LANGUAGE ATTITUDE OF SIMALUNGUN PEOPLE TOWARD
VERNACULAR MAINTENANCE IN PEMATANG SIANTAR
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
INDRA JAYANTI DAMANIK Registration Number: 8136112090
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thank to Jesus Christ for His blessing and great plan in her life, especially in completing this thesis. The writer realizes that nothing can be obtained this far without His help.
The writer would like to give special appreciation to her father and mother for giving endless support, love and care that the writer realizes that without his prayer, she cannot run the study process well. This thesis is especially dedicated to him since the writer’s purpose to enter this postgraduate school is grounded to reason that his happiness and prestige is everything in her life.
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administratively in English Applied Linguistics Program during the completion of the process in taking her Master Degree.
Her great appreciation falls to her big family that she cannot mention one by one. The writer also would like to extend her sincere thanks to special people who give support; Ompung Drs. H. T. Zulkarnain Damanik, M.M Ompunng Drs. Kimmer Damanik, Panggi Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M. Si, Prof. Amrin Saragih, P.hd and also to her boss in workplace Arthur Dewata Batubara, M.Sc..
The writer also gives appreciation to all friends who have contributed to this thesis completion. The writer would like to give thanks to her partner and best friend in completing the process to get her Master degree step by step together, gawe Mey, Kresna and Noya, Sanina Miranda, Kartika and bang Ridho.
Finally, the writer must admit that the content of this thesis is still far from being perfect, but she warmly welcomes any constructive and critics that will improve the quality of the thesis. She also hopes this thesis would be useful for those who read it, especially majoring in English.
Medan, September 2015 The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Acknowledgements ... i
Table of Contents……… iii
List of Tables ... v
List of Appendices ... vii
Abstract………. viii
Abstrak ... ix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Background of the Study ... 1
1.2. The Problem of the Study ... 7
1.3. The Objective of the Study ... 8
1.4. The Scope of the Study ... 8
1.5. The Significance of the Study ... 8
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Attitude ... 10
2.2. Dimension of Attitude ... 11
2.3. Formation of Attitudes ... 12
2.4. Attitude Towards Language ... 14
2.4.1. Positive Attitude of Language ... 14
2.4.2. Language Maintenance ... 15
2.4.3. Negative Attitude of Language... 19
2.4.4. Language Shift ... 21
2.5. Simalungun Language in Pematang Siantar, Pematang Siantar Regency ... 29
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2.7. Conceptual Framework... 35
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1. The Research Design ... 37
3.2. Subject of The Study ... 38
3.3. The Technique For Data Collection ... 39
3.4. The Technique of Analyzing Data... 40
3.5. The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 43
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND ANALYSIS 4.1. Data Analysis ... 45
4.2. Language Attitude of Indigenious Simalungun people ... 46
4.2.1 Negative Attitude, Realization and Reason ... 47
4.2.2 Attitude towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun Young People in Some Domain of Life ... 53
4.2.3 Attitude Towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun Young People Based on Status Background……….62
4.3 Findings………...66
4.4 Discussion………68
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1. Conclusion ... 71
5.2. Suggestion ... 72
REFERENCES ... 73
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LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1 Categories of Positive Attitude of Community Member towards language……... 15
Table 2.2Categories of Negative Attitude of Community Member towards Vernacular…... 20
Table 2.3. Economic, Social, Politic, and Demographic Factors Contributes to Vernacular Attitude and Its Effect ……….………...……..….. 28
Table 2.4. Composition of Society………..………...……... 30
Table 3.1 Interactive Model of Drawing Conclusion Process…..………...……... 41
Table 3.2 Attitude Category of Community Members Simalungun Vernacular…...…….... 42
Table 3.3 Factors Contributes to Vernacular and its Implication ……….…………...……... 42
Table 4.2 Positive and Negative Attitude of Simalungun People towards their vernacular... 46
Table 4.2 Language Disloyalty towards Simalungun Vernacular..….………... 50
Table 4.3 Language Pride Lack towards Simalungun Vernacular ...….…... 51
Table 4.4 Attitude Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun Young People in Home Domain……… 53
Table 4.5 Attitude Towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun Young people in Environment Domain……….….…... 55
Table 4.6 Attitude towards Simalungun vernacular of Simalungun Young people in Street Domain…... 56
Table 4.7 Attitude towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun young people in Religion activity Domain……… 57
Table 4.8 Attitude towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun young people in School Domain……….. 58
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Table 4.10 Attitude towards Simalungun vernacular of Simalungun young people in
Work Place……… 61
Table 4.11 Attitude towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun Young People
of Low Level Status Background……….. 62
Table 4.12 Attitude towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun young People
of the Middle level status Background………. 64
Table 4.13 Attitude towards Simalungun Vernacular of Simalungun Young People
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Table of Positive and Negative attitude ………... 79
Appendix 2. Questionnaire of Research…...……….…. 80
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INDRA JAYANTI DAMANIK, Reg. No. 8136112090. Language Attitude of Simalungun People Toward Vernacular Maintenance in Pematang Siantar. English Applied Linguistics, Pascasarjana Program, State University of Medan, 2015.
