Reg. 05-01571.pdf - SAU Institutional Repository

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EFFECT OF WATER LOGGING ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF MUNGREAN Vigna radiata (1.) ^Wilczek.

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AWFIQUA NUSRAT REG. NO.: 05-1571

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty ofAgriculture Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY SEMESTER: JANUARY-JUNE, 2010

APPROVED BY:

Prof. Dr. Kamal Uddin Ahamed Department of Agricultural Botany

SAU. Dhaka Supervisor

Md. Moinul 1-laque

Associate Professor

Department of Agricultural Botany SAU, Dhaka

Co-Supervisor

Asim Kumar Rhadra Chairman

Examination Committee

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c7yEDICfiCJtED TO

frZWt;flSI

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LaP DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BOTANY Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207 Memo No: SAU/Agricultural Botany!

CERTiFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Effect of Water Logging on Some Morphological Features and Yield Attributes of Mungbean Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek' submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. Dhaka, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Botany, embodies the results of a piece of honaflde research work carried out by Awfaqua Nusrat, Registration number: 05-1571 under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

I further certify that any help or source of information, received during the course of this investigation has duly been acknowledged.

Dated:16.l0.201 I Prof. Dr. Kamal Uddin Ahamed

Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Botany Sher-c-Bangla Agricultural University

Dhaka- 1207

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A CK)W) WLED (;EMEIs"rs

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The authoress fint wants to eipress her enormottc sense of gratitude to the 4Iinightv A//a/i fhr His countless blessings, love, support protection, guidance.

wisdom and assent to success/hI/v complete Al S degree.

'I/ic authoress like to express her sincere and deepest wisdom of gratitude. honest appreciation to her respected supervisor J)r. Kainal (Ic/c/in A ha'ned, P1i?fessoi Department oJAgncultuial Botany, Sizer-c-Bang/a Agricultural University (SA U), 1)/takes, Bangladesh. for his continued dire ction, support, encouragement and invaluable suggestions throughout the c/tidy period and gratuitous labor in -^V

conducting and successful/v compk'ting i/ic research %i'O/* and in the preparation (?/i/ic' manuscript writing.

She also expresses her appreciation and best regards to respected Co-Superi'tcor.

Md. Moinul J-laqzte, Associate Professor, l)epartment of Agricultural Botany, char- c-Bang/a Agricultural (Inivenity. Dhaka /br his scholastic guidance, helpjiiJ suggestions, continents and coi-ttant inspiration throughout the research ii'ork and preparation oft/ic thesis.

I/ic author expresses her sincere respect to Chairman. I)eparsment qfAgriculiural Botany. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Jar valuable suggestions and cooperation during i/ic s/nc/v period. The authoress also expresses bewitCh thanks to all i/ic teat/len oft/ic i)epartment of44gricultural Botany £4 U, for their valuable suggestions and encouragement during the period of 'the study.

The authoress expresses her sincere appreciation to her brother. relative-c, well wishers and friends for their inspiration, lie/p and encouragement throughout the sutiqy.

Dated: 16.10.2011 ihe Authoress

Place: £411, Dhaka

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EFFECT OF WATER lOGGING ON SOME MORPhOLOGICAL FEATURES AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF

MLNGBEAN I'igw radiata (L.) Wilczek.

ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted in the field laboratoiy of .Sher-e-EIangla Agricultural University dining the period from September to December 2010 to study the effect of water logging on reproductive behavior and yield attributes of mungbean. The variety BARI mung-3 and BARI mung-4 was used as the test crops. Consequently two experiments were conducted to find out the effect of water logging on sonic morphological features and yield attributes of mungbean.

Experiment-I: Effect of Water Logging on Reproductive Behavior and Yield Attributes of Mungbean Sown at 05 September, 2010. Experiment-lI: Effect of Water Logging on Reproductive Behavior and Yield i\ttributes of Mungbean Sown at 16 September. 2010. Both the experiment comprised of two factors: Factors A:

Munghean variety: i) V 1 - BARI irntng-3; ii) V,= BARI mung-4; Factor B: Water logging (4 levels): i) IM= Control (No water logging): ii) L Water logging for 3 days after 10 DAS: 1,2= Water logging for 4 days after 20 DAS and L= Water logging for 2 days after 40 DAS. The two factors experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.

Experiment-I, in case of variety, the highest seed yield (1.25 lJha) was recorded from V% whereas the lowest (1.13 tlha) from V1. The highest survival percentage (93.33°/s) was recorded from V 2, whereas the lowest (92.50%) from \'. In case of water logging condition the highest seed yield (1.41 t!ha) was observed from L0 while the lowest (1.00 t/ha) From L3. The highest survival percentage (98.33 t'lia) was observed from L. while the lowest (85.00%) from 1-1. In case of interaction effect the highest seed yield (1.42 VIta) from V 2 L0. while the lowest (0.92 tlha) from V2L3. The highest survival percentage (100.00%) was observed From V2L0,

while the lowest (83.33%) from V 2 L 1 . Experiment-Il, in case of variety the maximum number of pods per plant (53.69) was recorded from V 2, whereas the minimum number (50.69) from V 1 . The highest seed yield (1.23 t/ha) was recorded from V2, whereas the lowest (1. tO tfha) from V 1 . The highest survival percentage (90.00%) was recorded from V 2, whereas the lowest (99.17%) from V 1 . In case of water logging the maximum number of pods per plant (55.92) was observed from L again the minimum (49.57) from L3. The highest seed yield (1.38 t'ha) was observed from L0 while the lowest yield (0.98 tlha) from L3. The highest survival

percentage (95.00 t/ha) was observed from L0, while the lowest survival (81.67%) from L 1 . In case of interaction effect of variety and water logging the maximum number of pods per plant (56.13) was observed from V 2 L,, while the minimum (47.53) front V11.3. The highest seed yield (1.39 VIta) was observed from V2L0.

while the lowest (0.89 VIta) from V 1 L3. The highest survival percentage (96.67%) was observed from V 2L0. while the lowest (80.00%) from V21,1 . The lowest survival percentages were found in the early (lO DAS) water logging conditions and the lowest yield was obtained while water logged at 40 DAS (flowering stage) showing vulnerability at reproductive stage. BARI mung 4 provided better yield in all conditions than BARI niung 3.

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TABLE OF CONTEN'I'S

apter No. ^--^-Title Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT jj

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIG tiRES vii

LIST OF APPENDICES viii

INTRODUCTION 01

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 04

2.1 Effect of variety on reproductive behavior and yield 04 attributes

2.2 Effect of sowing time on reproductive behavior and 11 yield attributes

2.3 Effect of water logging on reproductive behavior and 16 yield attributes

MATERIALS AND METHODS 25

3.1 Experimental site 25

3.2 Soil 25

3.3 Climate 25

3.4 Planting material 26

3.5 Land preparation 26

3.6 Pot preparation 27

3.7 Fertilizer application 27

3.8 Experimental design and layout 28

3.9 Sowing of seeds in the pot ^- 28

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Chapter No. Title Page No.

