ACEHNESE’S ATTITUDE IN USING VERNACULAR
THROUGH HADIH MAJA IN BANDA ACEH
A Thesis
Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
ERWINA GUSTI
Registration Number : 8136111019
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
i ABSTRACT
Gusti, Erwina. Registration Number 8136111019. Acehnese’s Attitude in using vernacular through Hadih Maja in banda Aceh. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program, Post Graduate School, State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015
This study explains Acehnese’s Attitude in using vernacular through Hadih Maja in Banda Aceh. The objective of this study are (1) To describe the kinds of language attitude used by teenagers in using vernacular in Banda Aceh (2) To investigate the teenagers behave the way they are when they are using their vernacular. (3)To explain the process of conserve Hadih Maja as representative in using their vernacular.
ii ABSTRAK
Erwina Gusti. Nomor Pendaftaran 8136111019. Sikap Sikap Orang Aceh dalam menggunakan Bahasa Aceh melalui Hadih Maja. Tesis. Jurusan Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). 2015
Penelitian ini memaparkan sikap Orang Aceh dalam menggunakan bahasa Aceh melalui Hadih Maja di Banda Aceh. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk menjelaskan jenis sikap orang Aceh dalam berbahasa Aceh di Banda Aceh (2) untuk menginvestigasi kebiasaan remaja Aceh dalam menggunakan Bahasa Aceh (3) untuk menjelaskan proses melestarikan Hadih Maja sebagai representatif orang Aceh dalam menggunakan Bahasa Aceh. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Subjek adalah 30 orang Aceh yang tinggal di Banda Aceh dengan penentuan sampel dengan pertimbangan tertentu. Data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner dan wawancara sebagai alat penelitian. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjawab sikap orang Aceh dalam menggunakan bahasa daerahnya. Sedangkan wawancara digunakan untuk mendapatkan data yang nyata dengan mentranskripkan ujaran mereka selama berbahasa Aceh. Menganalisis data dengan mengunakan teori Moeleong (2005). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1), remaja di Aceh menggunakan sikap yang negatif dalam menggunakan berbahasa daerah di Banda Aceh. (2) sikap negatif yang digunakan remaja Aceh dalam menggunakaan bahasa daerah disebabkan ketidak pedulian mereka terhadap pertahanan bahasa aceh berdasarkan filosofi Hadih Maja. (3) dan mereka menggunakan Hadih Maja pada situasi tertentu, seperti pada acara perkawinan adat dan acara-acara adat lainnya karena ini merupakan salah satu cara untuk melestarikan Hadih Maja sebagai represtatif mereka dalam menggunakan bahasa daerah. Hal ini menunjukkan cara mereka dalam menjaga bahasa daerah kemanapun mereka pergi, di tempat yang berbeda juga di kota yang lain karena bahasa daerah mereka merupakan identitas mereka dalam sebuah komunitas. Hal tersebut menunjukkan sikap mereka dalam menggunakan bahasa daerah dan suatu cara untuk menggunakannya kepada orang lain.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirahmanirahim,
Praises be to Allah SWT for His Great Blessing, Health and Luck that have been continuously poured to the writer in the process of completing her studies and this piece of academic writing. Praises are also addressed to our Prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today. In the process of completing this thesis, the writer has to confess her profound thankfulness for the generous guidance and assistance which has been rendered to her by many people. It would be impossible to list all names but on this very special opportunity the writer would like to express her gratitude to the following people.
First of all, the writer deepest appreciation and gratitude is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., her first adviser for the guidance, comments, criticisms, encouragement, suggestions and special notes for the improvement of the thesis from the very beginning up to the end of this thesis.
Next, her deepest appreciation is addressed to Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd.,her second adviser for his available time spent for consultation, comment, notes for improvement of the thesis, and full support in shaping this thesis.
iv
She would like to express her thanks to all lecturers who have given the valuable knowledge and the excellent performance in delivering the lectures during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study.
