An Analysis Of Prepositional Phrase In Jane Austen’s Novel “Pride And Prejudice”

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AN ANALYSIS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IN JANE

AUSTEN’S NOVEL “PRIDE AND PREJUDICE”

A Thesis

By

: EVA PEBRIYANTI

REG : 060721025

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Prepositional Phrase in Jane Austen’s Novel “Pride and Prejudice” yang mengetengahkan pembahasan dan penganalisaan tentang frasa kata depan yang terdapat pada sebuah novel berjudul“Pride and Prejudice” karya Jane Austen.

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my thankfulness to Allah SWT, who gave me faith and strength to walk through even the hardest time in my life. He is always faithful and makes me full of hope. Without his help, this thesis will never be finished at last. And also thank to our propet Muhammad SAW.

On this occasion, I also thank Drs. Syaifuddin, MA., Ph.D., the Dean of Faculty of Letters of North Sumatera University, for all the opportunities and facilities given to me till the end of my study in this faculty.

Later, I also thank Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum as the Head of English Department and the Secretary of English Department, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL. who have given me supports to finish this thesis

I would like to express my sincerely gratitude to my Supervisor Dra. Masdiana Lubis, MA, as well as to my Co-Supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, MA, for all their advice, guidance, comments in supervising the draft of writing this thesis.

I am gratefulness to my grandmothers and my parents who have sent me school since Primary School until University, whose patience, love and supports that has been strenght to my weaknes. Her grateful thanks are also due to her young sisters : Sophie, Wani, Evi, Elsa and Adel for their valuable helps, time and supports.

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Dispite my efforts to produce a faultless paper, I am well aware that the reader will find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize. Finally, I hope this thesis will add our knowledge about the using of prepositional phrase that found in a novel especially about its type, form and position.

Medan, June 2008 The Writer,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRAK ... i

ACKNLOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

Chapter 2 : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Theoretical Framework ... 4

2.1.1. Preposition and Prepositional Phrase ... 4

2.1.2. Types of Preposition ... 10

2.1.2.1. Physical Relationships ... 10

2.1.2.2. Semantic Relationships ... 14

2.1.3. Form of Prepositions ... 17

2.1.4. Position of Prepositional Phrase ... 20

2.1.4.1. In Adjectival Function ... 20

Chapter 4 : AN ANALYSIS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVEL “PRIDE AND PREJUDICE” 4.1Types, Forms and Position of Prepositional Phrases in “Pride and Prejudice” Novel ... 26

4.1.1. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With At ... 26

4.1.2. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With By ... 28

4.1.3. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With For ... 30

4.1.4. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With In ... 31

4.1.5. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Into ... 36

4.1.6. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Of ... 38

4.1.7. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With On ... 40

4.1.8. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Out of ... 40

4.1.9. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Over ... 41

4.1.10. Prepositional Phrase Beginning With To ... 41

4.1.11. Prepositional Phrase beginning With Up ... 42

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4.2. The Table of Data Analysis ... 43

Chapter 5 : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 46

5.2 Suggestions ... 47

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... vi

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Prepositional Phrase in Jane Austen’s Novel “Pride and Prejudice” yang mengetengahkan pembahasan dan penganalisaan tentang frasa kata depan yang terdapat pada sebuah novel berjudul“Pride and Prejudice” karya Jane Austen.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Analysis

Language is composed of several elements such as phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.Preposition has the important point in the sentence. A preposition links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence. According to Azar (1984:78) a preposition is a word, which shows relationships among other words in the sentences. The relationships include direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount. And according to Jagger (1990:187) a preposition always goes with a noun or a pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. It means that the word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of preposition.

Phrase is a group of words without finite verb, forming a part of sentences and have a meaning. Phrase is used to form clause and clause is grouped together to form sentences. So each unit or element is used to form larger units which finally constitute a language. A sentence is one of the most important elements in written language.

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prepositional phrase is its ability to convey the specific kinds of information of a sentence. Wishon and Burks (1980: 290-291) said that prepositional phrase conveys the kinds of information: place (position), direction, time, purpose (reason), possession, manner (instrument), identification, distance, agent, material, and quantity.

Prepositional Phrase is a grammatical elements. A grammatical elements means that we apply it to classes of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and even sentences. Regards of the size of the element; thus the class of deverbal noun-forming suffixes, the class of prepositions, the class of noun phrase, etc.( DJ. Allerton, 1979: 133-134).

Novel is one of literary works. In writing this novel, a writer can not be free from the use of language. By reading a novel, a reader directly or indirectly will get knowledge about the language used in a novel.

In this thesis, the subject is taken from literary works that is a novel entitled “Pride and Prejudice” written by Jane Austen, one of the English famous writer. Based on the reason above, I assume that there are many prepositional phrase found in the novel. I am interested in discussing the prepositional phrases, especially its type, form and position in the novel.

Problems of the Analysis

The problems of the analysis are described as the following:

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2. What are the forms and the position of the Prepositional Phrase occurred in the novel that become the grammatical elements of the novel “Pride and Prejudice?”

Objectives of the Analysis

The objectives of the analysis can be classified as the following:

1. To find out the types of the Prepositional Phrase in the novel “Pride and Prejudice”

2. To find out the forms and the position of the Prepositional Phrase that become the grammatical elements in the novel “Pride and Prejudice”

Scope of the Analysis

In writing this thesis, limitation is absolutely needed in order to get clear- limited analysis. The analysis is focused on the types, forms, and position of the prepositional phrases in the novel “Pride and Prejudice” written by Jane Austen.

1.5 Significance of the Analysis

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Framework

In doing this thesis, I use some books which are related to this study in order to make the study better and support the idea. They also give me more knowledge about prepositional phrase that can make the writing of this thesis easier.