3.10 Intercultural onerations 28

3.11 Crop sampling and data collection 28

3.12 1-larvest and post harvest operations 29

3.13 Data collection 29

3.14 Procedure of data collection 30

3.15 Statistical analysis 32

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33

4.1 Experiment-I: Effect of Water Logging on Reproductive 33 Behavior and Yield Attributes of

Mungbean Sown at 05 September. 2010

4. 1.1 Days to starting germination 33

4.1.2 Plant height 35

4.1.3 Number of leaves per plant 38

4.1.4 Days to 1M

flowering 41

4.1.5 Days to pod set 44

4.1.6 Days to maturity 44

4.1.7 Number of flowers per plant 46

4.1.8 Number of pods per plant 46

4.1.9 Weight of pods per plant 47

4.1.10 Pod length 47

4.1.11 Number of seeds per pod 49

4.1.12 Number of seeds per plant 49

4.1.13 Weight of 1000 seeds 51

4.1.14 Seed yield per plant 51

4.1.15 Seed yield per hectare 52

4.1.16 Survival percentage -- -- 52

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Chapter No. Title ____

4.2 Experiment-lI: Effect of Water Logging on 55 Reproductive Behavior and Yield

Attributes of ?vlungbean Sown at 16 September, 2010.

4.2.1 Days to starting germination 55

4.2.2 Plant height 58

4.2.3 Number of leaves per plant 60

4.2.4 Days to jS'

flowering 63

4.2.5 Days to pod set 67

4.2.6 Days to maturity 67

4.2.7 Number of flowers per plant 68

4.2.8 Number of pods per plant 68

4.2.9 Weight of pods per plant 69

4.2.10 Pod length 69

4.2.11 Number of seeds per pod 72

4.2.12 Number of seeds per plant 72

4.2.13 Weight of 1000 seeds 73

4.2.14 Seed yield per plant 7743

4.2.15 Seed yield per hectare 74

4.2.16 Survival percentage 74

5. SUMMARY AD CONCLUSION 77

REFERENCES 80

APPENDICES 92

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1.1. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on plant 39 height of mungbean at different days after sowing (DAS)

obtained from 05 September, 2010 sowing

4.1.2. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on number 42 of leaves per plant of mungbean at different days after

sowing (DAS) obtained from 05 September. 2010 sowing

4.1.3. Effect of variety and water logging on yield contributing 43 characters of mungbean at different days after sowing

(DAS) obtained from 05 September. 2010 sowing

4.1.4. Interaction effect of variety and water logti on yield 45 contributing characters of mungbean at different days after

4.1.5. Effect of variety and water logging on yield contributing 48 characters and yield of mungbean at different days after

4.1.6. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on yield 50 contributing characters and yield of mungbean at different

days after sowing (DAS) obtained from 05 September.

20 10 sowing

4.2.1. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on plant 61 height of mungbean at different days after sowing (DAS)

obtained from 16 September. 2010 sowing

4.2.2. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on number 64 of leaves per plant of mungbean at different days after

sowing (DAS) obtained from 16 September.. 2010 sowing

4.2.4. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on yield 66 contributing characters of mungbean at different days after

4.2.6. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on yield 71 contributing characters of mungbean at different days after

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LIST OF FIGURES

4 Figure No. TitLe Page No.

4.1.1. Effect of variety on days to germination of mungbean 34 4.1.2. Effect of water logging on days to germination of 34

mimgbean

4.1.3. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on days to 36 germination of mungbean

4.1.4. Effect of variety on plant height of mungbean 37 4.1.5. Effect of water logging on plant height of mungbean 37 4.1.6. Effect of variety on number of leaves per plant of 40

mungbean

4.1.7. Effect of water logging on number of leaves per plant of 40 mungbean

4.1.8. Effect of variety on survival percentage of mungbean 53 4.1.9. Effect of water logging on survival percentage of 53

mungbean

4.1.10. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on survival 54 percentage of mungbean

4.2.1. Effect of variety on days to germination of mungbcan 56 4.2.2. Effect of water logging on days to germination of 56

mungbean

4.2.3. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on days to 57 germination of mungbean

4.2.4. Effect of variety on plant height of mungbean 59 4.2.5. Effect of water logging on plant height of mungbean 59 4.2.6. Effect of variety on number of leaves per plant of 62

mungbean

4.2.7. Effect of water logging on number of leaves per plant of 62 mungbean

4.2.8. Effect of variety on survival percentage of rnunghean 75 4.2.9. Effect of water logging on survival percentage of 75

mungbean

4.2.10. Interaction effect of variety and water logging on survival 76

-_percentage of mungbean

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix No.

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1. Characteristics of experimental pot soil is analyzed 92 by Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI).

Khamarbari, Fariugate, Dhaka

11. Monthly record of air temperature. relative humidity 92 and rainfall of the experimental site during the period

from September to December 2010

Ill. Analysis of variance of the data on plant height of 93 inungbean at different days after sowing (DAS) for

05 September. 2010 sowing date as influenced by variety and water logging

IV. Analysis of variance of the data on number of leaves 93 per plant of mungbean at different days after sowing

(DAS) for 05 September. 2010 sowing date as influenced by variety and water logging

V. Analysis of variance of the data on plant height of 94 mungbean at different days after sowing (DAS) for

Vt. Analysis of variance of the data on plant height of 94 irwngbean at different days after sowing (DAS) for

VU. Analysis of variance of the data on plant height of 95 mungbean at different days after sowing (DAS) for

VIII. Analysis of variance of the data on number of leaves 95 per plant of mungbean at different days after sowing

(DAS) for 16 September, 2010 sowing date as influenced by variety and water logging

IX. Analysis of variance of the data on plant height of 96 rnungbean at different days after sowing (DAS) for

IX. Analysis of variance of the data on plant height of 96 inungbean at different days after sowing (DAS) for

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CJIAP'l'ER 1 INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh grOWS various types of pulse crops namely giass pea. lentil.

mungbean, blackgrani. chickpea. field pea and cowpea. Mungbean J'ignda radiatci (L.) Wilczek is one of the most important pulse crops of Bangladesh. It ranks the fifth considering both acreage and production. The area under pulse crops in Bangladesh is 0.406 million hectares with a production of 0.322 million tones where mungbean is cultivated in the area of 0.108 million hectares with production 010.03 million tons (I313S, 2009). It is considered as a quality pulse in the country, but production per unit area is very low (736 kg/ha) as compared to other counthes of the world (BBS. 2009).

Pulse plays an important rotc in human nutrition and it is called poor man's meat because it is the cheapest source of protein for the poor people. it is an important food crop because it provides a cheap source of easily digestible dietary protein which complements the staple ilce in the counhy. According to FAO (1999), per capita requirement of pulse by human should be 80 g, whereas it is only about 10.0 g in Bangladesh (BBS. 2009), thus the ideal cereal of pulse ratio - (10:1) is not maintained which is now 30:1. This is the fact that national production of the pulses is not adequate to meet the population demand. Pulses.

being leguminous crops. are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and enrich soil fertility. Thus they are considered as soil fertility building crops.

