The Analysis of Metaphors Found in Katy Perry’s Song Lyrics

THE ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS FOUND IN KATY

PERRY’S SONG LYRICS

A PAPER

WRITTEN

BY

RIZKY ALVIONITA SARI

REG. NO: 112202007

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

Approved by

Supervisor,

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum NIP. 19630216198903 1 003

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Diploma-III in EnglishStudy Program

Approved by

Head of English Diploma Study Program,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A.

NIP. 19521126198112 1 001

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatra Utara

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma-III of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study, Universityof Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held on October 21st, 2014

Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara

Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP. 19511013197603 1 001

Board of Examiners Signature

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP)

2. Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum (Supervisor)

AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

I am, RIZKY ALVIONITA SARI, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : RIZKY ALVIONITA SARI

Title of Paper : THE ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS FOUND IN KATY PERRY‟S SONG LYRICS

Qualification : D-III/ AhliMadya Study Program : English

1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, first of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Almighty God for His blessing and leading me, who gives me health, time, love, and strength from I begin my study in English Diploma Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera. Praise is to the prophet Muhammad SAW, the leader of messengers and guiding of faithful so that I could finish my study to fulfill one of requirements for the degree of AhliMadya from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

Then, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H. SyahronLubis, M.A and all the staffs for their help during the period of study in this faculty, the Head of English Department, Drs. Matius C. A. Sembiring, M.A and his Secretary for giving all facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this paper.

I would like to express my special gratitude and great appreciation to my supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum for his support and beneficial suggestion, and their willingness to share time in correcting this paper. Thanks to Drs. M. Syafi‟i, M.A. as my reader and Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE. as my Academic Consultant and all the lecturers of English Department for giving me a great help and contribution of knowledge throughout my academic years.

Yunisya Aulia Putri, my little sister Tria Suci Hasanah, my cousin Azka Maulana, and my grandmother Halimah who always pray, support, and advices me with their love. Thank you for being patient with me.Last but not least, I would like to thank to all of my big family, I really love them all.

I would like to thank to my best friend in English Department, Zulfida Sari, Putri Rizki Annisa, Rizky Juliant, Tissa Milaqmar, Ilham Mulhakim and Fazlan Iznanda who always help and support me every time in every condition, thank for their love and care, thank for their having great time together and spending our three years in sweet memories, I love you all, friend. I also would like to thank to M. Rizki, Sofie Arina Siregar and Nelly Octaviana who always help me a lot solve to finishall problem in this paper, thank you for your kindness. Thank you for all. To all my classmates in English Departmen‟11 whose names can‟t be mentioned one by one, thank for their help and support for spending our great times together in three years.

Finally, may this paper be advantageous for the readers. May the grace and love of the Almighty Allah SWT are with us all forever. Aamiin.

Medan, 21st October 2014 The writer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………..……… i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………..……… ii

ABSTRACT………. iii

3.5 The Result of Using Metaphors in Percentage…….……….. 26

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION B. The Song Lyrics of Katy Perry 2.1 Metaphor………..…………. 8

2.2.1 Classification of Metaphor………..……... 10

2.2.2 Purposes of Metaphor………..…. 12

2.2 Type of Metaphor….………...……... 13

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of Study

As social being, human beings need to interact and communicate with each other through medium language. Language is the principle means of human being to communicate with each other. We use language to express ideas, feelings and to build relationship with other people. People cannot do their activities well without language. By using language, we can describe our feelings, emotions and thoughts easier than using other elements. We cannot respond or react if we do not understand what other people say, write or signal. Hornby (1972:473) says,

“Language is human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,

feelings, and desire by means of a system sounds and sound symbol”.

David Crystal (1999:116) says, “Figurative language is an expressive use

of language where words are used in a non-literal way to suggest illuminating

comparison and resemblances.” Figurative language is part of language that using

words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning in order to emphasize an idea. In traditional analysis, words in literal expressions denote what they mean according to common or dictionary usage, while the words in figurative expressions connote they add layers of meaning. To convert an utterance into meaning, the human mind requires the cognitive framework, made up of memories of all possible meanings that might be available to apply to the particular words in their context. Figurative language or speech contains images. The writer or speaker describe something through the use of unusual comparisons, for effect, interest, and to make thing clearer. Figurative languages are known respectively as simile, metaphor, symbol, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, hyperbole, apostrophe, allegory, parable, paradox, understatement, irony, litotes, etc.

