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3 I fª: 40
4 I fª: 27
5 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, Ù»£¢nr¡, ¢h¢Qœ¡ h¡wm¡−cn pwúlZ, AÒfLb¡, 1399, fª: 223
6 I fª: 224
7 glq¡c jSq¡l, Hh¡cae¡j¡ fТafr, Y¡L¡, 1396, : 15
8 "pqjlZ ¢hou fÐhaÑL J ¢ehšÑ−Ll pð¡c 1818'l¡j j¡qe lQe¡hm£ qlg fÐL¡ne£, LmL¡a¡, 1973, fª:
202
9 "hý¢hh¡q l¢qa qJu¡ E¢Qa ¢Le¡ Ha¢àouL ¢hQ¡l 1871' DnÄlQ¾cÐ ¢hcÉ¡p¡Nl lQe¡hm£ a¤¢m-Lmj, LmL¡a¡
1987, fª: 843
10 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "f¤el¡hª¢š' ¢m¢fL¡ œ−u¡cn Mä ¢hnÄi¡la£, p¤mi pwúlZ 1402, fª: 358
11 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "M¡a¡' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£, 1398 fª: 182 12 I fª: 184
13 I fª: 185
14 "f¢ÕQj-k¡œ£l X¡u¡¢l' lh£¾cÐ-lQe¡hm£ cnj Mä, ¢hnÄi¡la£ p¤mi pwúlZ fª: 450 15 I fª: 453
16 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "n¡¢Ù¹' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£, 1398, fª: 154 17 I fª: 157
18 I fª: 160
19 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "O¡−Vl Lb¡' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 4 20 I fª: 7
21 "hý¢hh¡q l¢qa qJu¡ E¢Qa ¢Le¡ Ha¢àouL ¢hQ¡l 1871' DnÄlQ¾cÐ ¢hcÉ¡p¡Nl lQe¡hm£ a¤¢m-Lmj, LmL¡a¡, 1987, fª: 834
22 "l¡e£ ¢iM¡¢le£' ®hNj ®l¡−Lu¡ lQe¡hm£ h¡wm¡ HL¡−Xj£, Y¡L¡,1973, fª:291 23 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "fТa−h¢ne£' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 381
24 "f¢ÕQj-k¡œ£l X¡u¡¢l' lh£¾cÐ-lQe¡hm£ cnj Mä, ¢hnÄi¡la£ p¤mi pwúlZ fª: 455 25 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "j¢Zq¡l¡' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 335
26 I fª: 339 27 I fª: 343
28 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "pwú¡l' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 647 29 I fª: 648
30 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "f¡œ f¡œ£' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 627 31 I fª: 631
32 I fª: 633
33 "e¡l£' L¡m¡¿¹l, lh£¾cÐ-lQe¡hm£ , à¡cn Mä, ¢hnÄi¡la£, p¤mi pwúlZ fª: 622 34 I fª: 623
35 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "®R¡VNÒf' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 751 36 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "mÉ¡h−lV¢l' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 697 37 I fª: 702
38 I fª: 703
39 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "NË¿Û f¢lQu' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 865 40 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "Ù»£l fœ' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 575 41 I fª: 568
42 ¢pl¡S¤m Cpm¡j ®Q±d¤l£, "h¡P¡¢ml pwúª¢a−a e¡l£' h¡wm¡−cn H¢nu¡¢VL ®p¡p¡C¢Vl f¢œL¡ 2u pwMÉ¡, ®f±o 1405, fª: 18
43 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "Ù»£l fœ' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 576 44 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "hce¡j' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 731 45 I fª: 732
46 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "NË¿Û f¢lQu' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 858 47 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "pj¡¢ç' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 172 48 I fª: 173
49 lh£¾cÐe¡b W¡L¤l, "pj¡¢ç' NÒf…µR ¢hnÄi¡la£,1398, fª: 278 50 glq¡c jSq¡l, Hh¡cae¡j¡ fТafr, Y¡L¡, 1396, : 8
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