Mungbean plays an important role to supplement protein in the cereal-based low- protein diet of the people of Bangladesh. but the acreage production of mungbean is gradually declining (BBS. 2009). However, it is one of the less cared crop.

Mungbean is cultivated with minimum tillage, local varieties with no or minimum fertilizers, pesticides and very early or very late sowing, no practicing of irrigation and drainage facilities etc. All these factors are responsible for low yield of

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iminghean which is incomparable with the yields of developed countries of the world (FAO. 1999). The management of water on mungbean variety is the important factor that greatly affects the reproductive behavior and yield attributes of this crop.

A tiumber of agronomic practices have been found to influence the yield of vegetable crops (Boztok. 1985). Sowing date had a marked effect on growth and development of crops

(Mind

and Srivastava, 1964). Optimum sowing date provides more time for the growth and development of plant which is favorable for higher yield where as both early and late sowing hinder the growth and development with lowest yield potential (Gurung a/al.. 1996).

Flooding tolerance is the ability of a plant to grow and survive in soils with water above field capacity. inability of flooding tolerance causes reduction of plant growth. impeding flowering and formation of poor seed. Adverse effects on some morphological and physiological traits are considered as primary constraints imposed by flooding, leading to limited oxygen availability. Flooding the roots of plants has been reported to reduce transpiration and photosynthesis, implicating stomatal closure, reduce root and shoot growth, formation of adventitious roots, aerenehyma and hypertrophied lenticels (Jackson. 1956). The flooding stress occurs in roots, but injury is apparent in the shoots. 1herefore, it is pertinent to consider the factors affecting transport of materials from the root to the shoot as an adaptive mechanism of plants. For an accurate picture of plant adaptation to flooding stress, understanding of whole plant response to all aspects of plant- environment interactions especially, root morphology, photosynthesis, water

relations, stoinatal behavior and alteration of mineral nutrition would be essential.

These changes indicate the extent of the response to the tolerance to soil flooding in certain species. Mungbean is somewhat tolerant to deficit water but susceptible .1

to excess water (l-lanuid ci al., 1991; N4iah a! al.. 1991). Plant response to soil flooding is influenced by duration of flooding and the growth stage at the time of flooding. Generally longer the duration of water logging, greater is the damage on plant productivity. Munghean is most sensitive to excess soil moisture during

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germination and emergence. After emergence, the stand establishment of the crop 4 may be reduced to 65-100% for eight days flooding at second trifoliate leaf stage.

Vitkov ci al. (19729) reported that water logging for only one day or more before flowering restricted growth and yield of peas, but this effect was less marked at earlier and latter stages of plant development. 1-famid ci al. (1990) observed that varieties of mungbean differ greatly in the degree of photosynthesis productivity when subjected to vailable levels of soil flooding. There results indicated that growth and development of mungbean is affected by excess water.

Lack of quality seeds of high yielding varieties and optimum time of sowing are also two major limiting factors hindering the productivity of Mungbean.

Therefore, experimental evidences indicate that there are enough scopes to increase the productivity of Mungbcan tinder proper management. In this study.

an attempt was made to evaluate the proper condition and tolerance to water logging to maximize the reproductive behavior and yield attributes of mungbean varieties with water logging condition in different sowing time. Considering the above factors the present experiment was conducted with the following objectives:

To compare the effect of different water logging condition on reproductive behavior and yield attributes of mungbean variety with different sowing times.

To observe the performance of selected varieties in response to water logging in different sowing times.

To find out the interaction effect of mungbean variety and water logging condition in different sowing times.

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CHAPTER II -4

REV IEV OF LITERATURE

In Bangladesh and in many countries of the world munghcan is an important pulse crop. The crop has got less attention by the researchers on various aspects because nonnally it grows without care or management practices. Based on this a very few research work related to reproductive behavior and yield attributes of mungbean have been carried out in out- country. However, research works are going on in home and abroad to understand the reproductive behavior and yield attributes more elaborately. Variety, sowing time and water logging due to late season raining play important roles in improving mungbcan yield. But research works related to variety, sowing time and water logging on mungbean is limited in Bangladesh. I lowever, some of the important and informative works and research lindings related to the variety, sowing times and water logging so far been done at home and abroad on this crops and other pulse crops have been reviewed in this chapter under the following headings-

2.1 Effect of variety on reproductive behavior and yield attributes

An experiment was conducted by Muhamniad ci aL (2006) to snidy the nature of association between Rhizohium phascoli and mungbean. lnocula of two Rhizohium strains. 'l'al-169 and Tal-420 were applied to four mungbean genotypes viz., NM-92. NMC-209. NM-98 and Chakwal Mung-97. A control treatnient was also included for comparison. The experiment was carried out at the University of Arid Agriculture. Rawalpindi. Pakistan. during kharif. 2003.

Both the strains in association with NM-92 had higher nodule dry weight, which was 13% greater than other strains x mungbean genotypes combinations. Strain Tal-169 was specilically more effective on genotype NCM-209 and NM-98

A compared with NM-92 and Chakwal Mung-97. Strain Tal-420 increased branches plant" of all the genotypes. Strain Tal- 169 in association with NCM-209 produced the highest yield of 670 kg ha" which was similar (590 kg ha'5 in case of NCM- 209 either inoculated with strain Tal-420 or uninoculated. Variety NM-92

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produced the lowest grain yield (330 kg haS') either inoculated with strain Tal-420 or uninoculated.

The study was earned out in the Field Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany. Bangladesh Agricultural University. Mymensingh during the period from October 2000 to February 2001 by Quaderi c/al. (2006) to evaluate the influence of seed treatment with Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) at a concentration of 50 ppm.

100 ppm and 200 ppm on the growth, yield and yield contributing characters of two modern niungbean (I 'igna rat/ia/a l..) varieties viz. BARI moog 4 and BARI moog 5. The two-factor experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block 4 Design (RCBD) (factorial) with 3 replications. Among the inungbean varieties,

BARI moog 5 performed better than that of BARI moog 4.

Islam ci at. (2006) carried out ;in experiment at the field laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from March 2002 to June 2002 to evaluate the effect of biofertilizer (/?rad).rhiro/liu/n) and plant growth regulators (GM and LAA) on growth of 3 cultivars of summer mungbean (179!?a mci/ata L.). The experiment was laid out in RCBD (factorial) with three replications and two factors (variety and (reatment). Among the mungbcan varieties. BINA moog 5 performed better than that of BINA moog 2 and BINA moog 4.

Mungbean cultivars Pusa 105 and Pusa Vishal were sown at 22.5 and 30 cm spacing and supplied with 36-46 and 58-46 kg NP/ha in a field experiment conducted in Delhi. India during the kharif season of 2000 by Tiekoo ci al.

(2006). Cultivar Pusa Vishal recorded higher biological and grain yield (3.66 and 1.63 tlha. respectively) compared to cv. Pusa lOS.