For this paper, the writer tries to reveal metaphor as an object to analyze because the writer thinks it is worthy in academic field. Metaphor is the use of widening meaning. Metaphor derives from Greek word “meta” which mean over

Crowther (1995:74) says,”Metaphor is the imaginative use of word or phrase to describe something as another object in order to show that they have

the same qualities and to make the description more forceful.”It is also means that metaphor is used to describe normal words in order to help others understand or enjoy the message within.

Based on the two things being compared and viewed in terms of figurative language, metaphor divided into nine types: simile, personification, synecdoche, hyperbole, allusion, analogy, allegory, antithesis and metonymy.

In literature, metaphor as one of elements does not merely convey ideas, in addition it also functions as a tool for literary writers to embellish and give colors to their works. There are some kinds of literary works, which use metaphor. Some of them are novels, song lyrics, poetry, etc. All of them use it to beautify their sentences and give the magnificent words to interest the reader or hearer.

Song is the most common thing in people daily life because song can give various impacts to the hearer. In a song, we can find lyrics. According to the free online dictionary lyric means an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner. It can be concluded that lyrics is one of literary works, which complete and beautify the song and makes the hearer more interested in hearing it.

Therefore, this paper will discuss the type of metaphor that found in song lyrics and analyze the meaning.

The song lyrics that the writer analyzes are Katy Perry songs. The writer chose the songs because there are many metaphors that can be found in the lyrics. These lyrics have magnificent words and the poetic aspects. Besides, she is a top singer in the world. There are so many teenagers who know her song lyrics. Katy Perry was born October 25, 1984, in Santa Barbara, California. She is an pop singer, song writer and musician.

Here are some examples of metaphor: (1) I am a diamond in the sky.

(2) Something so clearly looking through my third eye. (3) She is just a gust of sand.

In the first example, literally diamond means a native crystalline carbon that is the hardest known mineral. It is usually nearly colorless. We know diamond has a high price value, good quality and very valuable for human. In addition, a diamond has a very nice appearance. But metaphorically, for this sentence, diamond explains about someone personality, which is very precious, expensive and nice to see (good looking).

third eye however it been proven it does not exist but your brain using more of its potential than normal brains.

The third example, grain is a small hard particle. Grain of sand should refer to something very small that can‟t be seen by naked eye. What the singer

want to say here is “but with him she is nothing”.

Based on explanation above, the writer wants to improve my knowledge about metaphor because it is important to learn and hopefully this study will be useful for reader.

1.2The Problem of Study

After reading the song lyrics, the writer concludes that there are many metaphor found in Katy Perry‟s song lyrics. Therefore, the writer can illustrate the

objective of the study into two objectives. First, to find out the types of metaphors found in Katy Perry‟s song lyrics. Second, after analyzing the types of metaphor, the writer tries to analyze the meaning of each metaphor found in Katy Perry‟s

song lyrics.

1.3The Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study is to explain the metaphor in type of simile, hyperbole, personification, synecdoche, and metonymy; and meanings of each metaphor found in Katy Perry‟s song lyrics.

1.4The Scope of Study

personification, synecdoche, and metonymy; and meanings of each metaphor found in Katy Perry‟s song lyrics.

1.5The Method of Study

Method of Study’s Chart

The writer

Data Sources:

-Katy Perry‟s Song Lyrics -Reference Books

-Internet

Data: the song lyrics

Select the metaphors

Classify the metaphors

Interpret the metaphors

Analyze the metaphors Get the

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Metaphor

Metaphor is a kind of figures of speech, or something that is used to describe normal words in order to help others understand or enjoy the message within. Tarigan (1995:121) says that metaphor is a rhetorical trope where a comparison is made between two seemingly unrelated subjects. Typically, a first object is described as being a second object. In this way, the first object can be economically described because implicit and explicit attributes from the second object can be used to fill in the description of the first. More simply, this means using one thing to describe another thing. When you see a word that substitutes the real or normal word one would use, it‟s probably a metaphor.

Goatly (1997:8) states that metaphor occurs when a unit of discourse is used to refer unconventionally to an object, process, or concept, or in unconventionally way. More generally, metaphor is a rhetorical trope that describes a first subject as being or equal to a second subject in some way. In addition metaphor is a comparison of two things to show a likeness between them. Metaphors meanwhile do not use the word “like” or “as” to show the comparison.