Thanks also to her reviewers and examiners, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., and Dr. Rahmat Husein, M.Ed, for their valuable inputs to be included in this thesis.
The writer endless gratitude should also go to her beloved parents Zulfachri Gusti, and Nur’ani Lubis, her lovely someone, who have patiently given moral and support their never ending love and pray. She also would like to express her thankfulness for her friends in class A1 LTBI for the support and help to finish this thesis.
Medan, November 2015 The writer,
Erwina Gusti
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT ... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The Background of Study ... 1
1.2 The Problem of Study ... 5
1.3 The Objectives of Study ... 6
1.4 The Scope of Study ... 6
1.5 The Significance of Study ... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8
2.1 Language Attitude ... 8
2.1.1 Definition of Language Attitude ... 8
2.2 Component of Language Attitude ... 11
2.3 Attitude toward Language ... 14
2.3.1 Attitude Language Based on Domain of Language ... 17
2.4 The History of Aceh ... 18
2.4.1 Geography ... 21
2.4.2 Demographics ... 24
2.4.3 Culture ... 26
2.4 The Acehnese Language ... 31
2.5 The Application of Hadih Maja in Using Vernacular ... 34
2.5.1 The philosophy of Hadih Maja ... 36
2.6 The Relevant Studies... 40
2.7 Conceptual Framework ... 41
CHAPTER III . METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH ... 44
3.1 The Research Design... 44
3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 44
vi
3.5 Technique of Data Collection ... 46
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis ... 47
3.7 The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 48
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 50
4.1 Data Analysis ... 50
4.1.1 Types of Language Attitude Used by Adolescents in Using Vernacular ... 51
4.1.2 The Reason of Adolescents Behave The Way They are When They are Using Vernacular ... 53
4.1.2.1 Attitude toward vernacular at home domain ... 55
4.1.2.2 Attitude toward vernacular at social domain ... 57
4.1.2.3 Attitude toward vernacular at school domain ... 60
4.1.3 The Application of Hadih Maja in Using Vernacular ... 61
4.2 Findings ... 63
4.3 Discussion ... 64
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 71
5.1 Conclusions ... 71
5.2 Suggestions ... 71
REFERENCES ... 73
vii
LIST OF TABLES
[image:11.595.78.527.149.613.2]Pages Table 1 Domain of Language………... 18
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of Study
Indonesia has various vernacular there are Jawa, Padang, Batak, Bali,
Sulawesi, etc. In Sumatra has some of tribes, namely Minang, Mandailing, Batak,
Malay, and Aceh. It has some of vernacular, from gayo, malay, jame and aceh,
centuries before Indonesia’s freedom, Aceh has particular language in their
district. Most of district always use the vernacular which use in their environment
whether formal and informal situation.
Properly, Acehnese vernacular produced by age, gender and social status.
They must keep their prestige through their vernacular because attitude has some
components which are supporting to maintenance the vernacular, namely
affection, behavior and cognition, those components are also very supporting for
example the language speakers feel that their language is part of their identity, and
that their language reflects their valuable culture – then their language behavior
will also be very positive. In other words, Attitude is a psychological
phenomenon, which usually manifests in the form of action or behavior. Attitudes
can not be observed directly. To observe the attitude can be seen through the
behavior, vice versa, one's attitude is not always reflected in his behavior.
Actually, Aceh traditional norms require community members to have
appropriate conducts in their daily social interaction as stated in the following
Hadih Maja: ‘Ta jak ubee lot tapak’ (You walk as your path lets you);‘Ta duk
2
(You eat to fulfill your physical needs);‘Tangui belaku atra’. (You dress up with
what you can afford). The examples above appoint to Acehnese’s attitude in using
vernacular is positive at that time. Long time ago, Acehnese are polite and proud
toward the vernacular. They use vernacular in everywhere, they speak by using it
based on the philosophy of Hadih Maja because It is an oral literature is the
source of value in the lives of the people of Aceh. Hadih Majahas a diverse range
of values such as the value of law, education, philosophy, ethics and theology.