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INDRA JAYANTI DAMANIK, Reg. No. 8136112090. Language Attitude of Simalungun People Toward Vernacular Maintenance in Pematang Siantar. English Applied Linguistics, Pascasarjana Program, State University of Medan, 2015.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
Pematang Siantar is multilingual community since the community Pematang Siantar itself
does not only consist of Simalungun but some other ethnics group as well. It can be seen that
Simalungun people in Pematang Siantar are minority ethnic group in that city. This condition
makes the speaker of Simalungun Vernacular minority too, especially in Kelurahan Sofa, Siatar
Sitalasari district. It allows choosing any code or variety in social interactions. These choices
may have potential longer-term effects on the vernacular existing in a community namely
Simalungun vernacular. Nowadays, there is an indication that Simalungun vernacular is sidelined
from Simalungun community daily life especially from its young generation due to young
speakers are easy to adopt or apply new things, and Simalungun vernacular is signaled unable to
fulfill the need of its speaker for the life in a nation, particularly for the need of economic
aspects.
Globalization and high community affect Simalungun social life, almost all aspects of
Simalungun influenced by globalization which is hard to control. It is not only leads the
Simalungun community to a better life, such as the development of information and technology
that will be able to ease relation in society, but it also supports negative effect to Simalungun
especially for Simalungun who live in Medan, they become egoistic, apathetic, and show their
life style which are not suitable to Simalungun norm.
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The influence of globalization affects action, awareness, and attitudes some of
Simalungun community to use their vernacular. This can be seen in the phenomena of less
frequent of using Simalungun vernacular, where they tend to speak Indonesia rather than their
own vernacular in daily life interaction, in working place, family, and public places. For
instance, when the leader of community announces something, or even in an important
community meeting they use Indonesian vernacular. This situation shows Simalungun people
force them to use other vernacular namely Indonesian vernacular. It can be assumed that
Simalungun people think Indonesian Vernacular more guaranties for their future.
Furthermore, there are many youths of Simalungun who cannot speak or understand
Simalungun vernacular, this indication is very risky for the existence of Simalungun vernacular,
especially the young generation at the age of 18 to 20 years old on the street, market, office, and
some other places tend to speak other vernacular such as Indonesia rather than using their own
vernacular, this can be seen when someone asking something in Simalungun; he or she tends to
response by using Indonesian vernacular.
Example of situation: (The conversation made by two young girls living neighborhood who are
the same Simalungun (native speaker of Simalungun vernacular), this conversation occurs while
both they are doing their each activity in an organization centre)
A: Kapan kak iin itu datang kak fan? (Indonesian)
Fan, when Miss. Iin comes? (English)
B: Tadi malam lo baya.(Indonesian)
She came last night (English)
A: oia kak, sama siapa kakak itu? (Indonesian)
Who was her friend? (English)
B: Sendiriannyalah. (Indonesian)
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The two young girls in the conversation above are Simalungun people however both of
speaker use Indonesian. In this case the speakers have negative attitude toward Simalungun
vernacular.
Situation: In a Simalungun people wedding party, it was in Silau Kahean District of Simalungun
region, the researcher found another case that the father of brig room advised her daughter by
using Indonesian language.
“Sonai ma da borukku, Manlakkah ma ham inang. Hu patapei bulang bani panjujungmu
goranni bulang matua, ai ma tandani ham domma matua. Artinya nang kamu sudah dewasa, kamu sekarang sudah menjadi panutan dalam rumah tanggamu, dewasalah dalam berfikir, bertindak, jangan lagi manja manja, selama ini manja sama bapak dan mamak di rumah karena kamu masih sebagai anak, tapi dengan kami pasangkan bulang ini, itu artinya kamu akan menjadi ibu di rumah tanggamu…dst.
Indonesian: Jadi nak, kamu sudah melangkah ke jenjang pernikahan. Ku pasangkan bulang ini di kepalamu namanya bulang matua, itu artinya kamu dewasa anakku. Artinya kamu sudah dewasa nak, kamu sekarang sudaah menjadi panutan dalam rumah tanggamu, dewasalah dalam berfikir, bertindak, jangan lagi manja manja, selama ini manja sama bapak dan ibu di rumah karena kamu masih sebagai anak, tapi dengan kami pasangkan bulang ini, itu artinya kamu akan menjadi ibu di rumah tanggamu…dst.