Metaphor is etymologically derived from Greek, from „metapherein‟, meaning “to transfer” and from meta + pherein, meaning “to bear”. It is literally

All the world is a stage

This indicates that world and stage are analogous and they have likeness or similarity that stage can represent the meaning of world completely with its effect. Stage has entrance and exit thus world has term too that is drawn from birth to entrance and death to exit.

Aristottle (1457:8) states that metaphor as a transfer of a name elsewhere. Elsewhere merely implies that a metaphorical word involves placing a word in a new context, without any ay suggesting that it is out of place there.

In addition, metaphors do not involve similarity, but can actually conjure up images, which puts things before our eyes. This means that metaphors do not just show the similarity in any properties between two things that are slightly different but compare similar ones. That is why a metaphor can give new knowledge that goes against the hearer‟s expectations. Metaphors create actually in speaking of inanimate things as animate, for example, „rock feels no pain‟.

Henle (1981:83) says that a metaphor consist of giving a thing a name that belongs to something else and the thing is not merely to physical objects but also to a more abstract object or to any topic of thought. This is clear that metaphor is used to thought and mental representations or nonphysical entities serving as the objects of thought, in addition to concrete and physical things.

grows from its root and evil grows from the greed. But meaning of root in the metaphor is no longer the same as the meaning of root in the root of tree. In tree, it is the normal use but not normal in the other.

Stern (2000:35) says that metaphor is an imaginative or figurative and non literal use of word or sentence hose intended meaning and effect is to make us notice likeness between the two objects. When utterance is seen or heard, a thing is imagined and the picture as likeness to the other thing being drawn and signified.

2.1.1 Classification of Metaphor

Goatly (1997:126) says that there are eight classification of metaphor as in following:

(1) Active metaphor

An active metaphor has close relationship between the main subject and modifier. It depends on the interaction of the vehicle and the particular topic, which are being referred to, and their grounds will consequently be variable according to the text.

e.g. you are my sunshine

Here, my sunshine modifies the main subject you. But have close relationship in between.

(2) Inactive metaphor or Dead Metaphor

e.g. red substitutes the bravery and strength

Here, the bravery and strength modifies the main subject red. The topic red refers to conventional meaning of the vehicle the bravery and strength.

(3) Subjective Metaphor

Subjective metaphor is the description of metaphor because the speaker has the different ideological or physical view of the word from the hearer or some which involve the presentation of another speaker‟s thought or representation. e.g. you are child to me

Here, child modifies the main subject „you‟

(4) Mimetic Metaphor

This metaphor extends to non verbal expression straying beyond linguistic text into visual aid plastic art. It demands the reader to imagine a word in which the assertions or descriptions are literally true.

e.g. the stars had a smile on the sky

Here, a smile modifies the main subject the stars (5) Phenomenalistic Metaphor

Phenomenalistic metaphor is the use of language to refer to the real language, and in this case referring to an imaginary world. Its construal one must realize does simply apply to the portion of fictional texts that are anomalous in some way local metaphor. If the text is fictional then it will be consistently referring to an imaginary world.

e.g. Lord of the flies as a reaction to the coral island

(6) Precision Metaphor

It is the process or quality that is made more precise by being related through modification, to a specific first order identity.

e.g. my cry for help was the cry of the rat when a terrier shakes it Here, the cry of the rat modifies the main subject, my cry for help (7) Symbolism Metaphor

It is a particular kind of substitution of the interpretation. e.g. do not count your chicken before they are hatched

Here, chicken is the substitution to interpret the meaning of the metaphor (8) Approximate Metaphor

Approximate metaphor is a kind of metaphor that uses the approximate number or expression to describe an action or thing.

e.g. He puts in face in the water and half gulped, half eat it

2.1.2 The Purposes of Metaphor

The general purpose of metaphor is to state relationships between things or categories of object by using our ideas about these items. Metaphor reminds us that practically everything has a relationship, a similarity with everything else, whether vegetable, mechanical, human, mineral, virtual, or whatever. For example: the most famous marble metaphor, “the earth is a big blue marble”.

or word that cannot be interpreted literally, they have to think and they are given the pleasure of interpretation. Third, metaphor is more efficient and economical than ordinary language. Fourth, metaphor also creates new meaning. It allows us to write about feelings, thoughts and things. Fifth, metaphor is one way to make the abstract thing becomes concrete and also gave us the color and vigor in the sentences where it forces the readers to open their mind to find speakers needs by their interpretation.