2.1.1 Prepositional Phrase

According to Wishon and Burks (1980:288), Prepositions are always followed by noun (or pronoun). They are connective words that show the relationship between the noun following them and of the basic sentence elements: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship such as position, place, direction, time, and so on between their objects and other part of the sentence. Prepositions with noun or noun phrase are called prepositional phrase.

Wishon and Burks (1980:289) said that prepositional phrase used as adverbs usually follow the verb though like adverbs, they can be moved to other position in the sentence.

Frank (1972:167) said that a prepositional phrase may function as an adverb, adjective or noun, and there are two types of prepositions: physical relationship and semantic relationship.

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classes of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and even sentences. Regards of the size of the element; thus the class of deverbal noun-forming suffixes, the class of prepositions, the class of noun phrase, etc.

Therefore, based on the various theories mentioned above, I would like to apply the usage, function and type of prepositional phrase that proposed by Wishon and Burks (1980:289), Frank (1972:167) and DJ. Allerton (1979: 133-134).

There are some prepositions with multiple meanings and their common uses are summarized as follows for reference purposes:

1. Around:

“At approximately”

The police believe the man died around six o’clock. “In the vicinity of”

People have reported seeing a stranger around the store.

2 At is used for a street address if the house number is given, points in time, for prices, like:

She lives at 18 Magnolia Street. They arrived at 8:00

They are on sale at two dollars a dozen. 3. By, the meaning is:

“Alone” (with a reflexive pronoun), He lives by himself.

“Past” (with verbs of motion)

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“At the latest” ( with a maximum time limit). He will be here by five o’clock. 4. For

To indicate duration of time, I

He played the piano for two hours. “In exchange for”

I bought this book for three dollars. With the beneficiary of an action

He baked the cake for me. “Instead of”, “in place of”

When he was away, his neighbor did the work for him. With the subject of an infinitive.

It is important for them to come early. 5. In

With cities, states, countries, continents. She lives in Cairo

With period of time

I saw him in December. With lengths of time

He will come in one hour. With languages

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6. On

To indicate contact with a surface. The picture is on the wall. With days of the week and dates

We do not have classes on Sundays. With the name of a street

She is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street. 7. With

To indicate association

She is with a consulting firm. 8. Without

To indicate the absence of something. Nothing can live without water.

In, on, and at, discussed previously, are probably the most often confused English prepositions. Following are some others.

1. Above, over

Above refers to a place higher than a certain point. Over refers to a place

directly above a certain point.

The temperature is well above freezing. He held an umbrella over his head.

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2. Below, under

Below refers to a place lower than a certain point. Under refers to a place

directly below a certain point.

That valley is below sea level. His shoes are under the bed.

Under also means “less than” and “under the supervision of”.

The children in this class are under five years of age. She works under the managing editor.

3. Beneath, underneath

Beneath and underneath mean almost the same thing in many uses.

Generally, both indicate a position lower than a given point. When the meanings diverge, underneath conveys more specifically the meaning of one object being covered up by another, and beneath may be used in a figurative sense. It may be useful to associate underneath with under and beneath with below.

Two hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found.

The official does not consider it beneath him to type hi own letters. The shoes were found underneath a pile of clothes in the closet. 4. To, toward

To is used with verbs of motion and definite destinations. Towards means

“in the general direction of” We walked to the station.

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5. Beside, besides

Beside means “next to”. Besides means “in addition to”.

He is sitting beside his brother. Two others won prizes besides us. 6. In, into

In is used with locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show

motion (real or metaphorical) from one place or state to another. The child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool. The patient is in a coma. The patient slipped into a coma. 7. Past, beyond

Past is used with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by

a certain point. Beyond refers to a location further away than some specified concrete or abstract point.

The car went past the monument at 10.00 He lives beyond the post office.

8. Between, among

Between refers to position in relation to two persons or things. Among

refers to position in relation to three or more persons or things. I want to put the table between those two windows. I found your letter among my school papers. 9. Through, throughout

Through refers to motion first into then out of something. Throughout is

used with something that is distributed in every part of something. Let’s walk through the park.

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2.1.2 Types of Preposition

2.1.2.1 Physical Relationships

Physical Relationships namely: ♦ Time:

a. One point of time

1. On I saw her on Saturday. (On used with a day of the week)

2. At I saw him at five o’clock (At used with an hour of the day)

3. In I saw him in 1978. (In used with a year)

b. Extended Time is starting at one point and ending at another

(duration)

1. Since I have not seen him since Monday.

(Since gives the beginning point. If it is used with the present perfect tense, the end point is now)

2. By I can see you by Tuesday. (By implies no later than, at any time up to this point)

3. From-to I can see you from ten o’clock to two o’clock. A beginning point with from generally requires an end point with to. 4. For I can see you for one hour. (For gives a

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5. During I can see you during the week. (During gives a block of time, usually thought of as undivided).

6. In or Within I can see you in an hour from now. (In gives a quantity of time before which something will happen).

c. Sequence of Time is events that follow one another.

1. Before I will see you before Wednesday. (The event precedes the time given in the before phrase). Prior to is a literary equivalent of

before.

2. After I will see you after Wednesday. (The event follows the time given in the after phrase).

Subsequent to is a literary equivalent of

after.

♦ Place- Position and Direction

Position

a. The Point itself

In or inside Hang your coat in the closet. (In gives the area of something enclosed- a container, a room, the world).

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On Put the book on the table. (On indicates the surface of something-a floor, a chair, a desk).

At She is at home (At church, at the store). (At refers to general vicinity. Mere presence at a place is indicated).

He lives at 200 Park avenue (At is also used for addresses with street numbers).

b. Higher or lower than a point

Higher

Over The plane flew over the mountains. (Over is felt to be generally higher than a point). Above She lives on the floor above us. (Above is

felt to be directly higher than a point).