Hadih come from Hadis or prophet’s saying, Ma and Ja referent from the woman
ancestor, so that Hadih Maja refer to parent’s advice to their children (Bakar,
1985). The philosophy of Hadih Maja toward the Acehnese’s attitude in using
vernacular as the representative of their life. It is from the awareness about one
aspect of life as long the history of Hadih Maja (Harun, 2009).
According to Harun (2009) : Acehnese’s attitude toward their vernacular
based on the philosophy, that is Hadih Maja. Hadih Maja is philosophical of
vernacular and Acehnese’s cultural crystallization values to effort of maintenance
their ethnic’s existence.
Hadih Maja philosophical as wise expressions that contain about the
indigenous norms for Acehnese, constructive criticisms and Aceh traditional
norms require community members to have appropriate conducts in their daily
social interaction through Hadih Maja (Taqwaddin, 2013). So, in short Hadih
Maja means Acehnese’s mini qur’an there for it should be followed and applied
by Acehnese in their daily life.
Hadih Maja conveys various values, such as law, education, philosophy,
3
practiced by Acehnese in their dailylife. The implementation of attitude base
culture through vernacular, in art performance , wedding ceremony and the other
custom programme.
Lately, adolescents are not use their attitude in using vernacular, their
attitude shift because some evidence, namely high technology, unawareness to
keep the vernacular as prestige, their parent let them disuse their attitude because
their parent have a lot of assignment, so that they loss control toward their
children’s attitude.
There are several evidence toward Acehnese’s attitude in using vernacular
today, for instance, parent talk to their children : ‘ hoe ka Jak’, it must be : ‘hoe
jak, Droe?’ : Where do you go. The another example the writer took from the
slogan of Aceh timur Government’s Uniform wrote : ‘Udep Sare Mate Syahid’,
( Togetherness in our life), another example : ‘Hana ka jok peng keu loen’, it
must be ‘pakoen cut bang hana joek peng keu lon tuan’; you do not give me
money, ‘Ka rah Baje Sikulah Keu droe, beh’; Bek tuwo rah baje sikulah, neuk’;
do not forget wash your uniform, ‘hai gam, Bek Bhatat That’ ; ‘ ala hai, aneuk
meutuah lon’ : be good son, ‘ku trom bak muka’; ‘poh sigoe, jeut.’; I hit you.
This condition happened by some factors, such as conflict, discrimination,
disaster and irresponsibility towards the vernacular. They lost their awareness to
use it. Based on the researcher’s observation in the field, they did not remember
the history of vernacular today, whereas, vernacular is very important because
language as their symbol to appreciate the prestige and vernacular as the value of
attitude implementation in the environment, but most of Acehnese do not produce
4
use ungrammatical and nonsense of vernacular, and they are unruly the
government’s rule or Qanun (provincial legislation) about the implementation of
vernacular in formal or informal field, most of them do not use their behavior,
cognitive and affective as the significant aspect toward vernacular.
Nowadays, they did not want to build their responsibility towards their
vernacular, they did not use their feeling when they speak each other. It must
respect to each other and it has particular way in communication, must be soft,
polite and good attitude, but most of them lost control to appreciation their
attitude in communication and this condition occurred by intermarriage. It better
they have to understand about vernacular as implementation of good attitude
based on philosophy of Hadih Maja when they do communicate in the
environment.
From the statement above, it can concluded that language cannot be
separated from the attitude. Therefore, Acehnese’s attitude in using Bahasa Aceh
based on the Philosophy of Hadih Maja when they produce their mother though at
that time. Based on the history, Acehnese should use the good sentences which
has philosophy to show the attitude toward their language. This study will be
conduct in Banda Aceh, Based on the statistical data issued by the City
Government of Banda Aceh, it is divided into nine districts (Indonesian:
kecamatan): Baiturrahman, Banda Raya, Jaya Baru, Kuta Alam, Kuta Raja, Lueng
Bata, Meuraksa, Syiah Kuala and Ulee Kareng (BPS, 2012). Most of Acehnese in
Banda Aceh understand and still use vernacular in their daily conversation.
