ict class

WELCOME TO

ICT CLASS

ICT for XI-XII

Monir Ahmed

Asst Prof, Dept of ICT

BAF Shaheen College Dhaka

Today’s Topic is:

Chapter 1 (Part#2):

কৃত্রিম বুত্রিমত্ত্বা, র াবটিক্স,

ক্রায় াসার্জাত্র ,

মহাকাশ অত্রিযান

K…wÎg eyw×gËv n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b gvbeRvwZi eyw×gËvi g‡Zv ‡hb Kw¤úDUvi AvPiY Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv Kiv nq|

GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i gvbyl †hfv‡e KvR K‡i, wPšÍv K‡i wKsev wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i, †mfv‡e KvR Kiv, wPšÍv Kiv, wKsev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g iƒc`vb †`qv nq|

K…wÎg eyw×gËv (Artificial Intelligence-AI)

K…wÎg eyw×gËv (Artificial Intelligence-AI)

K…wÎg eyw×gËvi gva¨‡g Heuristic ÿgZv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i XywK‡q †`qvi ci wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li g‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z mÿg n‡”Q|

Heuristic n‡”Q gvbyl ev †Kv‡bv cÖvwYi wPšÍv Kivi ÿgZv| Kw¤úDUvi G KvRwU K‡i Trial and error c×wZ‡Z|

K…wÎg eyw×gËvi RbK n‡”Qb Alan Mathison Turing, whwb me©cÖ_g 1936

mv‡j Stored Program Computer Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|

K…wÎg eyw×gËv (Artificial Intelligence-AI)

K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ †hmKj †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi Kiv nq,

Zv‡`i g‡a¨ LISP, CLISP, ProLog, SHRDLU, C/C++, Java cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

1957 mv‡j Mc Carthly cÖ_g K…wÎg eyw×gËvi (AI) fvlv LISP(LISt Processor) Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|

1970 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi weÁvbx Alain Colmerauer cÖ_g jwRK †cÖvMÖvg fvlv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Prolog bv‡g Av‡iKwU AI fvlv ˆZwi Kiv nq|

cieZ©x‡Z Av‡gwiKvb Kw¤cDUvi weÁvbx Terry Winograd 1972 mv‡j AI RM‡Z Blocks World bv‡g L¨vZ SHRDLU bv‡g Av‡iKwU fvlv ˆZwii

KvR †kl K‡ib|

Kw¤cDUvi weÁvb I cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨vi GKwU kvLv n‡”Q K…wÎg eyw×gËv

(artificial intelligence)| Avi K…wÎg eyw×gËv e¨env‡ii GKwU †ÿÎ n‡”Q

†ivewUKm, †hLv‡b †ive‡Ui wWRvBb I KvVv‡gv ˆZwi Ges †ive‡Ui KvR I e¨envi m¤^Üxq welq m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|

†iveU (Robot) n‡”Q GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªv-†gKvwbK¨vj hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v, hv computer program ev electronic circuitry KZ©…K wbqwš¿Z|

†ivewUKm (Robotics)

1. Power source

†ive‡Ui †h Ask †_‡K †iveU cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ we`¨yr ms‡hvM †c‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ GwU wimv‡R©ej e¨vUvwi w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq|

2. Sensing

GB Ask w`‡q †iveU gvby‡li g‡Zv †Kv‡bv wKQzi Abyf~wZ eyS‡Z cv‡i wKsev †Kv‡bv wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3. Actuation

wewfbœ †gvUi w`‡q ˆZwi GB Ask w`‡q †iveU PjvPj ev wm‡÷g wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

GwU nvB‡WªvwjK, †gKvwbK¨vj ev evqyPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|

4. Manipulation

Zvi cv‡kcv‡ki wewfbœ e¯‘i Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| K‡›Uªvjvi †_‡K cÖvß ms‡K‡Zi wfwˇZ mvaviYZ †iveU Zvi nvZ Øviv cvwicvwk¦©K e¯‘ ai‡Z cv‡i ev e¯‘i Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†iveU (Robot) Gi wewfbœ Ask

5. Locomotion

†ive‡Ui wewfbœ Ask †Nviv‡bv ev bovPov Kivi Rb¨ GB Ask e¨eüZ nq| Gi d‡j

†ive‡Ui wekvj nvZ Øviv wewfbœ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cv Øviv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|

6. Environmental interaction and navigation

†iveU cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v Abymv‡i PjvPj ev w`K cwieZ©b Kivi ÿgZv i‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j

†iveU Pjvi c‡_ †Kv‡bv evavi m¤§yLxb n‡j w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i ev mvov cÖ`vb Ki‡e|

7.Human-robot interaction

gvby‡li †Kv‡bv wb‡`©k cvjb Kivi ÿgZv| Gi d‡j †iveU gvby‡li wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i mvov cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wbw`©ó wKQz KvR m¤cv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†iveU (Robot) Gi wewfbœ Ask

eZ©gv‡b M„nv¯’jx KvR, Kj-KviLvbv, nvmcvZvj, mvgwiK evwnbx, Lwb, wkÿv, M‡elYv, we‡bv`b cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î †iveU e¨envi Kiv nq|

Kv‡Ri aib ev e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î Abyhvqx wewfbœ ai‡bi †iveU i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨

Industrial robots Domestic ev household robots, Medical robots,

Service robots, Military robots, Entertainment robot, Mobile robots, Walking robots, Space robots, Hobby Ges competition robots we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg wbivcËv evwnbx i¨ve †evgv kbv³ I wbw®Œq Kv‡R we‡kl ai‡bi †iveU e¨envi Ki‡Q|