Lower

Under He sits under the tree. (Under is felt to be generally lower than a point).

Underneath She swept the dirt underneath the rug. (Underneath expresses the idea of close under, especially so as to be hidden).

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Below He lives on the floor below us. (Below is felt to be directly lower than a point).

c. Neighboring the point

Near He lives near my house. (Near has the most general meaning of neighboring a point). By is a synonym for near. Close to means very near.

Next to The theater is right next to the police office. (with nothing else between them).

Alongside The tug pulled up alongside the tanker. (Adjoining persons or things considered as lined up, or side by side). Beside He sat beside his wife during the party. (On

one side of a person or thing that has two sides).

Between She sits between his two sons. ((On each side of a person or thing that has two sides). If more than one two persons or things are positioned around a point, among is used—

He sat among all his grandchildren.

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Direction ( Movement in regard to a point)

The kind of movement designated by each preposition given below:

To—From He always walks to school from his house. Towards The pilgrims headed toward(s) Mecca. Away from They moved away from their old

neighborhood.

In(to)—Out of He ran into the house quickly. After a few minutes he ran out of the house with an umbrella under his arm.

Up—Down He climbed up (or down) the stairs. Around The ship sailed around the island.

Through You can drive through that town in an hour. Past (or by) He walked past (or by) his old schoolhouse

without stopping.

As far as (up to) We’ll walk only as far as (up to) the old schoolhouse. Then we’ll turn back.

2.1.2.2 Semantic Relationships

Many of the prepositions listed below introduce phrases that are adverbial clause equivalents.

♦ Cause or Reason (Adv) : because of, for the sake of, on account of.

Ex: Because of his selfishness he has very friends.

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♦ Concession (Adv) : in spite of, despite (formal), notwithstanding (formal),

regardless of, with.

Ex: He succeeded in his life in spite of his physical handicaps.

He went ahead regardless of all warnings about the danger of his mission.

With all his faults, she still loves him.

♦ Condition (Adv): in case of, in (the) event of

Ex: In case of (or in the event of) rain, the picnic will be canceled.

♦ Purpose (Adv): for, for the purpose of

Ex: She went to the grocery store for milk.

He came to the United States for the purpose of setting up the a business office there.

♦ Accompaniment (Adv, Adj): with, along with, together with.

Ex: He went (together, along) with his wife to do the shopping. ♦ Addition (Adj): as well as.

Ex: John, as well as his wife Mary, has often expressed a desire to live in Europe.

♦ Comparison (Adv, Adj): like, as

Ex: He is living like a millionaire Bold as lion, he leaped into the fray. ♦ Degree (Adv): according to

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♦ Instrument (Adv): with

Ex: he cut the meat with a sharp knife. ♦ Means (Adv): with, by (means of)

Ex: You can get there by subway (or bus, train, plane)

He has worked his way up to the top by (means of) hard work. ♦ Manner (Adv): with

Ex: He always does his work with great care ♦ In the capacity of (Adv): as

Ex: A gerund phrase functions as a noun. ♦ Material (Adv, Adj): of, out of, from

Ex: She made herself a dress from (or out of) an old lace curtain. ♦ Source (Adv, Adj): from

Ex: We get honey from bees. ♦ Separation (Adv, Adj): from, with

Ex: Two inmates escaped from prison last night. He is always reluctant to part with his money. ♦ Possession or Origin (Adj): of

Ex: The father of the bride was very nervous at the wedding.

The song of the nightingale has been much celebrated in English poetry.

Occasionally with may be the equivalent of have in a sense other than possession – the girl with the blue dress on (=the girl having or who has

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♦ Partition (Adj): of

Ex: Some of the guests stayed for dinner; the rest of the guests went home.

♦ Apposition (Adj): of

Ex: The city of New York is governed by a mayor and a city council. ♦ Characterized by (Adj): of

Ex: He is a man of the highest reputation. ♦ Arithmetical (Adj): plus, minus

Ex: Three plus two equal(s) five.

♦ Exception (Adv, Adj): except (for), but (for), save (for), apart from

Ex: Everyone came but you

♦ Reference (Adv, Adj): with (or in) regard to, with (or in) respecr to, with

(or in) reference to, regarding, as to, as for

Ex: Your letter regarding the damaged goods has just been received. ♦ Example (adj): like, (such) as

Ex: an adjective is used after a verb like (or such as) seem, appear, become.

2.1.3 Form of Prepositions

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One Word Prepositions

Aboard Inside From

About On In

After Minus Below

Across Like By

Among Apposite Without

At Over Within

Before Plus Out (of)

Beside toward(s) Since

During Up Under

For To Beyond

-Ing Participles Used As One-Word Prepositions

Concerning Regarding Respecting

Considering Excluding Pending

During Including Not with standing

Saving Excepting

Two Word Prepositions

OF as the Second Element

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TO as the Second Element

As to Up to

Next to According to Due to Previous(ly) to On to Relative to Thanks to Prior to

WITH as the Second Element

Along with Together with

FOR as the Second Element

As for Except (for) But (for) Save (for)

FROM as the Second Element

Apart from Away from

UP as the First Element

Up against Up till

Up to Up at

Three or Four-Word Prepositions

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By of

A few expressions beginning with as are sometimes also considered as phrasal prepositions: as far as, as compared with, as contrasted with.

2.1.4 Position of Prepositional Phrase

2.1.4.1 In Adjectival Function

One or more prepositional phrases may follow the noun head, with no commas between them. These prepositional phrases:

1. Succession of prepositional phrases modifying the noun head

2. Succession of prepositional phrases modifying the noun in the preceding prepositional phrases

3. Succession of prepositional phrases representing a combination of (1) and (2).

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Several objective prepositional phrase used consecutively in a noun phrase (perhaps with other adjectival constructions) may be awkward or may interfere with comprehension.