Besides that, there are three communicative functions that metaphors might serve. First, they might allow one to express that which is difficult or impossible to express if one is restricted to literal use of language. Second, they may constitute a particularly compact means of communication. At last, metaphor may help capture the vividness of phenomenal experience. If metaphors convey chunks of information rather discrete units, they can paint a richer more detailed picture of our subjective experience than might be expressed by literal language.

2.2 Type of Metaphor

Based on the two things being compared and viewed in terms of figurative language, the writer only divided the metaphor into four types:

2.2.1 Simile

Kennedy (1983:680) says, “Simile is a comparison of two things, indicated

Siregar (1992:13) says, “Simile is a comparison between two objects using

like or as”.

For example:

“John swims like a fish”

In that example, it shows the ability of John in swimming is compared with a fish. Fish is an animal that live in the water and uses fins and tail for swimming. It can swim well. So, the expression above means John can swim well like a fish.

2.2.2 Hyperbole

The word hyperbole is derived from Greek language that is hyper means „over‟ and ballien means „to throw‟. Kennedy (1983:687) says that hyperbole or overstatement is a statement containing exaggeration to emphasize a point. On the other hand, hyperbole is an expression to make something looks bigger or greater that it really is.

Siswantoro (2005:34) says, “Hyperbole is used by the writer to describe an object, idea, etc, with giving exaggeration emphasize to get effect intently”. It

means that, hyperbole uses an exaggerate word to emphasize a point. For example:

“I was hopping mad”

2.2.3 Personification

The word personification comes from Latin. That is persona means „actor, person, doer or a mask which used in a play‟ and the word fic means „to make‟.

Personification is the arbitrary of human qualities to inanimate object. A figure that endows animal, ideals, abstraction, and inanimate object with human form, the representing of imaginary creatures or things as having human personalities, intelligence and emotions. It is the representation of a thing in the format of person. Kennedy (1983:686) says, “Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing or abstract term (truth, nature) is made human”.

For example:

“My heart was asleep”

The word „asleep‟ as used to express human‟s personal qualities. In this sentence,

means a condition that someone has not feeling.

2.2.4 Synecdoche

Synecdoche is derived from Greek word synekdechesthal, where synmeans „with‟; the word ex means „to get out‟; and the worddecheisthaimeans „to take‟ or

„to receive‟. Particular names have become attached to certain rules of

transference. The traditional figure of synecdoche is identified with a rule which applies the term for the part to the whole.

Kennedy (1983:688) says, “Synecdoche is the use of a part of a thing to

For example:

“My father has two roofs in Jakarta”

„two roofs‟ refer to two houses, and we know that roof is a part of houses. So, that

sentence does not mean has roof only but shows all part of house.

2.3 Song

Song is a short piece of music with words that you sing. Further, unidentified linguist gives definition of song as a relatively short musical composition for human voice, which features words (lyrics). Song is the most common thing in people daily life because song can give various impacts to the hearer. A song may be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices. Song with more than one voice to a part is considered choral works. It is common method of classification are purpose, by style (dance, ballad, lied), or by time origin (renaissances, contemporary).

A song is a piece of music for accompanied or unaccompanied voice or voices, where the performance of song is called a singer or vocalist, the act or art is called singing. Winkler (1990:17) says that song is a relatively short metrical composition designed for singing, often divided into stanzas, whose meaning is conveyed by the combined force of words and melody. The song, therefore, belong equally to poetry and music.

song and makes the hearer more interested in hearing it. The lyrics of songs are typically of poetic, rhyming nature, though they may be religious verses or free prose.

Part of song can be divided into three forms of song. They are folk song, art song and popular song. Folk songs generally are sung with simple accompaniment (guitar) or a cappella and usually are learned by ear. They are written down only infrequently, so through generations of oral transmission they are susceptible to changes in words and melodies. Composers of most folk songs are unknown. Art songs, on the other hand, are intended for performance by professional or at least carefully taught singers, generally accompanied by piano or instrumental ensemble. The words and notes are written down and therefore resist incidental or casual changes. Popular songs stand midway between folk and art songs with regard to technical difficulty, sophistication, and resistance to change.

