv‡gi msMVb (Organization of Program)

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Steps of Developing a Program

1. Problem Specification

2. Problem Analysis

3. Program Design

4. Program Development 5. Program

Implementation 6. Program Maintenance

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mgm¨v wbw`©óKiY n‡”Q †Kvb ai‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wKsev †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv n‡e †m mgm¨vwU m¤ú‡K© GKwU cwi®‹vi aviYv Ges mgm¨vwUi c~Y©v½ eY©bv ˆZwi

Kiv| GRb¨ mgm¨v mswkó me ai‡bi Z_¨vbymÜvb Ki‡Z nq| Z_¨vbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ mgm¨v mswkøó e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgm¨vi eY©bv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

1| mgm¨v wbw`©óKiY (Problem Specification)

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mgm¨v mywbw`©ófv‡e wPwýZ Kivi ci mgm¨vmswkøó mKj ai‡bi Z_¨-DcvË wb‡q KvR KivB n‡”Q mgm¨v we‡kølY| cÖ¯ÍvweZ mgm¨v msµvšÍ Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn, hvPvB-evQvB Kiv,

†kÖwYweb¨vm Kiv, MvwYwZK wnmve-wbKvk Kiv, PvU©, MÖvd, ZvwjKv cÖYqb Kiv cÖf…wZ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g mgm¨v we‡køl‡Yi KvR Kiv nq|

GB av‡ci cÖavb `yÕwU KvR n‡”Q-

• BbcyU kbv³KiY Ges

• AvDUcyU kbv³KiY|

2| mgm¨v we‡kølY (Problem Analysis)

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mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wm‡÷g ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU cwiKíbv ev iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb n‡”Q †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb| mgm¨vi g‡Wj A_ev MVbMZ eY©bv n‡Z wWRvBb Uzjm wn‡m‡e A¨vjMwi`g I

†d¬vPv‡U©i mnvqZvq †cÖÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU c~Y©v½ cwiKíbv cÖYqb, †cÖvMÖvgwUi KvVv‡gvMZ I MvwYwZK g‡Wj ˆZwi, mgm¨vwUi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB cÖf…wZ KvR Ki‡Z nq|

†cÖvMÖvg wWRvB‡b AšÍfy©³ welqmg~n- - BbcyU wWRvBb,

- AvDUcyU wWRvBb Ges

- BbcyU I AvDUcyU g‡a¨ m¤úK© wWRvBb|

†cÖvMÖvg wWRvB‡b e¨eüZ Uzjm ev DcKiY n‡”Q- - A¨vjMwi`g,

- †d¬vPvU© Ges - my‡Wv‡KvW|

3| †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb (Program Design)

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wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv GKwU †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi KvR n‡”Q †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb|

G‡K A‡bK mgq †KvwWs (Coding) e‡j|

†cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb As‡k ˆZwiK…Z A¨vjMwi`g I †d¬vPvU© Abymi‡Y mgm¨vwUi aib ev cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ fvlv e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- ˆeÁvwbK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mvaviYZ ForTran, †bUIqvK© g¨v‡bR‡g›U I †gvevBj A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi Rb¨

Java wbe©vPb Kiv nq|

4| †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb (Program Development)

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†cÖvMÖvg iPbvi ci †cÖvMÖvgwU mwVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q wKbv, †Kv‡bv ÎæwU Aewkó Av‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw` cixÿv KivB n‡”Q †cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb| GB mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab I cixÿv- wbixÿvi gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨env‡ii Rb¨

evRv‡i Qvov nq|

†cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb As‡k cÖavb `yÕwU avc i‡q‡Q| †hgb- K) †cÖvMÖvg †Uw÷s (Program Testing)

L) †cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs (Program Debugging)

5| †cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb (Program Implementation)

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†cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevq‡bi ci wKsev †cÖvMÖvgwUi evwYwR¨K e¨enviKvjxb †cÖvMÖv‡gi cwieZ©b‡K

†cÖvMÖvg iÿYv‡eÿY e‡j| †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj ms‡kvab, AvaywbKxKiY, cwieZ©b, cwiea©b BZ¨vw`

†cÖvMÖvg iÿYv‡eÿY Kv‡Ri AšÍfy©³| e¨envwiK myweav Ges Avw_©K welq we‡ePbv K‡i A‡bK mgq bZzb †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi bv K‡i we`¨gvb †cÖvMÖvg‡K AvaywbKxKiY Kiv AwaK myweavRbK|

wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii e¨enviKvix †cÖvMÖv‡g †h mKj Am½wZ ev mxgve×Zvi m¤§yLxb nb, †mme wel‡q cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ wKsev bZzb ev DbœZi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨Zvi Rb¨

†cÖvMÖvg AvaywbKxKiY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

6| †cÖvMÖvg iÿYv‡eÿY (Program Maintenance)

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†cÖvMÖvg †Uw÷s n‡”Q †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg †jLvi ci †cÖvMÖvgwU wVKg‡Zv ivb Ki‡Q wKbv, mwVK djvdj w`‡”Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv| Gÿ‡Î mgm¨vwUi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv Rvbv gvb wb‡q wnmve K‡i †`Lv nq †h djvdj mwVK Av‡m wKbv| Zvici †mB GKB gvb Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU wn‡m‡e w`‡q ˆZwi †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ wbe©vn K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e c~‡e© wnmve Kiv gvb Ges

†cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ wbe©vnK…Z gvb GKB Av‡Q wKbv| hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e

†cÖvMÖvgwU mwVK Av‡Q; Ab¨_vq †cÖvMÖvgwU fyj Av‡Q e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

†cÖvMÖvg †Uw÷s (Program Testing)

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Bug A_© †cvKv| Debugging A_© †cvKv `~i Kiv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g †h fzjÎæwU _v‡K Zv `~i Kiv‡K wWevwMs (Debugging) ejv nq| 1945 mv‡j gvK©-1 Kw¤cDUv‡i GKwU g_ †cvKv Xz‡K hvIqvq Zv APj n‡q c‡o| ZLb †_‡K Debugging kãwUi

DrcwË|

wWevwMs (Debugging)

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†cÖvMÖvg †KvwWs Kivi mgq fyj UvBc Kivi Rb¨, †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii A`ÿZvi Rb¨, fyj wnmve-wbKvk Kiv Rb¨ wKsev †cÖvMÖv‡g fyj hyw³ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii ARv‡šÍB †cÖÖvMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ fyj n‡Z cv‡i|

†cÖvMÖv‡g mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi fyj cwijwÿZ nq| †hgb-

▪ e¨vKiYMZ fyj (Syntax Error)

▪ †hŠw³K fyj (Logical Error)

†cÖvMv‡g fz‡ji cÖKvi‡f`

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†h fvlvq †cÖvMÖvgwU †jLv n‡e †mB fvlvq †h wbqgbxwZ h_vh_ bv †g‡b †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡j Zv‡Z †h fyj cwijwÿZ nq hv e¨vKiYMZ fyj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|

e¨vKiYMZ fyjmg~n Kw¤úDUvi Error Message w`‡q Rvwb‡q †`q, ms‡kvab Kiv mv‡c‡ÿ Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn Ki‡e; Ab¨_vq Ki‡e bv| †hme Kvi‡Y e¨vKiYMZ fzj n‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv-

• printf Gi ¯’‡j primtf wjL‡j,

• AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv Kgv BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡j BZ¨vw`|

e¨vKiYMZ fyj (Syntax Error)

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Aev¯Íe ev A‡hŠw³K Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k w`‡j †cÖvMÖv‡g †h fzj nq Zv wbe©vnRwbZ fzj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| G ai‡bi fz‡ji Rb¨ AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg ivb K‡i bv|

• †Kv‡bv fv‡Mi Kv‡R fvR‡Ki gvb hw` k~b¨ (Divide by zero) nq|

• Infinite ev Amxg jyc _vK‡j|

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†hmKj Kvi‡Y hyw³g~jK fzj n‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv-

• †hgb- a>b ¯’‡j a<b

• a+b ¯’‡j a*b wjL‡j BZ¨vw`|

†hŠw³K fyj (Logical Error)

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Topic on Next Class

▪ Algorithm

▪ Flowchart

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1| †KvbwU Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg bq?

K. A¨v‡m¤^jvi L. K¤úvBjvi M. B›Uvi‡cÖUvi N. UªvÝ‡jUi 2| †KvbwU K¤úvBjv‡ii ˆewkó¨?

K. GKjvBb K‡i Abyev`K K‡i N. Abyev‡`i MwZ Kg

M. wWevwMs‡qi MwZ †ewk N. Kg †ggwi jv‡M

3| †cÖvMÖvg wWRvB‡b e¨eüZ Uzjm¸‡jv n‡”Q- i. jMvwi`g

ii. †d¬vPvU©

iii. my‡Wv‡KvW

†KvbwU mwVK?

K. i, ii L. i, iii M. ii, iii N. i, ii, iii 4| wb‡Pi †Kvb av‡c †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq?

K. †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb L. †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb M. †cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb N. †cÖvMÖvg iÿYv‡eÿY 5| †cÖvMÖv‡g fzj-ÎæwU kbv³ Kiv‡K Kx e‡j?

K. †Uw÷s L. †PwKs M. jywcs N. wWevwMs

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