- He mentioned the resignation of the bookkeeper from the company at the beginning of the year because of his inability to get along with the new president.

This kind of “over – nominalization” can be avoided by putting some of the prepositional phrase into the full subject-predicate from the clause.

- He mentioned that the bookkeeper had resigned from the company at the beginning of the year because he was unable to get along with the new president.

Generally, in a succession of prepositional phrase, the of phrases or phrases representing prepositional object come before other types of phrases. 1. of phrases

(1) Of as a partitive genitive

cake.

(2) Of as a subjective or objective genitive

e.g. The love of a mother (original subject) for the children.

The devastation of the land (original object) by the Northern army. 2. Phrases representing original prepositional object.

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2.1.4.2 In Adverbial Function

Adverbial prepositional phrases may be used in three positions.

Initial position Because of his aggressiveness, the new student could not

make many friends.

Mid-position The new student, because of his aggressiveness, could not

make many friends.

Final position The new student could not make many friends because of

his aggressiveness.

2.2 Relevance Study

Margolang (2003) in his thesis entitled “An analysis on the Use of Prepositional Phrase in Terence Reese and David Bird’s bridge Book “Miracles of Card Play” concludes that the prepositional phrase conveys eleven specific kinds of information, they are: place or position, direction, time, purpose or reason, possession, manner or instrument, identification, distance, agent, material, and quantity. And from the eleventh information that can be conveyed by the prepositional phrase in that book, place and position is very dominant.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

I will conduct library research method to get some information that is by reading some books which are related to the topic discussed.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

In determining the sample of the research, I apply a technique of sampling, a technique to determine the sample. I set 50 % of prepositional phrase from the whole number of the prepositional phrase become the samples. The reason for taking the number based on Arikunto’s idea (1993:120) says that if the population consists of a large number, the sample an be taken from 10%-15% or 0%-25% or more, it depends on the ability of the researcher by considering her time, energy, and funds.

After I read the novel, I get that there are 240 sentences that contain

prepositional phrase. So, x 240 120 100

50

=

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3.3 Population and Sample

The source of the data is the novel “Pride and Prejudice” written by Jane Austen that consist of 172 pages. The data is all the sentences which contain prepositional phrases that are found in the novel. Those sentences become the population in the data analysis because the number of the population is big. So, I want to take some of them as my sample in the data analysis. The sample is taken by applying Arikunto’s method that is Purposive Sampling is the technique to get the sample that is used by a researcher if the researcher has certain consideration in collecting the sample (Arikunto, 1987:97). Regarding to the theory, it is important to determine the population and sample of the research that would be done.

The use of prepositional phrase to convey the specific kinds of information can be seen below:

Data

No. Kinds of Information From The Use of Prepositional Phrase

The Number of Research Sample

The Number of Analyze Sample

1. Place 34 17

2. Direction 22 11

3. Time 18 9

4. Identification 16 8

5. Purpose / Reason 12 6

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3.4 Method of Analysis

By applying the method and those technique of collecting data, the data are being available and be ready to be analyzed. Moleong (1989:103) has pointed out that analysis data is a process of organizing and sequencing data into any patterns, categories, and basic analysis unit so the theme will be emerged and a hypothesis can be concluded basedon the fact of the data.

In analyzing the data, Malo in Lubis (2002:28) says that, to make the analysis being easier, the data should be classified and categorized. So that, I apply the descriptive analysis method to describe clearly the analysis based on the available data.

The data will be analyzed by using some steps, such as: 1. Read the novel

2. Identify the sentences that contain prepositional phrase

3. Classify the sentences that contain prepositional phrase based on the type of prepositional phrase

4. Analyze the sentences that contain prepositional phrase based on the form and its positions.

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CHAPTER IV

AN ANALYSIS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IN JANE AUSTEN’S

NOVEL “PRIDE AND PREJUDICE”

In this analysis, I would give a brief and clear description about the types, forms, positions of prepositional phrase in the novel “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen. as follows:

4.1 Types, Forms and Position of Prepositional Phrases in “Pride and

Prejudice” Novel.

4.1.1 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With At

a. At five o’clock the two ladies retired to dress……(p.15) In this sentence at five o’clock is prepositional phrase which conveys time.

Type: physical relationships Form: one-word preposition

Position: in adverbial function (Initial Position).

b. At half past six Elizabeth was summoned to dinner……..(p.15)

In this sentence at half past six is prepositional phrase which conveys time.

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c. At four o’clock, we may expect peacaemaking gentleman………(p.28)

In this sentence at four o’clock is prepositional phrase which conveys time.

Position: in adverbial function (Initial Position). d. ………..I was at Netherfield (p.37)

In this sentence at Netherfield is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position).

e. ………., she was tempted to stop at the gates. (p.89) In this sentence to stop at the gates is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

f. It was dated from Rosing at eight o’clock in the morning,…... (p.89) In this sentence at eight o’clock is prepositional phrase which conveys time.

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Form: one-word preposition

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position). g. At night, she opened her heart to Jane. (p.166)

In this sentence at night is prepositional phrase which conveys time.

Type: physical relationships Form: one- word preposition

Position: in adverbial function (Initial Position)

h. ………..after their own arrival at Lambton,…………. (p.105)

In this sentence at Lambton is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position).

4.1.2 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With By

a. Mrs. Bennet, accompanied by her two youngest girls…………..(p.17)

In this sentence by her two youngest girls is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

Type: semantic relationships Form: one-word preposition

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b. He sat down by her (p.22)

In this sentence by her is prepositional phrase which conveys place

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position) c. ………as I sit by the fire (p.23)

In this sentence by the fire is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

d. …..every lady was soon caught by a young man,….…(p.33) In this sentence by a young man is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position). e. Elizabeth was called on by her cousin (p.75)

In this sentence by her cousin is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

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f. She was suddenly roused by the sound. (p.84)

In this sentence by the sound is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

4.1.3 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With For

a. I thank you for explaining it so fully (p.87)

In this sentence for explaining it is prepositional phrase which conveys purpose/reason.