To evaluate the effects of crop densities (10. 13. 20 and 40 plants/in) on yield and A.

yield components of two cultivars (Partow and Gohar) and a line of mungbean (VC-1973A). a field experiment was conducted by Aghaalikhani ci at (2006) at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karat iran. in the summer of 1998.

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The results indicated that VC-1973A had the highest grain yield. This tine was superior to the other cultivars due to its early and uniform seed maturity and easy mechanized harvest.

Rahman ^c'ial. (2005) conducted an experiment with niungbean in Jamalpur.

Bangladesh. from February to June 1999. involving 2 planting methods. i.e. line sowing and broadcasting: 5 niungbean cultivars, namely Local. BARI moog 2.

BARE moog 3. BINA moog 2 and BINA moog 5: and 5 sowing dates, i.e. 5 February, 20 February, 5 March. 20 March and 5 April. Significantly the highest dry matter production ability was found in 4 modem inungbean cultivars. and dry matter partitioning was found highest in seeds of BINA moog 2 and lowest in .ocal. 1-lowever. the local cultivar produced the highest portion of dry matter in leaf and stem.

Studies were conducted by Bhati ei a/. (2005) from 2000 to 2003 to evaluate the effects of cultivars and nutrient management strategies on the productivity of different kharif legumes (imingbean. inothbean and elusterhean) in the and region of Rajasthan. India. The experiment with mungbean showed that K-851 gave better yield than Asha and the local cultivar. In another experiment, mungbean cv.

PDM-54 showed 56.9% higher grain yield and 13.7% higher fodder yield than the local cultivar. The experiment with niothbcan showed that RM0-40 gave 34.8- 35.2% higher grain yield and 30.2-33.4% higher fodder yield over the local cultivar as well as 11.8% higher grain yield and 9.2% higher fodder yield over RMO-257. The experiment with clusterbean showed that improved cultivars of RGC-936 gave 136.0 and 73.5% higher grain yield and 124.0 and 67.3% higher fodder yield over the local cultivar and Maru Guar. respectively.

A field experiment was conducted by Raj and Tripathi (2005) in Jodhpur.

Rajasthan. India, during the kharif seasons. to evaluate the effects of cultivar (K- 851 and R\IG-62) as well as nitrogen (0 and 20 kg/ha) and phosphorus levels (0.

20 and 40kg had ) on the productivity of niungbean. K-851 produced significantly higher values for seed and straw yields as well as yield attributes (plain height,

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pods p]an(', seeds pod' and 1000-seed weight) compared with RMO-62. Higher net return and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio were also obtained with K-85 1 (Rs. 6544 hi' and 1.02. respectively) than RMG-62 (Rs. 4833 hi' and 0.76. respectively).

Citaisri ci ci. (2005) conducted a yield trial involving 6 recommended cultivars (KPS I. KPS 2. CN 60. CN 36, CN 72 and NV 1) and 5 elite lines (C. E, F. G, 1-1) tinder Kasetsart mungbean breeding project in Lophuri Province, Thailand, during the dry (February-May 2002), early rainy (June-September 2002) and late rainy season (October 2002-January 2003). Line C. KPS I. CN 60, CN 36 and CN 72 gave high yields in the early rainy season, while line II. line G, line E. KPS I and line C gave high yields in the late rainy session. Yield trial of the 6 recommended mungbean cultivars was also conducted in the farmer's field.

Two summer mungbean cultivars, i.e. BINA moog 2 and BINA nioog 5. were grown during the kharif-1 season (February-May) of 2001. in Mymensingh.

Bangladesh. under no irrigation or with irigation once at 30 days after sowing (DAS). twice at 30 and 50 DAS. and thrice at 20, 30 and 50 DAS by Shamsuzzaman ci al. (2004). Data were recorded for days to first flowering, days to first leaf senescence. days to pod maturity. flower I pod abscission. root, stcmi leaf, pod husk and seed dry mallet content, pods plant", seeds pod-'. 100- seed weight. seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. The two cultivars tested were synchronous in flowering, pod maturity and leaf senescence, which were significantly delayed under different irrigated frequencies. BINA moog 2 performed slightly better than BINA moog 5 for most of the growth and yield parameters studied.

An experiment was conducted by Abid ci ci. (2004) in Peshawar. Pakistan. during the 2002 summer season to study the effect of sowing dates (15 April, 15 May. IS a June. 15 July and 15 August) on the agronomic traits and yield of mungbean cultivars NM-92 and M-l. Data were recorded for days to emergence.

emergence/ni2. days to 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height at maturity and grain yield. Sowing on IS April took more number of days

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to emergence but showed maximum plant height. The highest emergence/1112 was recorded in IS June-sown plants. Sowing on 15 August gave the highest number of days to 50% flowering and to physiological maturity, while 15 April-sown plants gave the highest mean grain yield. N10-92 gave higher mean grain yield

than NI-I. The highest grain yield was observed in 15 April-sown M- I plants.

A field experiment was conducted by Apurv and Tewari (2004) during kharif season of 2003 in Uttaranclial, India, to investigate the effect of Rhizohizun inoculation and fertilizer on the yield and yield components of three mungbean cultivars (Pusa 105. Pusa 9531 and Pant mung 2). Pusa 9531 showed higher yield components and grain yield than Pusa 105 and Pant mung 2.

To find out the effects of Rhizohinin inoculation on the nodulation, plant growth, yield attributes, seed and stover yields. and seed protein content of six mung bean (1'i,gna mdiaw) cultivars were investigated by l-lossain and Solainian (2004). The rnungbean cultivars were BARI mung-2. BARI mung-3. BARI mung-4. BARI mung-5_ B[NA mung-2 and BU mung-1 . ^/?hi:ohinm strains TALI69 and TAL44 I were used for inoculation of the seeds. Two-thirds of seeds of each cultivar were inoculated with f?hit'thiiem inoculant and the remaining one-third of seeds were kept uninoculated. Among the cultivars, BARI mung-4 performed the best in all aspects showing the highest seed yield of 1135 kg/ha. Rhi:ohi,mz strain TA (.169 did better than TAL441 in most of the studied parameters. It was concluded that BARI mung 4 in combination with TA 1.169 pertormed the best in terms of nodulation. plant growth. seed and stover yields, and seed protein content.

The performance of 20 mungbean cultivars were evaluated by Madriz-Isturiz and Luciani-Marcano (2004) in a field experiment conducted in Venezuela during the rainy season of 1994-95 and dry season of 1995. Data on plant height, clusters per

4 plant. pods per plant. pod length. seeds per pod, grain yield by plant and yield/ha were recorded. Significant differences in the values of the parameters measured due to cultivar were recorded. The average yield was 1342.58 kg/ba. \'C 1973C.

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Creole VC 1973A, VC 2768A. VC I 178B and Mililiter 267 were the most promising cultivars for cultivation in the area.