Folk songs often accompany activities such as religious ceremonies, dancing, labor or courtship, or are intended to tell exciting or sentimental stories. They have relatively simple melodies, usually with only one or a few notes per syllable. The language tends to follow certain conventions and often is repetitive. Music and words are easily understandable.

phenomenon, in some ways a lingering product of an aristocratic society with origins in the medieval courts, colleges, cities and churches. An art song might be defined as a poem set to music, usually for trained voice and piano accompaniment with duration of about three minutes. An art song strives to be the perfect combination of music and literature, based on four elements: poet, composer, singer and accompanist. The composer uses the full resources of the art form to embellish the poet‟s text, sometimes even realizing potential interpretations that were not explicit in the poet's words.

Modern popular songs are typically distributed as recordings, and are played on the radio, though all other mass media that have audio capabilities are involved. Their relative popularity is inferred from commercially significant sales of recordings, ratings of stations and networks that play them, and ticket sales for concerts by the recording artists. A popular song can become a modern folk song when members of the public who learn to sing it from the recorded version teach their version to others.

3. ANALYSIS

3.1 Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing. In the song entitled “Firework” the expression of metaphor in terms of simile has been found five similes, in the song “Legendary Lover” has been found two similes, in the song “Roar”, “Pearl” and “Part of Me” have been found each one simile, and in the song “Dark Horse” has been found three similes.

They are:

(1) Do you ever feel like a plastic bag

It contains an expression of similethat is like followed by the phrase plastic bag. In this sentence, plastic bag is describing a personality from a person

who does not have the establishment and be easily influenced by their surrounding, like a plastic bag that exist lightweight so that it is easy to be brought by the wind. Thus, it implies inconsistent personality or easily broken one. It happens so because the wind has power to move thing in terms of personality. (2) Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin

Like a house of cards

be equally understood that a card built house is easily taken by the wind as well. It happens so because the foundation is not so strong compared to house built by stone or the like.

(3) Just own the night Like the Fourth of July

This has also an expression of using the word like followed by the Fourth of July as an element of simile. The Fourth ofJuly is interpreted a freedom. In the

United States of America, 4th July is an important day, this is the day of independence of the united state from colonialism. Contextually, this lyric refers to history of the US Independent day. It closely senses freedom as the symbol of complete happiness. Thus, the sense of this simile is to enjoy freedom because freedom is an ideal dream of everyone.

(4) You don’t have to feel like a waste of space

The simile refers to a waste of space that denotes a condition that is waste. The word space indicates a place for man to stay. This place is not proper to live in for the condition is supposed to be reckless or waste. Therefore, a person who is not useful in any case and is not good anywhere like empty space that does not have nothing.

(5) Say my name like a scripture

Literally, the word scripture deals with anything that is good, holy, and honest. It covers all the kindness that is written in the scripture. At this point, name is a person. Name is not an object of calling one‟s name; it is related to the

The simile of this sentence refers to a drum, when it is hitting with sticks or with hands will result a harmony sound. In music, harmony means the way in which different notes that are played together combine to make a pleasing sound. Same with heart, also needs a harmony, is a condition that comes about when all the parts of her or his life are balanced with each other and with the world around her or his. However, does not mean eliminating all your problems. It means the ability to distribute your energy appropriately to the inevitable conflicts of life. Harmony ensues when this is done in proportions that fit within a personal comfort zone, which will also broaden as take on new problems of the own making.

(7) She was unstoppable

Moved fast just like an avalanche

A simile in this sentence is like an avalanche. Avalanche as know identic with something that falls down from the height, so fast and no one can stop it.In this case, if she or he has a dream she must be it comes true as soon as possible.It refers to a condition that moving fast to arrive at a destiny.

(8) Maybe your reason why all the doors are closed

So you could open one that leads you to the perfect road Like a lightning bolt, your heart will blow

(9) You hear my voice, your hear that sound Like thunder, gonna shake your ground

Here, the simile refers to thunder that denotes voice has similar characteristic with thunder. Literally, thunder deals with a loud rumbling or crashing noise heard, where is producing too strong voice for normal ears. In this case, it can be said that she or he has a strong willingness.Willingness in here means the quality or state of being prepared to do something. She can shakethe ground that refers to nature or personality, in other words she makes a fuss.

(10) You chewed me up and spit me out Like I was poison in your mouth

This lyric has also of expression using like followed by I was a poison. Literally, poison means a substance that causes death or harm if it swallowed or absorbed into the body. Therefore I(man/woman) equated with poison, it means meaningless or frightening or lethal for someone.