Type: semantic relationships Form: one word preposition

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position). b. I have an excessive regard for Jane Bennet (p.15)

In this sentence for Jane Bennet is prepositional phrase which conveys purpose.

Type: semantic relationships Form: one word prepositions

Position: in adverbial function (Mid- Position). c. The valley here allowed room for the stream (p.110)

In this sentence for the stream is prepositional phrase which conveys purpose/reason.

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Form: one word prepositions

d. …………..;and there was no necessity for such attention………(p.113).

In this sentence for such attention is prepositional phrase which conveys purpose/reason.

Type: semantic relationships Form: two words preposition

e. ……….., but I have bad news for you,……… (p.121) In this sentence for you is prepositional phrase which conveys purpose.

4.1.4 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With In

a. It was then disclosed in the following manner………… (p.3)

In this sentence in the following manner is prepositional phrase. The information which conveys by the prepositional phrase is place.

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b. Her father had been an attorney in Meryton (p.11)

In this sentence in Meryton is a prepositional phrase which conveys place.

Position: In adverbial function (Mid Position)

c. A brother settled in London in respectable line of trade……(p.11) In this sentence in London is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

Position: in adverbial function (Mid Position)

d. …….and in the morning had the pleasure of being able to send…..(p.17)

In this sentence in the morning is prepositional phrase which conveys time.

Position: in adverbial function (Mid Position)

e. ……and in the evening Elizabeth joined their party (p.19)

In this sentence in the evening is prepositional phrase which conveys time.

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Position: in adverbial function (Mid Position) f. …..party in the drawing room………(p.19)

In this sentence in the drawing room is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

Position: in Adverbial Function (Mid Position).

g. My father and Maria are to come to me in March……. (p.66) . In this sentence in March is prepositional phrase which conveys

time.

Position: in Adverbial Function (Mid Position)

h. Mr. Bingley’s visit in Grace Church Street,…….. (p.69)

In this sentence in Grace church Street is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

Position: In adverbial function (Mid Position) i. I do not know a place in the country.(p.18)

In this sentence in the country is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

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j. Elizabeth passed the chief of the night in her sister’s room (p. 17) In this sentence in her sister’s room is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

k. The a single man in possession of a good fortune…….(p.1)

In this sentence in possession of a good fortune is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

Type: semantic relationships Form: three-words prepositions

Position: in adverbial function (Mid Position).

l. Mrs. Bennet was profuse in her acknowledgment. (p.17)

In this sentence in her acknowledgement is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

Type: semantic relationships Form: one-word prepositions

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position) m. They wanted in the farm (p.13)

In this sentence in the farm is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

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Position: in adverbial function (Final Position) n. I had much rather go in the coach. (p.13)

In this sentence in the coach is prepositional phrase which conveys place

Type: physical relationships Form: one-word preposition.

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position)

o. …….., and her hope of seeing him in the course of the day……(p.12)

In this sentence in the course of the day is prepositional phrase which conveys time

Type: physical relationships Form: four-words preposition

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position)

p. Mr. Bennet’s property consisted entirely in an estate of two thousand a year ………..(p.11)

In this sentence in an estate of two thousand a year is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

Type: semantic relationships Form: three-words preposition

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position). q. In this room they were received……….(p.117)

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Type: physical relationships Form: one word preposition

Position: in adverbial function (Initial Position). r. ……….I will sit in my library (p.130).

In this sentence to be in my library is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

4.1.5 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Into

a. When Mr. Wicham walked into the room (p.35)

In this sentence into the room is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position) b. ………and come into the dining room (p.71)

In this sentence into the dining room is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

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c. ……….that the pig were got into the garden (p.72) In this sentence into the garden is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

d. …………..her lady ship’s praise into his own hands (p.75).

In this sentence into his own hands is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position). e. …….running into her own room (p.156)

In this sentence into her own room is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

Position: in adverbial function (Mid- Position). f. …………..and look into the park (p.89)

In this sentence into the park is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

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4.1.6 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Of

a. ……..after the pleasantness of her last partner………(p.46) In this sentence of her last partner is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position)

b. ………except the professed affection of the writer (p.61)

In this sentence of the writer is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

Position: in adverbial function ( Final Position).

c. The first part of Mrs. Gardiner’s business……….(p.63)

In this sentence of Mrs. Gardiner’s business is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

d. ………..to whom the chief of this news………….(p.63)

In this sentence of the news is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

(46)

e. There were two nephews of Lady Catherine…………(p.76)

In this sentence of lady Catherine is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

Position: in adverbial function (Initial Position). f. ………, the younger son of his uncle (p.77)

In this sentence of his uncle is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

Type: semantic preposition Form: one word preposition

g. She was suddenly roused the sound of the door bell.(p.84)

In this sentence of the door bell is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position) h. The happiness of a most beloved sister…….(p.86)

In this sentence of a most beloved sister is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

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Position: in adverbial function (Initial Position). i. The delight of Mrs. Bennet …………..(p. 103)

In this sentence of Mrs. Bennet is prepositional phrase which conveys possession.

4.1.7 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With On

a. …………., situated on the opposite side of a valley (p.106) In this sentence on the opposite of a valley is prepositional phrase which conveys place.