The effect of sowing rates (15. 20 and 25 kg seed hi')on the growth and yield of mungbean cultivars NM-92. NARC niung-1 and NM-98 was investigated in Faisalabad. Pakistan during 2002-03 by Riaz et cxl. (2004). NM-98 produced the maximum pod number of 17.30, grain yield of 983.75 kg/ha and harvest index value of 24.9 1%. NM-92 also produced the highest seed protein content of 24.64%.

Seed treatment with biofertilizers in controlling foot and root rot of mungbean cultivars Binamoog-3 and Binamoog-4 was investigatedby Mohammad and 1-lossain (2003) under field conditions in Pakistan. Biofertilizer significantly increased seed germinalion and decreased incidence of foot and root rot of mungbean. Treatment of seeds of BINA moog 3 with biofertilizer showed a 5.67% increase in germination over the control, but in case of BINA moog 4 10.810^/16increase in germination over the control was achieved by treating seeds with biofertilizer. The biofertilizers caused 77.79% reduction of foot and root rot disease incidence over the control along with BINA moog 3 and 76.78%

reduction of foot and rot disease in BINA moog 4. Seed treatment with biofertilizer also produced up to 20.83% higher seed yield in BINA moog 3 and 12.79% higher seed yield BINA moog 4 over the control.

Three mungbean cultivars (LGG 407, LUG 450 and l.GG 460) and two urd bean [black gram] cultivars (IBG 20 and LBG 623) were sown on 15 June 2001 in Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. India. by Durga ci cxl. (2003) and subjected to severe moisture stress during the first 38 days after sowing (DAS) and only a rainfall of 21.4 mm was received during this period. Mungbean registered higher A root length (11.83%), root volume (37.50). root weight (31.43%). lateral roots (81.71%), shoot length (13.04%), shoot weight (84.62%). leaf number (25.75%).

leaf weight (122.86%) and leaf area (108.60%) than the urd bean. Mungbean recorded better leaf characters than urd bean, but root and shoot characters were

9

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better in the latter. Among the mungbean cultivars, LGG 407 recorded the highest yield. Between the urd bean cultivars. LBG 20 had a higher yield than LBG 623.

Among the niung bean cultivars, LUG 407 was the most tolerant, while in urd bean. LBG 20 was more efficient in avoiding earl' drought stress than LBG 623.

Ta] c/ al. (2003) carried out an experiment to find out the effects of sowing rates (10, 20. 30 and 40 kg seed/ha) on the performance of 5 mungbean cultivars (NM- 92, NM 19-19. NM 121-125. N/41 and a local cultivar) were studied in Ahmadwala. Pakistan. during the summer season of 1998.Among the cultivars.

NM 121-125 recorded the highest average pods per plant (18.18). grains per pod (9.79). 1000-grain weight (28.09 g) and grain yield (1446.07 kg ha').

F-!

The development phases and seed yield were evaluated by Infante el at. (2003) in mungbean cultivars Ml. 267. Acriollado and VC 1973C tinder the agroecological conditions of Maracay. Venezuela, during May-July 1997. The differentiation of the development phases and stages. and the morphological changes of plants were studied. The variable totals of pod clusters, pods per plant, seeds per pods and pod length were also studied. The earliest cultivar was ML 267 with 34.87 days to flowering and 61.83 to maturity. There were significant differences for total pod clusters per plant and pods per plant, where ML 267 and Acriollado had the highest values. The total seeds per pod of VC 1973C and Acriollado were significantly greater than ML 267. Acriollado showed the highest yield with 1438.33 kg/ha.

Seeds of niunghean cultivars 13M-4, S-8 and BM-86 were inoculated with RI;i:ohizun strains M-1 1-85, M-6-84. GR-4 and M-6-65 before sowing in a field experiment conducted by Navgire et al. (2001) in Maharashtra. India during the kharif season of 1993-94 and 1995-96. S-8. BM-4 and BM-86 recorded the 4 highest mean nodulation (16.66), plant bioniass (8.29 dI/lia) and grain yield (4.79 q/ha) during the experimental years. S-8. 13M-4 and BM-86 recorded the highest nodulation. plant biornass and grain yield when their seeds were inoculated with R/,i:obiurn strains M-6-84. M-6-65 and M-1 1-85. respectively.

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Hamed (1998) carried out two field experiments during 1995 and 1996 in Slialakan. Egypt, to evaluate niung bean cultivars Giza 1 and Kawny I under 3 irrigation intervals after flowering (15, 22 and 30 days) and 4 fertilizer treatments:

inoculation with Rhizubizun (R) + Azotobacter (A) + 5 (N1 ) or 10 kg N/feddan (N 2), and inoculation with R only +5 (N 4) or 10 kg N/feddan (N4 ). Kawny I surpassed Giza I in pod number per plant (24.3) and seed yield (0.970 LIfeddan), while Giza I was superior in 100-seed weight (7.02 g), biological and straw yields (5.53 and 4.61 tlfeddan. respectively). While Kawny I surpassed Giza I in oil yield (35.78 kg'feddan). the latter cultivar recorded higher values of protein percentage and yield (28.22% and 264.6 kg/feddan). The seed yield of both eultivars was positively and highly significantly correlated with all involved characters, except for 100-seed weight of Giza I and branch number per plant of Kawny I.

2.2 Effect of sowing time on reproductive behavior and yield attributes

lnderjit ci al. (2005) conducted a field experiment on sandy-loam soil of Gurdaspur. Punjab. India, during the 1998-2000 winter season (rabi) to swdy the effect of different sowing dates, row spacings and seed rates on the productivity of lentil (Lens culinaris cv. LG 308) and reported significant effect for emergence of seedling for different sowing date. Turk ci al. (2003) reported significant effect regarding seedling emergence for different sowing time. The sowing time and rate optimum for the growth and yield of the large-seeded lentil cv. Diskiai and the small-seeded cv. Smelinukai were investigated by Kazemekas (2001) on a light loamy soil in Lithuania from 1998 to 2000 and reported that sowing time significantly influenced seedling germination. Gunmg c/ al. (1996) carried out a field experiment in 1991-94 at Dhankuta. Nepal to determine the appropriate sowing date for lentils and reported that October sowings were associated with early good crop vigour with highest percentage of seedling germination.

Sowing date effects on plant height of pulse crop that were reported by the different researcher. Hanlan ci a,'. (2006) reported that sowing date influenced overall plant height. Hossain c/ al. (2006) reported that lentil sown in November

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received less aphid infestation with tallest plant. Turk ci al. (2003) reported tallest

A. plant for early sowing (I January). Allam (2002) reported that sowing on I November gave taller plants. The sowing time and rate optimum for the growth and yield of the large-seeded lentil were investigated by Kazemekas (2001) and found that the earliest sowing date were optimum for plant height. Andrews ci at.

(2001) reported that maximum plant height was closely positively related to monthly mean values for mean daily air temperature. Gurung ci at. (1996) observed that longest plant from October sowings were associated with early good crop vigour which was mainly due to warmer air temperatures during the early vegetative growth. Bukhtiar ci at. (1991) reported that the last week of October proved the better sowing date at which AARIL344 produced the tallest plant and the last week of October was found better with an optimum range from the end of September to 2nd week of November.