(11) Baby do you dare to do this

Cause I’m coming at you like a dark horse

Generally horse has a strong appearance and usually used for riding on or taking part in a race.The word dark means a little light or not light, closer in shade to black. Black deals with a mysterious and not known about. Therefore, a dark horse here means a person who does not tell other people much about their life, and who surprises other people by having interesting qualities.

(12) She got me like a roller coaster

said unpredictable changes, happened too fast. But in this lyric, it means a situation that keeps changing very quickly and unpredictable.

(13) She turns cold as a freezer

Cold as freezer means that she is unfriendly, without emotion, not showing any love or sympathy for other people.

3.2 Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an expression that exaggerates something or tells something more than the fact can prove.

In the song entitle “Legendary Lover” has one hyperbole, in the song entitle “Pearl”, “Firework” have been found each two hyperboles, and in the song “Roar”, “Part of Me”, “Teenage Dream” and “Dark Horse” have been found each one hyperbole. They are:

(14) I never knew I could see something so clearly looking through my third eye

A normal human only has two eyes, no three. The amount of three for man‟s eyes is a kind of exaggeration. The third eye implies a mystical and esoteric concept referring to a speculative invisible eye which provides perception beyond ordinary sight. It refers to unconscious state that leads understand conscious state. For example, a dream of hiking mount is a symbol of getting success. A dream is an unconscious realm and the real success is a conscious realm.

(15) She used to set the sails of a thousand ships Was a force to be reckoned with

Set the sail of a thousand ships is an expression of reaching hopes in such many a ways. The speaker „she‟ represents a tough woman who has great

willingness to travel by one thousand ships to know the world. The concept of ship is parallel to journey that reflects life experience in multi color of hopes. (16) She used to rule the world

It does not really means that she used to rule the world. It just exaggerates that she has ability to control everything by herself. She treats herself as a world ruler that implies a queen for her own world.

(17) Do you ever feel already buried deep?

six feet under screams but no one seems to hear a thing

No one wants to feel buried deep like that. It describes a very deep of sadness and disappointed, no one can ease the burden.

(18) I let you push me past the breaking point

The past will be always the past that never returns in the present moment. Yet, the lyric pictures the past as a starting point t move in front. The exaggeration of taking back the past is a mind- set that the past never dies. The past may be accepted as the remembrance or memory that will not ever be forgot that needs knowing (push) in order to step in future.

(19) You're not gonna break my soul

(20) Make them go "Oh, oh, oh!" As you shoot across the sky-y-y

The hyperbole is shooting unclear object in the sky. The expression means a way to gain success for the sky implies good position. In short, it senses a will of coveted ideal.

(21) My heart stop, when you look at me

Her heart can‟t really stop when the guy likes her. The word heart means there is a love and the word stop means that a power in her heart. The power of love makes the heart stops. If it is done, she wouldn‟t be breathing and alive. What she really means is that when the guy she likes, looks at her or even talks to her, she is speechless because she is absolutely in love with him. She adores him. (22) Capable of everything, of everything, and anything.

It is too exaggerate the fact. A human being can't be capable of doing anything.

3.3 Personification

Personification is giving human qualities to non human things. In the song entitle “Dark Horse” and “Firework” has been found each one personification. They are:

(23) Heart was on steroids

(24) Just own the night Like the Fourth of July

It says that Fourth of July owns the night. In United States of America, 4th July is an independence day. Everyone is free to do anything what they want.

3.4 Synecdoche

Synecdoche is an association which uses of part or individual for the whole class or group. In the song entitle “Part of Me” has been found two synecdoches. They are:

(25) Throw your sticks and your stones

„Stick and stone‟ are usually used as a reply to an insult. They indicate that the insult has been registered as such, but it did not have any effect. Stick and stone mean illustrate an insult or wickedness. So, the metaphor meaning for this sentence is „throw your wickedness from you mind‟.

(26) Throw your bombs and your blows

„Bombs and blows‟ mean a criminal act that could endanger people an can hurting someone physically.

3.5 The Result of Using Metaphors in Percentage

There are 26 data found in Katy Perry‟s song lyrics. Below is the number of data in each type of metaphor:

(1) Simile 13 data

(2) Hyperbole 9 data

(3) Personification 2 data

The percentage of each types of metaphor could be reported by using Cauvery‟s (2003:196) formula:

N =

Where: N = percentage of the type of metaphor

X = the total number of data found in each type of metaphor Y = the total number of the whole data of metaphor

Here is the percentage of each type of metaphor: (1) Simile :

(2)

Hyperbole :

(3) Personification :

(4) Synecdoche :

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

After analyzing and calculating all the data of metaphor in Katy Perry‟s song lyrics, there are found 26 data. There are found 13 data in the form of simile, 9 data in the form of hyperbole, 2 data in the form of personification and 2 data in the form of synecdoche. The use of simile is fifty percent (50%), and hyperbole is thirty four point six percent (34,6%), while personification and synecdoche are seven point six percent (7,6%). All the data are found from seven lyrics. The uses of simile are higher and more often than hyperbole, personification and synecdoche.

4.2 Suggestion

Metaphor has been part of daily conversation to help conveying messages. Using metaphor, ideas can be expressed clearly in economical use of words. Therefore the writer would like to suggest those who are interested in literature may look at metaphor to be analyzed. It is said so because people cannot escape from using metaphor in life. Whatever the reason is, metaphor is the way people look at the reality of their own lives.

APPENDICES

A. Biography of Katy Perry

Katy Perry was born October 25, 1984, in Santa Barbara, California. After having three record deals fall apart, she signed with Capitol in 2007. Later that year, she released her first single, "Ur So Gay." Still, her career did not fully take off until the release of her next single, "I Kissed a Girl". Her album Teenage Dreams was released in August 2010.

Singer, songwriter, and musician.Born, Katheryn Hudson on October 25, 1984, in Santa Barbara, California. Known for her over-the-top fashions, quirky stage props, and catchy songs, Katy Perry has become a pop music sensation.

Fans might be surprised to learn that the singer who writes about sexual exploration in "I Kissed a Girl" grew up in a very conservative family. Both of her parents are pastors, and they refused to let her listen to any rock or popular music. "The only things I was allowed to listen to were the Sister Act 1 and 2 soundtracks," Perry told Entertainment Weekly. She and her two siblings were also not permitted to watch such cable channels as MTV and VH1.

upbringing by piercing her own nose. She soon became interested in pursuing a career in music. With her mother, Perry made several trips to Nashville to record a gospel album, Katy Hudson, which was released in 2001. "It reached literally maybe 100 people, and then the label went bankrupt," Perry explained to Entertainment Weekly.

Early Musical Influences, as a teenager, Perry was exposed to other musical influences. One friend introduced her to the music of Queen, which remains one of her favorite groups. "I'm very inspired by Freddie Mercury and how flamboyant and theatrical he was," she told fashion magazine WWD. In high school, she strove to be her own person, choosing not to limit herself to one social group. "I was a hop-around. I hung out with the rockabilly crew, the guys who were trying to be rappers, the funny kids," she told Seventeen magazine.

Continued Success, in 2009, Perry appeared in her own acoustic special on MTV. The soundtrack from the show, Katy Perry: MTV Unplugged, was released around the same time. That same year, Perry made tabloid headlines for her relationship with British comedian Russell Brand. The couple became engaged over the New Year's holiday while on a trip to India. On October 23, 2010, the couple married in India in a traditional Hindu ceremony. According to The Times of India, the wedding featured a procession of camels, elephants and horses, plus fire jugglers, snake charmers, dancers and musicians. Perry had previously dated Travis McCoy from the band Gym Class Heroes.

B. The Song Lyrics of Katy Perry

FIREWORK

Do you ever feel like a plastic bag, drifting through the wind

wanting to start again?

Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin like a house of cards,

one blow from caving in?

Do you ever feel already buried deep?

6 feet under screams but no one seems to hear a thing Do you know that there's still a chance for you 'Cause there's a spark in you

You just gotta ignite, the light, and let it shine Just own the night like the 4th of July

'Cause baby you're a firework

Come on, show 'em what you're worth Make 'em go "Oh, oh, oh"

As you shoot across the sky-y-y Baby, you're a firework

Come on, let your colors burst Make 'em go "Oh, oh, oh"

You're gonna leave 'em falling down-own-own You don't have to feel like a waste of space You're original, cannot be replaced

If you only knew what the future holds After a hurricane comes a rainbow

Maybe your reason why all the doors are closed

So you could open one that leads you to the perfect road Like a lightning bolt, your heart will blow

And when it's time, you'll know Boom, boom, boom

LEGENDARY LOVERS

Under a silver moon, tropical temperature I feel my lotus bloom, come closer

I want your energy, I want your aura You are my destiny, my mantra

I never knew I could see something so clearly looking through my third eye Never knew karma could be so rewarding and bring me to your life