Type: physical relationships Form: four - words preposition

4.1.8 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Out of

a. ………Lydia looking out of a dining room upstairs (p.158) In this sentence out of the dining room upstairs is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

Type: physical relationship Form: two - words preposition

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4.1.9 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Over

a. Charlotte took her sister and friend over the house,………(p.70). In this sentence over the house is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

4.1.10 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With To

a. ……….had been obliged to go to town……….(p.43) In this sentence to town is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

Position: in adverbial function (Mid-Position). b. When the ladies returned to the drawing room. (p.74)

In this sentence to the drawing room is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

Position: in adverbial function (Final Position) c. Mr. Darcy is engaged to my daughter. (p.157)

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4.1.11 Prepositional Phrase Beginning With Up

a. ……….it is up to him as a superior (p.168)

In this sentence up to him is prepositional phrase which conveys direction.

Type: physical relationships Form: two words preposition

4.1.12 Prepositional Phrase Beginning By With

a. I am, said he, with a firm voice……….. (p.44)

In this sentence with a farm voice is prepositional phrase which conveys identification.

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4.2 TABLE OF ANALYSIS DATA

NO. TYPE OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES FORM OF

PREPOSITIONAL

PHRASE

POSITION OF

PREPOSITIONAL

PHRASE

1. Physical Relationship

Place

……., I was at Netherfield (p.37)

……., she was tempted to stop at the gates. (p.89)

……., after their own arrival at Lambton,…………. (p.105) He sat down by her (p.22)

……., as I sit by the fire (p.23)

It was then disclosed in the following manner………… (p.3) Her father had been an attorney in Meryton (p.11)

A brother settled in London in respectable line of trade……(p.11) …..party in the drawing room………(p.19)

Mr. Bingley’s visit in Grace Church Street,…….. (p.69) I do not know a place in the country.(p.18)

Elizabeth passed the chief of the night in her sister’s room (p. 17) They wanted in the farm (p.13)

I had much rather go in the coach. (p.13)

In this room they were received……….(p.117)

……., I will sit in my library (p.130).

……., situated on the opposite side of a valley (p.106)

one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word prepositiono four word prepositions

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Direction

When Mr. Wicham walked into the room (p.35) ………and come into the dining room (p.71) ……….that the pig were got into the garden (p.72) …………..her lady ship’s praise into his own hands (p.75) …….running into her own room (p.156

…………..and look into the park (p.89)

………Lydia looking out of a dining room upstairs (p.158) Charlotte took her sister and friend over the house,………(p.70). ……….had been obliged to go to town……….(p.43) When the ladies returned to the drawing room. (p.74)

……….it is up to him as a superior (p.168)

one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition two word prepositions one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition two word prepositions

final

At five o’clock the two ladies retired to dress……(p.15) At half past six Elizabeth was summoned to dinner……..(p.15) At night, she opened her heart to Jane. (p.166)

At four o’clock, we may expect peacaemaking gentleman………(p.28)

It was dated from Rosing at eight o’clock in the morning,…... (p.89) …….and in the morning had the pleasure of being able to send…..(p.17) ……and in the evening Elizabeth joined their party (p.19)

My father and Maria are to come to me in March……. (p.66) …….., and her hope of seeing him in the course of the day……(p.12)

one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition three word repositions

initial

2. Semantic Relationship

Identification

Mrs. Bennet, accompanied by her two youngest girls…………..(p.17) …..every lady was soon caught by a young man,….…(p.33)

Elizabeth was called on by her cousin (p.75) She was suddenly roused by the sound. (p.84)

The a single man in possession of a good fortune…….(p.1) Mrs. Bennet was profuse in her acknowledgment. (p.17)

Mr. Bennet’s property consisted entirely in an estate of two thousand a year ……..(p.11) I am, said he, with a firm voice……….. (p.44)

one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition three word repositions one word preposition three word repositions one word preposition

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Purpose / Reason

I thank you for explaining it so fully (p.87) I have an excessive regard for Jane Bennet (p.15) The valley here allowed room for the stream (p.110)

………..;and there was no necessity for such attention………(p.113). ……….., but I have bad news for you,……… (p.121)

Mr. Darcy is engaged to my daughter. (p.157)

one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition two word prepositions one word preposition one word preposition

mid

……..after the pleasantness of her last partner………(p.46) ………except the professed affection of the writer (p.61) The first part of Mrs. Gardiner’s business……….(p.63) ………..to whom the chief of this news………….(p.63) There were two nephews of Lady Catherine…………(p.76) …………, the younger son of his uncle (p.77)

She was suddenly roused the sound of the door bell.(p.84) The happiness of a most beloved sister…….(p.86)

The delight of Mrs. Bennet …………..(p. 103)

one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition one word preposition

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

From the discussion on the previous chapter the following conclusions could be drawn:

1. Preposition has the important point in the sentence. And the word of phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of preposition or prepositional phrase.

2. A prepositional phrase can function as noun, an adjective, or an adverb. 3. According to Frank ( 1972 : 163 ), there are two types of preposition in

Jane Austen’s novel “Pride and Prejudice” namely : Physical Relationships ( place, time and direction ) and Semantic Relationships ( identification, purpose or reason and possession ).

4. The types of prepositional phrase in Jane Auste’s novel “Pride and Prejudice” :

a. Physical Relationship : ♦ Place ( at, by, in, on )

♦ Direction ( into, out of, over, to, up to ) ♦ Time ( at, in )

b. Semantic Relationship :

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5. The forms of the prepositions in Jane Austen’s novel “Pride and Prejudice” :

a. One word preposition : at, by, for, in, into, of, on, out , over, to, with.

b. Two word prepositions : for such, out of, up to.

c. Three word prepositions : in possession of, in an estate of, in the course of.

d. Four word prepositions : on the opposite of.