†iveU (Robot) Gi e¨envi

AwZwi³ VvÐv ev wngvwqZ K‡i gvbyl ev †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei A¯^vfvweK ev †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨

(tissue) ev †KvlKjv †K‡U †djv wKsev aŸsm K‡i †`qv‡K µv‡qvmvR©vwi

(Cryosurgery) ev ˆkZ¨ kj¨wPwKrmv e‡j| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡K A‡bK mgq µv‡qv‡_ivwc (Cryotherapy) ev µv‡qvK¨vUvwi (Cryocautery) ejv nq|

wMÖK kã †_‡K cryo (κρύο) k‡ãi DrcwË, hvi A_© n‡”Q eid VvÐv ev Lye VvÐv (icy cold)|

kj¨ c×wZ Øviv †hgb †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wUmy¨ ev †KvlKjv‡K †K‡U ev` †`qv hvq, †Zgwb µv‡qvmvR©vwi Øviv kix‡ii †Kv‡bv Ask‡K AwZwi³ wngvwqZ K‡iI GB KvRwU Kiv hvq|

Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm‡K me©wb¤œ −196 °C (−321 °F) ZvcgvÎvq µv‡qv‡cÖve bvgK h‡š¿i gva¨‡g †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

µv‡qvmvR©vwi (Cryosurgery)

• Acv‡ikb A‡bK mvkÖqx|

• wPwKrmv m¤cbœ Ki‡Z gvÎ K‡qK wgwb‡Ui g‡Zv mgq jv‡M|

• AvµvšÍ wUmy¨i cÖvq 90% aŸsm n‡q hvq|

• e¨_v ev i³cvZ nq bv ej‡jB P‡j, n‡jI m¤¢vebv Lye Kg|

• Acv‡ikbRwbZ KvUv-‡Quovi †Kv‡bv RwUjZv †bB|

• RwUj cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv †bB|

• Acv‡ik‡bi ci nvmcvZv‡j _vK‡Z nq bv|

• K¨vÝvi I wbD‡iv †ivMx‡`i Kv‡Q RbwcÖqZv †ewk|

µv‡qvmvR©vwi (Cryosurgery)-Gi myweav

• Argon (Ar)

• Helium (He)

• Liquid nitrogen ev Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

• Oxygen (O₂)

• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

• Dimethyl ether (C₂H₆O)

• Propane (C₃H₈)

• Acetone ev propanone(C₃H₆O)

µv‡qvmvR©vwi (Cryosurgery) wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ M¨vmmg~n:

• Warts

• moles

• skin tags

• solar keratoses

• Morton's neuroma

• Parkinson

• tumor

• cancers

†h mKj wPwKrmvq µv‡qvmvR©vwi (Cryosurgery) e¨eüZ nq

gnvKvk Awfhvb n‡”Q c„w_exi evqygЇji E‡aŸ© gnvKv‡k DÇqb Ges H ¯’v‡bi cwi‡ek I †fŠZ ag©vewj ¯^qswµq, wi‡gvU K‡›Uªv‡ji gva¨‡g wKsev b‡fvPvixevnx gnvKvkhvb Øviv ch©‡eÿY Kiv|

gbyl¨evnx b‡fvhvb Ges gbyl¨nxb ev †ivewUK b‡fvhv‡bi DfqB c×wZi gva¨‡g GB Awfhvb cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Space exploration †K A‡bK mgq Space flight ejv nq|

• gnvKvk cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gnvKvk Awfhv‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ n‡”QÑ

• gnvk~b¨w¯’Z †Kv‡bv e¯‘ m¤c‡K© †Kv‡bv Z_¨ msMÖn|

• Lv`¨, ebm¤c`, evqygÐjxq weÁvb, LwbR, RjR I mvgyw`ªK RxeweÁvb BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ Rwic I M‡elYv|

• c„w_ex I gnvKvk m¤c‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn I D”PZi ˆeÁvwbK I cÖhyw³MZ M‡elYv|

• gnvKv‡k evwYwR¨Kfv‡e c`v_© cÖwµqvKiY (Space processing) I Drcv`b|

• gnvKvk †hvMv‡hv‡Mi (Space communication) DbœwZmvab|

• AvšÍR©vwZK gnvKvk †÷k‡bi ISS (International Space Station) KvR mdjfv‡e m¤cbœ Kiv|

gnvKvk Awfhvb (Space exploration)

G‡mv wb‡R‡K hvPvB Kwi: ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

1| gvbyl ev cÖvYxi wPšÍv Kivi ÿgZv‡K Kw¤cDUvi ev †ive‡Ui g‡a¨ †Kvb c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq?

K. Trial and error L. Testing and debugging M. Coding and correction N. Look and follow

2| K…wÎg eyw×gËvi (AI) fvlv n‡”Q-

i. LISP ii. Prolog iii. HTML wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 3| †iveU PjvPj I wm‡÷g wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb Ask e¨eüZ nq?

K. Locomotion L. Manipulation M. Actuation N. Sensing 4| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z e¨eüZ Zij bvB‡Uªv‡R b‡K me©wb¤œ KZ ZvcgvÎvq e¨envi Kiv nq?

K. -296⁰ †m. L. -196⁰ †m. M. -169⁰ †m. N. -41⁰ †m.

5| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z µv‡qv‡RwbK M¨vm cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †Kvb hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq?

K. µv‡qvwWfvBm L. µv‡qvbRj M. µv‡qv‡cÖve N. µv‡qvcvBc 6| m¨v‡UjvBU Dr‡ÿc‡Y we‡k^i g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k KZZg †`k?

K. 55 L. 56 M. 57 N. 58