Number of branches per plant of pulse crop varied significantly for different sowing time. Haitian ci at. (2006) observed that highest canopy traits such as rapid growth, light interception. Lal ci al. (2006) also reported similar observation, lurk ci at. (2003) recorded high yields were obtained for early sowing (I January), high plant density (120 plants ni'2) for highest number of branches per plant. Al-Hussien ci cii. (2002) reported that different sowing dates (early and late) significantly affect number of branches per plant of lentil. Allani (2002) found under various sowing dates (I November. 15 November. and I December) that the sowing on 1 November gave taller plants with higher number of branches. Siddique ci at. (1998) observed sowing in late April or early May allowed a longer period for vegetative and reproductive growth, rapid canopy development, more water use, and, hence, greater vegetative growth and number of branches. Gunmg ci at. (1996) reported reduced number of branches per plant from November and December sowings were mainly due to the adverse effect of low air temperatures at the early vegetative growth period and shorter total crop growth period. Mishra c at (1996) also reported similar findings. Brand ci at.

(2003) reported that the optimum sowing dates for all cultivars in 2000 were mid

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June to early July and in 2001 mid May to mid June. Rahman and Sarker (1997) reported that high-yielding cultivars also had more leaves and petioles at 1)0th vegetative and reproductive phases, and number of branches per plant. Bukhuiar ci at (1991) reported that the last week of October was Ibund better with an optimum range from the end of September to 2nd week of November.

Kazemekas (2001) reported dry matter content increased in the earliest sowing date were optimum for the growth and yield of both lentil cultivars Andrews ci cii. (2001) in Canterbury. New Zealand were used to assess the potential of lentil and found 1 October sowing get maximum total thy matter. Siddique ci al. (1998) reported that sowing in late April or early May allowed a longer period for vegetative and reproductive growth, rapid canopy developmenL more water use.

and, hence, greater dry matter production. Early-sown lentils began flowering and tilling seeds earlier in the growing season, at a time when vapour pressure deficits and air temperatures were lower. The values of water use efficiency for thy matter production. and transl)iration efficiency, for early-sown lentil were comparable to those reported for cereal and other grain legume crops in similar environments.

lndcrjit ci cii. (2005) reported that lentil sown on 10 November produced flowering and attain maturity the crop sown on 25 November and 10 December by a margin of 8.85 and 11.5%. respectively. Kazemekas (2001) found that die earliest sowing date were optimum for the optimum flowering and maturity.

Andrcws ci al. (2001) in Canterbury. New Zealand was used to assess the potential of lentil as a grain legume crop in the UK. The model was validated using five sowing dates (21 April. 28 April, 5 May, 12 May and 26 May) at Durham. UK. in 1999. Predicted time to flowering was within 7 days of actual time to flowering and predicted seed yields were within 9% of actual yields. Time to flowering generally decreased along the transect from North \Vest to South East UK ranging from 28 June to 9 July and from 20 May to 14 June with the May and October sowings. respectively. Siddique cial. (1998) reported that sowing in late April or early May allowed a longer period for vegetative and reproductive growth. Early-sown lentils began flowering earlier in the growing season, at a

13

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time when vapour pressure deficits and air temperatures were lower, and used A more water in the post-flowering period when compared with those treatments where sowing was delayed. FI-Nagar and Galal (1997) ¹¹¹ 1993-95 at Assiut.

Egypt, lentils were sown I or 15 November. or I December and were harvested at physiological maturity or one or two weeks later and reported that delaying harvesting by one or two weeks after physiological maturity decreased seed yield by 19.7% and 33.61

/o.

respectively.

Brand ci al. (2003) found that the optimum sowing dates for all cultivars in 2000 were niid Jutie to early July and in 2001 mid May to mid June, lurk ci al. (2003) reported that early sowing (I January) ensured high plant density (120 plants ^{111 2}).

The performance of lentil cv. Giza 9 were investigated by Allam (2002) under various sowing dates (1 November. 15 November, and I December and reported that sowing on I November gave higher number of pods per plant. number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant. Harvest index was higher when sowing was conducted on I and 15 November. Rahman and Sarker (1997) reported that higher seed yields were achieved through the contribution of more pods per plant and bigger seeds. Gurung ci cii. (1996) reported that warmer air temperatures during vegetative growth period and longer total growth period, seed yield from September sowing was low, 'l'his was mainly due to excess rainfall during early vegetative growth stage which had adverse effects on crop establishment.

I3ukhtiar ci cii. (1991) observed that the higher harvest index (HI) of 42.3% in AARIL344 and 41.4% in AARIL337 was obtained from 23 November sowing.

The lower HI (25. l0/) was recorded in AARIL355 sown on 26 September. The last week of October was found better with an optimum range from the end of September to 2nd week of November.

Lal ci at (2006) found maximum disease intensity (51%) was recorded in 15 a October-sown crop. while maximum grain yield (730 kg/ha) was obtained in crop sown on 5 November. Hossain ci al. (2006) reported that lentil aphid appeared in the field in the first week of January. The crop sown in November received less aphid infestation and consequently produced higher yield than the crop sown in

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December. lnderjit c/ cii. (2005) found that lentil sown on 10 November (14.6 ci/ha) out yielded the CfOl) sown on 25 November and 10 December by a margin of 12.8 and 90. 1%, respectively. Significantly higher mean seed yield was obtained in lentil sown on 10 November at 20 cm row spacing (15.7 q/ha) and that sown on 10 November using 37.5 kg seed/ha (15.9 qfha). Brand etal. (2003) reported that the optimum sowing dates for all cultivars in 2000 were mid June to early July and in 2001 mid May to mid June. The effects of sowing date (I January. IS January and 2 Februaty), plant density phosphorus level and ethephon application were investigated in the semiarid region in the north of Jordan by Turk ci al.

(2003) and observcd that high yields were obtained for early sowing (I January).

Ac Field experiments were conducted by Ahnied ci cii. (2002) found that the control options were sowing dates (mid-November. mid-December and mid-January).

host plant resistance (cultivars ILL 5883 (highly resistant), ILL 5722 (moderately resistant) and ILL 2130 (highly susceptible) and fungicide seed treatment.

Al-Ilussien et cii. (2002) reported that delaying the sowing date and applying imazapic and imazethapyr resulted in the most promising results, recording 97- 98% weed control in Idleb and Tel Hadya and producing 221 and 40% more seed yield in Idleb and Tel I ladya. respectively. Muhammad ci at. (2002) reported

4 sowing in November significantly en hanced seed yield by 113.2% in 1993-94 and 102.1% in 1994-95 compared to sowing in December. This positive response to early sowing, higher density or fully irrigated crop was the direct consequence of improvement in all the yield components. Ilie sowing time and tate optimum for the growth and yield of the lare-seeded lentil were investigated by Kazeinekasg (2001) and found that based on the different parameter.s evaluated. i.e. seed yield,

the earliest sowing date were optimum for the growth and yield of both lentil cultivars.

Andrews ci cii. (2001) predicted time to flowering was within 7 days of actual time to flowering and predicted seed yields were within 9% of actual yields.

Actual yields ranged from 1.40 to 1.65 t ha". El-Nagar and Galal (l997) reported that delaying sowing decreased seed yield. Rahman and Sarker (1997) reported

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the highest (1.85 tlha) and the lowest (0.75 tlha) seed yields were obtained from

A cultivars ll.X 87052 and Utfala, respectively. Higher seed yiel ds were achieved through the contribution of higher total dry matter, more pods per plant and bigger seeds. Gurung ci of. (1996) found that average seed yields of crops sown on 10 and 25 October were 1274 and 1591 kg/Ira, respectively, which were significantly hiuher than other sowing dates. Seed yield was greatly reduced if sowing was advanced from 10 October to 25 September (533 kg/ha) or delayed from 25 October to 9 November (597 kg/ha). The straw yields of lentil were also higher from October sowings. Mishia ci at (1996) reported that seed yie ld decreased with delay in sowing date after 23 October and the weed-free control gave the highest seed yield. Sekhon ci al. (1994) reported that sowing rates had no significant effect on seed yields and seed yields ranged from 1.04 t at the lowest rate to 1.20 t at 60 kg seecL'ha. Bukhtiar ci al. (1991) found that the last week of October proved the better sowing date at which AARIL344 produced the highest yield of 1686 kg/ha followed by 9-6 and AARIL496 (1649 and 1625 kg/ha, respectively). With sowing in the 2nd week of November AARll496 yielded better (1446 kg/ba) followed by 9-6 and AARIL344 (1427 and 1365 kg/ha.

respectively). The overall mean seed yield for cultivars was higher (1236.5 kg/ha) in 9-6 followed by AARIL496 (1225.4 kg/ha) and AARIL344 (1222.4 kg/ha). The lowest mean yield (493.2 kg/ha) was recorded in AARI [355.

2.3 Effect of water logging on reproductive behavior and yield attributes Rajput ci of. (1995) conducted a field trial in rahi (winter) 1987/88 at Morena.

Madhya Pradesh. the soil moisture depletion pattern was determined from grain (fleer and/man). peas. mustard (lir(issica ^funcea),safflower and a fallow plot and reported that soil moisture thflueneed the germination of all the test crops.

Ilutami and Achlan (1992) conducted an experiment with different water stress

4 condition in mungbean field and reported that plant height of inungbean reduced significantly due to water stress condition but the application of irrigation ensure highest plant height compare to stress condition. In another experiment with

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mungbean. Villegas (1981) found that under greenhouse conditions moisture stress significantly reduced plant height.

Jackson (1979) investigated the response of peas to water logging under glasshouse conditions. 1k found that symptoms of injury arising from excessive soil moisture condition included extensive desiccation and lower rates of transpiration, stem extension and growth of shoots.

Parjol ci at ( 1971 ) from a field experiment concluded that water deficit induced plant height reduction at vegetative phase and also exerted detrimental effect in other growth phases of plant's life.

Swaraj ci at (1995) carried out a field experiment with applying water stress condition in niungbcan and reported that with increasing severity and duration of water stress, the number of branches decreased. Seth and Chaudhury (1989) emphasized importance of increasing the number of branches in good yielding cultivars of mungbean that could be ensured with the application of irrigation.

Murari and Pandey (1985) studied the influence of soil moisture levels on yield attributing characters of lentil and observed that irrigation increased number of branches. They also reported that straw yields were also increased significantly from non-liTigation to irrigation.

Islam ci al. (1994) conducted an experiment on mungbean with different water stress condition in Japan and reported that plants produced lower leaf number under drought conditions. Arjunan ci at (1992) observed higher number of functional leaves in tolerant genotypes of groundnut under moisture deficit condition at harvest, which ensured plants a continued supply of photosynthesis to the sink until maturity. This means stress susceptible plants lost functioning of leaves that unable them to continue photo-assimilation and &ain tilling. In another experinielit reduced leaf numbers were recorded for moisture stressed conditions in groundnut.

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I lutami ci ci. (1991) have conducted an experiment on the water stress of mungbean. They observed that leaf area reduced in water stress conditions. Leaf growth is extremely sensitive to water stress condition and the reduction in leaf area due to moisture stress has been reported by many workers in many different crops. The total number of leaf of a plant may he changed due to either in leaf numbers or learsizes (Turk and Hall. 1980, Babu ci ci., 1984: Pandey c/at, 1984.

Patel ci ci., 1983).

Hughes ci at. (1981) observed a reduction of leaf area in response to water stress condition. Wien ci at (1979) reported substantially less number of leaves when

A field-grown cowpea was exposed to moderate drought stress. Reduced number of leaves could he due to the inhibition of initiation and differentiation of leaf primodia.

This report supports the previous work of Kramer (l963) who reported reduced leaf area with increased thickness when plants were exposed to moisture stress in mungbean. Furthermore, rapid leaf senescence was associated with stressed plant causing reduction in total functional leaf area.

Nlehrotra cial. (1963) carried out a field experiment in mungbean and noted high negative correlation between leaf area and soil moisture tension and they also reported that leaf area was progressively reduced with the progressive increase in stress levels.

Decreased water application resulted in reduced total dry matter production and that resulted from declines in conservation of the intercepting radiation and thereby photo assimilation (Collinson ci at. 1996). Miah ci a! (1996) suggested that in adequate soil moisture condition plant produced higher photosynthesis and dry matter in mungbean.

a

Islam ci al. (1994) conducted an experiment on mungbean in Japan. Growth, canopy structure and seed yield of mungbean was evaluated under water stress conditions. Water logging, optimum moisture and drought conditions had

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constituted the treatments. The distribution patter of the dry matter was more or less similar in all the treatments. In an experiment with mungbean. Islam ci at (1994) observed that drought conditions reduced total dry matter of plants.

In another experiment. Ludlow ci at (1990) had the opinion that in dry soil condition lower shoot thy weight could result from the higher partitioning of dry matter to roots at the expense of shoots. The maximum reduction in yield due to moisture occurs during grain filling stage drastic yield redtLction was also reported in mungbean due to water stress (Flamid ci at, 199W. The yield loss was primarily caused by the reduction of canopy development, inhibition of photosynthetic rate and lower dry matter production.

-s

Ludlow and Muchow (1990) argued that reduced shoot dry weight under moisture stress partitioned more biomass to roots at the expense of shoot growth. Al-Karaki (1988) tested lentil cultivars at different moisture stress and observed thai eultivars were affected by moisture stresses. The results revealed that increase in moisture tension caused reduction in shoot weight.