6. The function of prepositional phrase in Jane Austen’s novel “Pride and Prejudice” is adverbial function.

7. The positions of the prepositional phrase in Jane Austen’s novel “Pride and Prejudice” in adverbial function :

a. Initial position for the prepositional phrase begins with : at (place), at (time), in (place), on and of.

b. Mid position for the prepositional phrase begins with : at (place), out of, in, for, into, of, on, over, to, up to and with.

c. Final position for the prepositional phrase begins with : at (place), of (possession), into, by, in, for, of and to.

5.2 Suggestions

1. To have a good understanding about the use of prepositional phrase, we have to pay attention to all the prepositions gather in every information. 2. Because the number of prepositional phrase is numerous, some of them

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, S.W. 1976. Living English Structure for School. London: Longman Alllerton. DJ. 1982. Essential of Grammatical Theory : A Concensus View

of Syntax And Morphology. London : Longman

Alter, J.B 1980. Essential English Usage and Grammar Book. Bina Pustaka

Arikunto, S. 1997. Prosedur Penelitian Pendekatan Praktik Edisi V . Yogyakarta: Bumi Aksara

Austen, J. 1971. Pride and Prejudice. London : Longman Abridged Books Close, R.A. 1985. A Reference Grammar for Student of English. London:

Longman

E. W. George and. M. B. Julia. 1980. Let’s Write English. New York : Litton Educational Publishing International.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English, USA : Prentice Hall. Inc. Englewood

Frook, M. 1972. A Practical References Guide, New York: New York University

Halliday, M. a. k. 1994. Functional Grammar Second, Ed . London : Edward Arnold.

Hornby, A . S. 1975. Guide To Pattern and Usage in English, London : Oxford University Press.

Lubis, Masdiana. 2002. Kalimat Tanya Dalam Bahasa Mandailing : Analisis Sintaksis, Medan. Pasca Sarjana USU

Margolang, Bahsan. 2003. An Analysis of the Use of Prepositional Phrase in Terence Reese and David Bird’s Bridge Book “Miracle of Card Play”. Medan: Universitas Sumatra Utara.

Schisbye. 1970. A Modern English Grammar (Second Edition). London: Oxford University Press

Schramper Azar, 1983. Undersatanding and Using English Grammar. New York: Prentice Hall. Inc.

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APPENDICES

TABLE OF DATA

No The Number of Data The Number of Research Sample The Number of Analyze Sample

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )

1 in possession of a good fortune (p.l) at five o'clock (p. 15) at five o'clock (p. 15)

2 by a young man (p.1) at half past six (p. 15) at half past six (p. 15)

3 in the house (p.l) at the day before (p 19) at the day before (p 19)

4 by you (p.2) at four o'clock (p.28) at four o'clock (p.28)

5 of her life (p.2) at Netherfield (p.37) at Netherfield (p.37)

6 on Mr. Bingley (p.3) at eight o'clock (p. 89) at eight o'clock (p.89)

7 in the following manner (p.3) at the gates (p.89) at the gates (p.89)

8 of her daughters (p,3) atLambton(p.ll4) at Lambton(p.ll4)

9 of your friend (p.4) of her five daughters (p.4)

10 on them (p.4) into particular resentment (p.5) by her two youngest girls (p. 17)

11 of the ladies (p.4) by the scarcity of gentlemen (p.5) by her (p.22)

12 of her five daughters (p.4) in the room (p.6) by the fire (p.23)

13 into particular resentment (p.5) of her sisters (p.6) by a young man (p.33)

14 by the scarcity of gentlemen (p,5) towards him (p.6) by her cousin (p.75)

15 in the room (p.6) by her two youngest girls (p.17) by the sound (p.84)

16 of her sisters (p.6) by her (p.22)

17 with drew his own and coldly (p.6) byjhe fire (p.23) for explaining (p.87)

18 by other men (p.6) by a young man (p.33) for Jane Bennet (p. 15)

19 towards him (p.6) by her cousin (p.75) for the stream (p.l 10)

20 by Netherfield party (p.6) by the sound (p.84) for such attention (p.l 13)

21 in the neighbourhood (p.6) the village of Longbourn (p. 11) for you (p. 121)

22: for at a ball (p.6) over the way (p.ll)

23 listened in silence (p.7) for explaining (p.87) in the following manner (p.3)

24 into Lizzy's head (p.9) for Jane Bennet (p. 15) inMeryton(p.ll)

25 for half an hour (p.9) for the stream (p. 110) in London (p.ll) 26 in the eyes of his friend (p.9) for such attention (p. 113) in the morning (p. 17)

27 in an estate (p. U) foryou(p.l21) in the evening (p. 19)

28 inMeryton(p.ll) of the day (p.57) in the drawing room (p. 19)

29 in London (p, 11) in the first place (p.59) in March (p.66)

30 the village of Longbourn (p. 11) at the match (p.60) in Grace Church Street (p.69)

31 over the way (p.l 1) of the writer (p.61) in the country (p. 18)

32 for the young ladies (p.l 1) in silent indignation (p.61) in her sister's room (p. 17)

33 two youngest of the family (p.l 1) for his arrival (p.61) in possession of a good fortune (p.l) 34 supplied both with news and happiness (p.l 1) of her life (p.2) in her acknowledgments (p 17)

35 in the country (p. 11) by other men (p-6) in the farm (p. 13)

43 for Jane Bennet (p. 15) in Grace Church Street (p.69) into the dining-room (p.71)

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( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )

45 at half past six (p. 15) in her sister's room (p. 17) into his own hands (p.75) 46 out of the room (p. 15) in possession of a good fortune (p.l) into the park (p.89) 47 above her ankles (p. 15) in her acknowledgments (p17) into her own room (p. 155) 48 in her sister's room (p. 17) in the farm (p.13)

49 in the morning (p. 17) in the coach (p.13) of her last partner (p.46)

50 by her two youngest girls (p. 17) in the course of the day (p.12) of the writer (p.61)