English: Dear, today you have got married. I have give you bulang matua (bulang matu* the symbol of Simalungun ethnic which use in the brig room head), this is shows that you would be
adult dear, it means that you have to be adult people you have to be a leader in your family, good
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child for us your father and your mother, it because you are still a child for us, but now, in this
time we give it to you, from this moment you will be a mother in your family.
The case above is preliminary case that the researcher found in the society of Simalungun
it was happened in a wedding party of Simalungun people, the brig and the room are same
simalungun, brig is sipayung and room is purba silangit (Sipayung* purba are part of Simalungun people surname). When the father of the room gives advice to his daughter, at the beginning he used Simalungun vernacular, but he continue his advice by used Indonesia
language. In this case, father of the room to make sure that his daughter can understand enough
about his advice he used Indonesia.
From the situation above shows that father and his daughter shifts using Simalungun vernacular.
This phenomenon shows that his daughter is not able to preserve Simalungun vernacular even in
her wedding ceremony. On the other hand, this also shows that the father and his daughter
dominantly speak Indonesian at home domain.
Sneddon (2003) says that the pressure of Indonesian vernacular to local vernacular is
very great and leads to their endangerment. It implies that the speakers’ loyalty to their
vernacular vernacular is in challenge. Moreover, Musgrave (2009) states that using the national
vernacular could be viewed as a mark of good citizenship. It implies that there is a high pressure
to the use of Simalungun vernacular.
To this, there are two indications of Simalungun vernacular usage that can be taken into
consideration; when they have high loyalty. It means they maintain their vernacular but when
their attitude shows negative or less respectful to their vernacular, it means their vernacular may
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Moreover, there is a lack of eagerness from the children or students of Simalungun
generation at school age to use Simalungun vernacular language in their interaction, for instance
in some schools in Pematang Siantar, the students disagree to use Simalungun vernacular
language even with the same Simalungun because it will constrain their knowledge, difficult to
reach the development or progress in education and use Simalungun will only limit their
perception on regionalism which lead to disintegration, so this can consider that they have less
positive attitude to Simalungun vernacular language, whereas attitudes are crucial in language
growth or decay (Batang, 2010). Consequently, to make sure the language or ethnic language is
maintained, it is needed to have positive attitude from its own speakers.
Furthermore, parents have the tendency in guiding and pride their children to use
Simalungun vernacular in their family interaction and they feel proud when their children are
able to speak Indonesian or other vernacular fluently since the beginning. At school, starts from
kindergarten (TK), Primary School (SD), Junior and Senior High School until University level,
the students learn and use Indonesian language dominantly compare to Simalungun vernacular
and Indonesian vernacular.
Even social interaction in public places also gives limited access to the use of
Simalungun vernacular by appearing some shopping centers which replaces traditional markets,
in which it gives no chance to make interaction in the form of verbal communication, or even
there is no social interaction happens between buyers and sellers because of using computer
machine in interaction. By doing so, the use of Simalungun vernacular in Pemeatang Siantar is
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In addition, Pematang Siantar is dominantly populated by Batak Toba. It allows choosing
any code or variety in social interactions. These choices may have potential longer-term effects
on the language existing in a community namely Simalungun vernacular language. Nowadays,
there is an indication that Simalungun vernacular language is sidelined from Simalungun
community daily life especially from its young generation due to young speakers are easy to
adopt or apply new things, and Simalungu vernacular language is signaled unable to fulfill the
need of its speaker for the life in a nation.
The above description is about behavior of Simalungun community especially young
generation to their vernacular which it is assumed that attitude is one of the factors contributes to
do so. Though Simalungun vernacular is an important identity to determine a certain ethnic
group, seems it is not always can be maintained, but it does not mean that Simalungun vernacular
must be left behind. Simalungun vernacular precisely need to be made useful in order not to be
shifted or lost.
Having strong and fast social change, maintenance of Simalungun vernacular in
Pematang Siantar is a relevant effort to make sure that Simalungun vernacular is survived.
Zulfadli (2010) in Fakrurazi thesis states that Acehnese vernacular maintenance is positive
initiative to keep using Acehnese vernacular to a better continuity in the future, since vernacular
is a vital part of the development and expression of identity (Oriyama: 2010). In addition,
Simalungun vernacular is the identity for Simalungun people; Holmes (2001: 61) states that
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Every ethnic group has its own vernacular as their own typical identity. In this case, the
researcher as a native speaker of Simalungun vernacular would like to conduct a research about
vernacular attitude of Simalungun people towards their own vernacular, in previous research no
one has not conducted the research relates to vernacular attitude of Simalungun people. Thus the
result of this research will be contributed to Kabupaten Simalungun as reference of vernacular
study, especially for the vernacular attitude Simalungun people in term of their own vernacular.
In addition, this research considered importance due to the development of Indonesian language
in term of vernacular strength as National language.
Based on the condition above, the researcher is interested in conducting her research
relates to the attitude of Simalungun people towards Simalungun vernacular maintenance which
occurs among Simalungun speakers in Pematang Siantar. The researcher determines Pematang
Siantar as location of research because the researcher consider that Pematang Siantar as the most
progress among other regions of Simalungun, beside that in that regions Simalungun people as
minority clan.
1.2Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems are formulated as the following:
(1) What are the attitudes of indigenous Simalungun people toward their own vernacular
maintenance in Pematang Siantar?
(2) How is the attitude realization of indigenous Simalungun people towards their own
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1.3Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems of the study, the objectives of this research are:
(1) To elaborate the attitude of indigenous Simalungun people towards their vernacular
maintenance in Pematang Siantar.
(2) To describe attitude realization of indigenous Simalungun people towards their
vernacular maintenance.
1.4Scope of the Study
This study will focus on the occurrence of Simalungun vernacular attitude; factors affect
the language attitude of Simalungun people towards their ethnic language, the effect of language
attitude among Simalungun vernacular speakers in Pematang Siantar. Since Pematang Siantar is
a large area which consists of 8 city Districts with total population is 247.837 people, this
research is proportionally and purposely staged in one of the districts, which is Kelurahan Bukit
Sofa, Siantar Sitalasari District. The researcher chose that place, because in this district the
researcher found that simalungun family is minority and most of them do not use Simalungun
Vernacular in their daily life.
1.5Significances of the Study
(1) Findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to justify or to refuse theories of
vernacular attitude. The finding of this research are going to justify or refuse the theories
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In addition, the findings will be expected to add more horizons in vernacular planning
issues can give contribution to governments in maintaining language through education
curriculum such as language learning.
(2) Practically, the findings are expected to awaken awareness of Simalungun speakers in
multilingual contexts. In addition, the findings are relevant to vernacular planners in
efforts to maintain endangered vernaculars.
Finally, the result of this research will be contributed to Kabupaten Simalungun as
reference of vernacular study, especially vernacular attitude of Simalungun people
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
The study concerned on the attitude of Simalungun young people towards their
vernacular language in Sitalasari district Pematang Siantar regency. The aim of the study is to
describe how the attitude of Simalungun young people towards their vernacular language. After
deliberately analyzing the data, the conclusions are stated as follows:
1. The informants show positive attitude and negative attitude towards Simalungun
vernacular in Sitalasari district Pematang Siantar regency. There are 55. 6 %
informants show negative attitude and 44. 4 % informants show positive attitude. The
more detail about the percentage of language attitude occurred in every the category
of Simalungun young people based on their status background are: 1) Simalungun
young people of low level status background is 3 informants or 50 % has negative
attitude and 3 informant or 50 % has positive attitude, 2) Simalungun young people of
middle level status background is 5 person or 83. 3 % has positive attitude and 1
informant or 16. 7 % has negative attitude, 3) Simalungun young people of High level
status background 6 informant or 100 % has negative attitude.
2. The realization of negative attitude they have is by not having eagerness to keep using
Simalungun vernacular at home in their living state. However, they still use their own
vernacular at the certain domain namely when they in religion activity and
communicate with their family; father, mother, siblings, and cousins.
3. The negative attitude shown by informants is because the less frequency and
unfamiliar of Simalungun vernacular use in their daily communication such as at
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home when communication with their parents and family. On the other word, they
have the more frequency in using other language which is considered as the medium
of communication making them easily accepted in their current environment.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusion, the following are suggested:
1. It is suggested that Simalungun people especially Simalungun young people have
positive attitude towards their own vernacular in themselves of every individual, by keep
using Simalungun vernacular in their daily communication not only when talking to their
parents, family and cousins but also to their friend the same Simalungun. In this case, it is
expected Simalungun young people can keep maintaining their vernacular language by
equalizing their ethnic language in their daily live especially at home domain.
2. It is suggested that language supervisor agency and the local government; in vernacular
planning issues can give contribution in maintaining language through education
curriculum such as language learning and head of districts, head of villages should apply
a program of revising, revitalizing and maintaining Simalungun language shift to keep its
maintenance by conducting the cultural events or cultural festival which empower and
compete Simalungun young people which maximizes the existence of Simalungun
language by conducting the traditional language itself such as theatre exhibition, musical
exhibition, the competition of creating the greeting or opening of cultural ceremonies in
Simalungun language, etc which can be conducted in memorial days such as independent
day, and other celebration days. In addition, it is also suggested to other researchers to be
more concerned on the research about Simalungun language maintenance and
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