In another experiment with cowpea lurk and Hall (1980) observed less shoot dry matter in increasing levels of drought stress, at all stages of growth. Wien ci at (1979) reported slightly less shoot dry matter production with moderate drought stress cowpeas grown under field condition. El-Nadi (1969) reported from his wheat experiment under water stress condition that the drier the soil, deeper the root development.

ike effects of irrigation regimes (irrigation at 0.04 MPa at 15.20 and 25cm depth) and P rate on the yield and water use efficiency of French bean (l'Izascolus vulgar/s cv. Contender) were studied by Pal (2007) in Nadia. West Bengal. India, during the winter season from 2002-03 to 2004-05. Among the irrigation regimes, a

irrigation at 15-cm depth recorded the highest mean grain yield (1895 kg haj.

Irrigation at 25-em depth resulted in the lowest level of water use (157.43 mm, on average) and greatest water use efficiency (11.39kg ha miii').

ILI

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A field experiment was conducted by Patel et ci. (2005) during the summer seasons of 2001. 2002 and 2003. in Sardarknzshinagar. Gujarat. India, to study the effects of irrigation scheduling (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 IW:CPE ratios) and fertilizer doses (10 N kg 20 kg P hi'. 20 kg N 40 kg P hi'. and 30 kg N + 60 kg P on the yield of summer clusterbean. Irrigation at 0.8 and 0.6 IW:CPE ratio recorded almost similar seed yield (1238 and 1219 kg ha'. respectively), which was higher than that at 0.4 IW:CPE ratio. The highest straw yield (2848 kg hi') was obtained when irrigation was applied at 0.8 1\V:CPE ratio.

Biswas (2001) reported that irrigation frequency exerted a remarkable impact on

Ak

yield of field bei. .Application of 3 irrigations increased vegetable pod yield about 19% and 13% and seed yield about 53% and 30% over 1 and 2 irrigation respectively, lie also reported that higher number of pods/plant. seeds/pod and pod length, with higher frequency of irrigation.

Craufurd and Wheeler (1999) examined that total div matter, seed yield and other physiological traits of cowpea at two locations in Nigeria. They obtained 50%

reduction in seed yield under drought in both location, attended by the reduced radiation use efficiency and '1DM. In grasspea Sanaullah and Bano (1999) conducted an experiment and observed that drought stress significantly reduced the number of pods. seeds. and 1000-seed weight. Joseph ci at (1999) reported that water stress during pod tilling stages significantly reduced pod initiation and pod growth rates and thereby reduced harvest Index (Hi).

Collinson ^citcit (1996) observed that decreasing soil moisture levels resulted in a decline in total dry matter production and harvest index (111). They also observed that a reduction in pod yield from 4.12 to 4.04 tiha under stress condition. In a field experiment with lentil. Kurnar ci at (1995) found that non-irrigated plot gave lower seed yield than in the ilTigated ones.

Salam and Islam (1994) conducted a pot experiment in the glass house with some advanced mutant lentil lines (Lens cniinarLc) under different soil moisture

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regimes. Under stress they found that the mutant lines had greater tilled pods.

yield per plant and harvest indices (I-It) than local cultivars. They also found that the mutant hues had higher biornass yield.

Islam ci at. (1994) observed sigiiifleantly higher seed yield of mungbean in optimum soil moisture condition followed by drought stress and water logging.

Seed per plant and pod per plant contributed more to the seed yield per plant than the other yield contributing components. It was evident from this study that munghean growth. canopy structure and seed yields were more susceptible to water logging than drought stress.

AL In a field experiment with mungbean. Ilutami and Achlan (1992) observed that water stress condition significantly reduced number of pods per plant and number of seeds/plant. Greco and ('acagnari ( 1991 ) conducted a pot experiment in lentil tinder drought condition and found that seed yield was siptificantly reduced by drought. Decreased grain yield due to water stress was also reported in chickpea (Provakar and Suraf. 1991). Soybean (Rajput ci (il.. 1991). Viera ci at ( 1991 ) reported a yield reeducation of 35 to 40% when drought stress was imposed during seed tilling but found no effect on germination or vigour in soybean.

Erskine and Saena (1990) conducted an experiment and observed that moisture stress affected yield of lentil. They further noted that lentil production was limited by moisture stress. Singh and Saxena (1990) conducted an experiment and observed that moisture stress reduced yield of lentil. They also found that lentil production was limited by moisture stress.

1-lamid ci at. (1991) observed that, over watering and slight and severe water stress imposed at pre-flowering. flowering or pod development stages. reduced seed yield/plant, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and number of pods/plant in mungbean. Slight and severe water stress of pod development gave higher individual 1000-seed weight than unstressed control treatment (29.8. 28.5 and 24.1 g, respectively). Slight water stress at flowering gives the seed weight of

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30.0 g compared with 25.06 g than the control. At pod development, control seed weight has been 24.4 g whereas neither water stress treatment has produced seeds.

Khade ciat (1990) found the highest number of pods (8.28) plant* seeds (16.43) pod' and seed yield (1.03 t haj with 3 irngations in Viciafarhcr.

1-lamid c/at (1990) reported a drastic yield reduction in mungbean due to water stress. The yield loss was primarily caused by the reduction of canopy development. inhibition of photosynthetic rate and lower dry matter production.

Petersen (1989) reported that water stress reduced pods per plant and mean seed weight in Pha.vcnlwc vulgans and pods per plant and seed per pod in /'.

A. acm/fbi/us.

In a pot experiment with pea seeds, blatos ci al. (1988) observed that pod production of peas were significant reduced by the least soil moisture level (30%

IT). Jananiath ci at (1988) conducted an experiment in groundnut under stress condition and found that total number of pods was significantly reduced by drought. Sadasivam ci al. (1988) reported that stress during vegetative phase reduced grain yield through reducing plant size, limiting root growth and number of pods and harvest index in mungbean.

Pannu and Singh (1988) demonstrated the total dry matter as well as grain yields were affected by moisture stress in mungbean. Higher number of dry pods per plant increased seed weight and seed yield per hectare was found when irrigation was done weekly (Haque, 1988).

Talukder (1987) reported that seed yield and harvest index were the most responsive parameters to water stress treatments imposed at flowering and pod development stages of mungbean. in niungbean. Ayallew and Tabbada (1987) k observed that soil moisture stress reduced growth and seed yield.

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Friek and Pjnolato (1987) found that the deleterious effects of drought stress

.41 imposed at flowering were reduced numbers of filled spike lets per panicle and reduced photosynthetic leaf area, that effect directly on the grain of chickpea.

Water stress affected canopy development (Kridemaim, 1986) and overall growth process but there were varietal differences in stress tolerance. In an experiment with groundnut, exposed to field capacity, half field capacity and drought condition. Mehrotra ci at (3986) observed that the yield of niature pods. seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were the least tinder drought conditions. Irrigation increased pigeon pea yield by 97% but drought during the reproductive phase was the major yield-limiting factor (ICISAT. 1986).

a.

Pandey c/ at (1984) reported that mungbean was more susceptible to water deficits than many grain legumes. Hasan and Mahhady (1983) reported that interactions between soil salinity and available soil water induced significant efkcts on dry niatter content, grain yield, grain number and 100