51 after the family breakfast (p. 17) in an estate (p.H) of Mrs. Gardiner's business (p.63) 52 into the breakfast parlpur (p.l7) in this room (p. 117) of this news (p 53)

53 with hopes (p. 17) in my library (p. 130) of Lady Catherine (p.76)

54 in her acknowledgments (pi7) with a very expressive smile (p. 18) of his uncle (p.77)

55 over that gravel walk ^p. 18) with hopes (p. 17) of the door-bell (p.84)

56 in town (p. 18) above her ankles (p. 15) of a most beloved sister (p.86)

57 in the country (p. 18) into the room (p.35) of Mrs. Bennet (p.103)

58 with a veiy expressive smile (p. 18) into the dining-room (p.71)

59 upon this signal (p. 18) into the garden (P.72) on the opposite side of a valley (p. 106) 60 into the country (p. 19) into his own hands (p.75)

61 At Meryton (p.l9) into the park (p.89) out of a dining-room upstairs (p.158)

62 of the morning (p. 19) into her own room (p. 155)

63 in the evening (p. 19) of christening (p.29) over the house (p-70)

64 in the drawing room (p. 19) for any delay (p.68)

65 to his sister (pi9) on the opposite side of a valley (p.106) to town (p,43)

66 byher(p.22) in Lady Catherine's drawing room

(p.77)

to the drawing-room (p.74)

67 up to her sister (p22) as well as of Mr. Darcy (p.78) to my daughter (p. 157)

68 at the day before (pi9) in England (p.78)

69 by the fire (p,23) of her last partner (p.46) up to him (p. 168)

70 on Sunday (p25) of the writer (p.61)

71 of Jane and Elizabeth (p.26) of Ivtrs. Gardiner's business (p.63) with a firm voice (p.44)

72 at breakfast (p.27) of this news (p,63)

78 of christening (p.29) out of a dining-room upstairs (p. 158) 79 from the society (p.29) of her late master's steward (p. 107)

80 in her praise (p.30) of marriage (p.63)

81 from Lady Catherine (p.30) over the house (p.70)

82 at the time^rj.30^ of London (p.64)

83 by ajoung man (p.33) into Hertfordshire (p,66)

84 of the way (p.33) on Wednesday (p.66)

85 from town (p,33) of her mother's ungracious (p,66)

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( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )

92 with an officer (p.43) to the drawing-room (p.74)

93 after a pause of some minutes (p.43) to my daughter (p. 157)

103 of Lady Catherine (p.50) into a flutter of spirits (pl43) 104 of your honoured father (p.50) of Lydia (p.l43)

105 of the man (pr51) of her master (p. 145)

106 with some warmth (p.51) on the third morning (p, 146)

107 in spite of your manifold (p.51) from her dressing-room window (p.146) 108 for the honour you have done me (p.52) at the table (p. 146)

109 with an air of awkward gallantry (p.52) of my own daughtres (p. 147) 110 for interrupting you (p.53) on entering the room (p. 150)

111 of everybody (p.55) of the girls (p.151)

112 for him (p.57) of the room (p. 151)

113 of the day (p.57) for Mary and Kitty (p.169)

114 in the first place (p.59) of everybody (p.55)

115 at the match (p.60) in spite of your manifold (p.51)

116 of the writer (p.61) for interrupting you (p.53)

117 in silent indignation (p.61) for a short time (p-48)

118 for his arrival (p.61) of the invitation (p.69)

119 by Mr. Darcy(61) of her Northen tour (p.70)

120 on Mr. Darcy (p.62) at Brighton (p. 103)

121 of Mrs. Gardiner's business (p.63) 122 on her arrival (p.63)

123 of her girls (p.63) 124 of marriage (p.63) 125 in my own family (p.63) 126 of this news (p.63) 127 on the subject (p.63) 128 of town(p.64) 129 in the custody (p.64) 130 of London (p,64) 131 into Hertfordshire (p.66) 132 on Wednesday (p.66)

133 of her mother's ungracious (p.66) 134 out of the room (p.66)

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( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )

141 from the brother (p,67) 142 for any delay (p.68)

143 of only twenty-four miles (p.68) 144 at a drawing-room (p.68) 145 in her face (p.68)

146 at one of the theatres (p.68) 147 of dejection (p.68)

148 in Grace Church Street (p.69) 149 of the invitation (p.69) 150 of her Northen tour (p.70) 160 into the dining-room (p.71) 161 into the garden (P.72) 167 to the drawing-room (p.74) 168 from the female line (p.74) 169 by her cousin (p.75) 170 into his own hands (p.75) 171 on the following manner (p^76) 172 of Lady Catherine (p.76) 173 of his uncle (p.77)

174 in Lady Catherine's drawing room (p,77) 175 as well as of Mr. Darcy (p.78)

185 for explaining (p.87)

186 with the fullest belief of your arrogance (p.88) 187 into the park (p.89)

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( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )

191 towards Mr.Wicham (p.94) 192 in May (p.97)

193 in the coach (p.98) 194 forhim(p,99) 195 of the colonel (p. 102) 196 of Mrs. Bennet(p.l03) 197 at Brighton (p. 103) 198 at the war office (p. 104) 199 in July (p. 104)

200 atLambton(p.H4)

201 on the opposite side of a valley (p. 106) 202 of a young gentlemen (p. 107) 203 of her late master's steward (p. 107) 204 atLambton(p.ll4)

205 for the stream (p.l 10) 206 for such attention (p.l 13) 207 in this room (p.l 17) 208 in my library (p. 130) 209 forLydia(p.l38)

210 into a flutter of spirits (pi43) 211 ofLydia(p.l43)

212 of her master (p,145)

219 oftheroom(p.l51) 220 byher(p.l51)

221 of her sisters (p. 152)

222 into the breakfast-room (p.153) 223 as well as the other (p. 153)

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( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )