Smallholder farmers have recently adopted a number of concentrate feed components in co-production, including rice bran, maize meal and concentrate mixtures made from these concentrate feeds (Suharti et al., 2011). Researchers are trying to identify alternative protein sources that can help increase animal productivity (Wanapat et al., 2007). Many experts are working to improve and increase the nutritional content of by-products and local feeds such as cassava chips, rice straw, rice bran, soybean meal, etc. In ruminant nutrition, adding microbial supplements to the food, such as the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has become common (Polyorach et al. , 2012).
These chemicals have the ability to alter in vitro rumen fermentation parameters such as acetate concentration, propionate and butyrate concentration, methane generation and the CH4:VFA ratio (Busquet et al., 2005). Even though these legumes are effective as feed alternatives for low-quality diets, their bioactive components have limited nutritional value for animals (Cieslak et al., 2013). It is being evaluated as a protein source for ruminants as an alternative to soybean meal and rapeseed meal (Soliva et al., 2005).
The leaves have also been shown to increase lamb growth, milk production and composition in sheep and goats when fed as a protein supplement (Babiker et al., 2017). On the other hand, moringa leaves are not recommended as a source of rumen-protected proteins due to their high degradability in the rumen (Soliva et al., 2005). In addition, the leaves contain about 200 g/kg crude protein (CP), making it a poor non-degradable protein supplement for ruminants (Kakengi et al., 2005) compared to other shrubs such as leucaena leaves (which contain CP ranging from 270 up to 350 g/kg dry matter) (Soltan et al., 2017).
8 | P a g e highly potent anthelmintic, anti-tubercular, antispasmodic, abortifacient, nantilithic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial phytochemicals were found in moringa leaves and other components of the moringa tree (Sholapur and Patil 2013; Wang et al., 2016).
Sampling Collection
Sample Preparation
In-vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility
Preparation of buffered solution
The contents of the rumen were strained and filtered through four layers of muslin cloth into another flask. The solutions were poured into the flask after the sequence of 474.0 ml of distilled water; 0.12 ml of a solution of trace elements; 237.0 ml of buffer solution; 237.0 ml of the main element solution; and 1.2 ml of resazurin. 16 | The solution and all were mixed with a magnetic stirrer and kept warm at 39 °C in a water bath.
A 40 ml of incubation medium was dispensed into each bottle and incubated in a water bath at 39°C.
In-vitro dry matter (IVDM) and organic matter (IVOM) digestibility
Proximate analysis of Moringa leaf
17 | Dry matter: When heated to 105 degrees Celsius, dry matter is determined as the constant weight of the sample. The amount of moisture in a food sample was determined by heating it in an oven at a fixed weight for a long time during which the amount of moisture was taken into account and the residue was considered dry matter. When storing food ingredients, moisture determination is critical as the safe moisture limit for storing food materials for future use is 10-12 percent. The batch containing the sample was held at 105°C for a period of 24 hours, or until no further weight loss occurred. After reaching a constant weight, the box was removed from the oven with metal tongs and cooled in a desiccator; otherwise, moisture from the ambient air would be absorbed by the dry sample, increasing the weight of the dry matter and causing inaccuracy.
The inorganic, organic and mineral components of the sample are incorporated into the ash, which is collected after 5 hours of ignition at 550-600 °C. The crucible was dried in a muffle furnace and then cooled in a desiccator before being weighed on a scale. A 2 gram sample was taken and weighed into a pre-weighed crucible, which was then exploded on the electric heating elements.
The crucible containing the sample was placed inside the muffle furnace and fired for 5 hours at 600°C. It gets its name from the fact that it has a natural fibrous structure. The insoluble residue of an acid hydrolysis followed by an alkaline one is crude fiber. Then take 125 ml of 1.25% sulfuric acid solution in the beaker and boil it at 70℃ temperature for 30 minutes and filter it properly.
Then take the residue in the crucible and keep it in the oven at 105℃ overnight. Then take the weight of that crucible after it has cooled in the dryer and this weight is the weight of crucible and fiber. Then keep that crucible in the muffle furnace at 600 ℃ temperature for 3-4 hours and again take weight of the crucible and ash.
It involves the separation of ammonia nitrogen from digestion. This is accompanied by raising the pH with sodium hydroxide. Determining the amount of nitrogen in the condensate flask can be accompanied by several methods. The most common method is the titration of ammonia with standard HCl solution in the presence of the mixture indicator.
Statistical analysis
This changes the ammonium to ammonia and nitrogen is separated by distilling the ammonia and collecting the distillate in a suitable settling medium.
Results and Discussions
Yield of Moringa at different cutting interval
Nutrient composition
The range of CP content of different fractions of moringa was found to be similar to that reported by Makkar and Becker (1996 and 997), Manh et al. Moreover, the CP content of different plant fractions remained unchanged at maturity up to 8 weeks. The ash content of the total Moringa oleifera tree was significantly (P<0.05) higher after 8 weeks than after 6 weeks. The P value is 0.003, which is P < 0.045 and the result is significant.
The OM substance content of moringa oleifera was significant because OM is higher at 6 weeks cutting interval (93.32) than 8 weeks cutting interval (91.16) and the p-value is 0.05. Leaf percentage of Moringa at 6-week cutting was significantly higher than 8-week age, whereas stem percentage at 8-week age was higher than 6-week age. The production of leaves and stems in woody fodder is somewhat more closely related to temperature and especially rainfall, which affects forage quality and changes the leaf to stem ratio (Buxton and False, 1994).
There was no significant difference on DM, OM and ash digestibility at 6 and 8 weeks cutting interval, but tending to the highest DM digestibility was observed in 8 weeks cutting interval it was found that in vitro organic matter digestibility was higher in moringa- leaves as Blighia sapida and Gliricidia sepium which are eyebrows are used as fodder for ruminants. In vitro gas production and pH at 6 and 8 week cutting interval of moringa 4.4 Invitro gas production and pH. The in vitro gas production of moringa at 6 weeks of age was higher than at 8 weeks of age, while the pH at 6 and 8 weeks of age was almost the same.
Conclusion
BIOGRAPHY