Maybe this is the beginning of something so magical tonight (oh, oh) Take me down to the river

Underneath the blood orange sun Say my name like a scripture Keep my heart beating like a drum Legendary lovers, we could be legendary Legendary lovers, we should be legendary Go down in history

Go down together, into infinity, forever You're Cleopatra

You're blushing Juliet

Anything for your love, a ride or die (Legendary lovers)

ROAR

I used to bite my tongue and hold my breath Scared to rock the boat and make a mess So I sit quietly, agreed politely

I guess that I forgot I had a choice I let you push me past the breaking point I stood for nothing, so I fell for everything You held me down, but I got up

Already brushing off the dust

You hear my voice, your hear that sound Like thunder, gonna shake your ground You held me down, but I got up

Get ready cause I‟ve had enough I see it all, I see it now

Chorus:

I got the eye of the tiger, the fire, dancing through the fire Cause I am a champion and you‟re gonna hear me roar Louder, louder than a lion

Cause I am a champion and you‟re gonna hear me roar Oh ohohohohoh

You‟re gonna hear me roar

Now I‟m floatin like a butterfly

PART OF ME

Days like this I want to drive away

Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade You chewed me up and spit me out

Like I was poison in your mouth

You took my light, you drained me down That was then and this is now

Now look at me

This is the part of me that you're never gonna ever take away from me, no This is the part of me that you're never gonna ever take away from me, no Throw your sticks and stones

Throw your bombs and your blows But you're not gonna break my soul

This is the part of me that you're never gonna ever take away from me, no I just wanna throw my phone away

Find out who is really there for me

'Cause you ripped me off, your love was cheap Was always tearing at the seams

I fell deep and you let me drown But that was then and this is now Now look at me

Now look at me, I'm sparkling A firework, a dancing flame You won't ever put me out again I'm glowing, oh woah oh

So you can keep the diamond ring It don't mean nothing anyway In fact you can keep everything Yeah, yeah

PEARL

She is a pyramid

But with him she's just a grain of sand This love's too strong like mice and men Squeezing out the life that should be laid in She was a hurricane-cane-cane-cane

But now she's just a gust of wind

She used to set the sails of a thousand ships Was a force to be reckoned with

She could be a statue of liberty She could be a Joan of Arc

But he's scared of the light that's inside of her So he keeps her in the dark

Oh, she used to be a pearl...Ohh Yeah, she used to rule the world...Ohh Can't believe she's become a shell of herself 'Cause she used to be a pearl

She was unstoppable

Moved fast just like an avalanche But now she's stuck deep in some man Wishing that they'd never ever met Do you know that there's a way out,

You're the one that rules your world, ohh You are strong and you'll learn

DARK HORSE I knew you were

You were gonna come to me And here you are

But you better choose carefully 'Cause I... I'm capable of anything, Of anything and everything

Make me your Aphrodite Make me your one and only But don't make me your enemy Your enemy

So you wanna play with magic

Boy you should know what you're fallin' for Baby do you dare to do this

'Cause I'm comin' at you like a dark horse Are you ready for

This love will make you levitate Like a bird

Like a bird without a cage We're down to earth

If you choose to walk away Don't walk away

So you wanna play with magic

Boy you should know what you're fallin' for Baby do you dare to do this

Are you ready for 'Cause her love was so strong You may fall in love

When you meet her

If you get the chance, you better keep her She swears by it but if you break her heart She turn cold as a freezer

That fairy tale ending with a knight in shining armor She can be my Sleeping Beauty

I'm gon' put her in a coma Woo!

Damn I think I love her Shawty so bad

I'm sprung and I don't care She got me like a roller coaster Turn the bedroom into a fair Her love is like a drug I was tryna hit it and quit it But lil' mama so dope

I messed around and got addicted So you wanna play with magic?

Boy you should know what you're fallin' for (You should know)

Baby do you dare to do this

Are you ready for Ready for (Ready for) A perfect storm

Perfect storm (A perfect storm) 'Cause once you're mine

TEENAGE DREAM You think I'm pretty Without any makeup on You think I'm funny

When I tell the punchline wrong I know you get me Let's go all the way tonight

No regrets, just love We can dance, until we die You and I, will be young forever You make me feel

And got drunk on the beach Got a motel and

I'mma get your heart racing In my skin tights jeans

Be your teenage dream tonight Let you put your hands on me In my skin tight jeans