According to Baker (1992), the term ‘attitude’ is a valuable concept within
5
with language changes such as restoration, preservation, decay or death. A survey
of attitudes toward language can shed light on community beliefs, preferences and
desires. The status, value and importance of a language can be measured by
looking at attitudes toward that language. Attitudes can be used to explain the
direction and persistence of human behavior. It is not easy to directly observe
attitude because people’s thoughts and feelings are hidden. Attitudes of people are
latent but can be inferred from the direction and persistence of external behavior.
Montano and Kasprzyk (2008 : 71) state, “Attitude is determined by the
individual’s beliefs about outcomes or attributes of performing the behaviour
(behavioural beliefs), weighted by evaluations of those outcomes or attributes.
There are several types of attitude in using language, namely positive and
negative. Conversely, a person who holds strong beliefs that negatively valued
outcomes result from the behaviour would have a negative attitude, therefor, the
writer interest to conducting the research to “ Acehnese’s Attitude in Using
Bahasa Aceh through Hadih Maja In Banda Aceh”.
1.2 The Problems of Study
In order to meet the above objectives, this research has the following three
research questions:
1. What types of language attitude used by adolescents in using vernacular in
Banda Aceh?
2. Why do adolescents behave the way they are when they are using their
6
3. Do the adolescents conserve Hadih Maja as representative Acehnese
character in using their vernacular?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems of the study, this research has several
objectives, are :
1) To describe types of language attitude used by adolescents in using
vernacular in Banda Aceh
2) To investigate the adolescents behave the way they are when they are using
their vernacular.
3) To explain the process of conserve Hadih Maja as representative Acehnese
character in using their vernacular
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study focus on the object of this research is Acehnese’s attitude in
using vernacular based on philosophy of Hadih Maja.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Finding of the study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and
practically.
Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to justify or to refuse
theories of language attitude. In addition, the findings are expected to add more
7
Practically, the finding are expected to build the Acehnese’s awareness to
maintenance of Hadih Maja as a good utterance in multilingual context and the
findings are relevant to language planners in effort to maintain endangered
languages then this study would be high contribution for local government toward
the implementation of Acehnese’s positive attitude through vernacular as a value
of maintaining their prestige according to the local regulation about vernacular,
71 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The study concerned Acehnese Attitude in using Vernacular through
Hadih Maja in Banda Aceh. It was aimed at descript the attitude of Acehnese in
using vernacular based on the philosophy of Hadih Maja. the conclusion are stated
as the following:
1. Types of attitude applied by adolescents were negative. 13 persons of
respondents show positive attitude, while 17 persons of respondents show
negative attitude in using vernacular from variety domain.
2. They did not understand the value of maintaining positive attitude so,
negative attitude applied by adolescents in using vernacular in their daily
life.
3. Hadih Maja applied by adolescents in certain situation, namely traditional
dance, song and certain traditional program.
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as
the following:
1. It is suggested that for Acehnese parents have to build responsibility in
using vernacular based on the philosophy of Hadih Maja in their daily
communication. Certainly, the parents have role as first man to learnt their
72
2. It is suggested that the stakeholder in Aceh namely MAA ( Aceh Broad
community) and Wali Nanggroe who have responsibility towards
vernacular and Aceh society to make the regulation about Hadih Maja and
vernacular to Acehnese then local governments should apply a program of
revising vernacular based on philosophy of Hadih Maja through seminars,
publishing book, traditional arts performance for adolescents in Banda
Aceh,
3. Write the article about Acehnese’s attitude in using vernacular through
Hadih Maja to Bahasa Indonesia therefore they have desire to understand
toward the contains and it can be references to maintaining the value of
73
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