THE MORALITY REFLECTED IN CHARACTERS THROUGH SIDNEY SHELDON’S THE SANDS OF TIME
A THESIS BY
EKA S. HASUGIAN REG. NO. 100705040
THE MORALITY REFLECTED IN CHARACTERS THROUGH SIDNEY SHELDON’S THE SANDS OF TIME
A THESIS BY
EKA S. HASUGIAN REG. NO. 100705040
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
(Dra. Hj. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum) (Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum) NIP. 19571002 198601 2 003 NIP. 19630216 198903 1 003
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on August 26, 2014
Dean of Faculty Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners (Signature)
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ……….
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ……….
Dra. Hj. Swesana Mardha Lubis, M.Hum ……….
Dr. Hj. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A ……….
v AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, EKA S. HASUGIAN DECLARES THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR, OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGE IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : EKA S. HASUGIAN
TITLE OF THESIS : THE MORALITY REFLECTED IN CHARACTERS THROUGH SIDNEY SHELDON’S THE SANDS OF TIME
QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
Date : August 26, 2014
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Almighty God, Jesus Christ for blessing me
to complete this thesis and fulfilling one of the requirements to get the Scholar
Certificate in English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of
Sumatera Utara.
From the beginning of my study until completing this thesis, I have got much
help, guide and direct or indirect supports from many parties. On this occasion, I
would like to express my sincere gratitude to those parting namely. Thanks to The
Dean of Faculty Letters, University of Sumatera Utara who has authority in my
academic years of learning. Thanks to Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS the Head of
English Department who has helped me with her leadership to finish my study.
Special thanks also go to my Supervisor Dra. Hj. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum for
her support, suggestions and her willingness to share time in correcting throughout
the preparation of this thesis during the period of doing this thesis. Then, I would like
to thank my co-Supervisor Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum who help me to read
and check this thesis. I also express my sincere gtatitute to all my lecturers of Faculty
Letters, University of Sumatera Utara for their valuable knowledge, guidence, and
advice during my study.
In this opportunity, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my
beloved parents M.. Hasugian and K. Kartini for their motivation including advices,
supports, materials and encouragements during my study and God bless you forever.
And also thank you so much to my inspiring siblings, Evan H. Hasugian, Jefri G.
Hasugian, and Devi L. Hasugian who are always supports me and give me so much
A great thanks also go to all my incredible friends Apri, Kania, Denny,
Dicky, Martin, Petrus, Yudi and Boi, Nonok, Cindy, Hanny, Hetty, Laura, Tami,
Wina, Yati, Yosi, Devy for making my day more colorful during 4 years study in this
faculty and the whole friends in the campus especially in class B 2010 that I can not
mention all of your names. Thank for being such nice friends and supporting me.
Let’s keep our friendship forever.
finally, I realize that my thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore,
advice, constructive critics and suggestions aiming at this thesis will be warmly
welcomed, and highly appreciated.
Medan, July 2014
The Writer
Eka S. Hasugian
ix ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul “The Morality Reflected in Characters Through Sidney
Sheldon’s The Sa nds of Time.” The sa nds of time adalah sebuah novel yang bercerita tentang kisah empat orang wanita yang terpaksa meninggalkan biara di Spanyol karena ancaman, kekerasan dan hasrat; dan dua pria yang bertikai satu sama lain sampai menimbulkan kematian. sikap kesetiaan, mementingkan diri sendiri, kepedulian dan pembunuhan merupakan aspek moralitas yang terdapat didalam novel ini yang sering terjadi di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Moralitas berhubungan dengan tingkah laku yang baik dan buruk berdasarkan standar moral, standar tersebut diukur tergantung dari lingkungan tempat tinggal seseorang.
Moralitas pada thesis ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan instrinsik dan ekstrinsik oleh Warren and Wallek dan juga menerapkan theori Kant yaitu Categorical Imperative. Menurut Kant, nilai moral dari tindakan bukan di tentukan dari akibat melainkan dari motif perbuatan tersbut. Motif diatur oleh alasan dan bukan hasrat belaka.
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “The Morality Reflected in Characters Through Sidney Sheldon’s The Sa nds of Time.” The sa nds of time is a novel that tells about the adventures of four woman who are forced to leave their Spanish convent for the outside world of threat, violence and passions; and two men who are against each other in a fight to the death. Faith, selfishness, care and murder are the main aspects of morality in this novel that sometimes happen in real life of society. Morality is concern with the rightness or wrongness of rules based on moral standard which has varied that depends on their environmental.
In this thesis, the morality is analyzed by using the intrinsic and extrinsic
approach by Warren and Wellek, and also by applying the Kant’s theory that is Categorical Imperative. According to Kant, moral value of the act is not determined by the consequencess but the motive, the motive is governed by the reason and not may mere by desire.
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
ABSTRAK ... ix
ABSTRACT... x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ... 1
1.2. Problem of the Study ... 6
1.3. Objective of the Study ... 6
1.4. Scope of the Study ... 6
1.5. Significance of the Study ... 6
CHAPTER II:REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Human Being and Character in Fiction... 7
2.2 Character Traits ... 11
2.2.1. The Main Character... 11
2.2.2. The Minor Character ... 11
2.2.3. The Way Character Disclosed in Novel ... 12
2.3 Review of Related Literature ... 13
3.1 Research Design ... 21
3.2 Data Collection ... 23
3.3 Data Analysis ... 24
CHAPTER IV:ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Jaime Mario’s Goodness ... 25
4.1.1. Bravery ... 25
4.1.2. Care ... 29
4.2 Lucia’s Badness ... 32
4.2.1. Murder... 32
4.2.2. Selfishness... 35
CHAPTER V:CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 37
5.2 Suggestion ... 38
REFERENCES ... 39 APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Summary of The Sands of time
ix ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul “The Morality Reflected in Characters Through Sidney
Sheldon’s The Sa nds of Time.” The sa nds of time adalah sebuah novel yang bercerita tentang kisah empat orang wanita yang terpaksa meninggalkan biara di Spanyol karena ancaman, kekerasan dan hasrat; dan dua pria yang bertikai satu sama lain sampai menimbulkan kematian. sikap kesetiaan, mementingkan diri sendiri, kepedulian dan pembunuhan merupakan aspek moralitas yang terdapat didalam novel ini yang sering terjadi di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Moralitas berhubungan dengan tingkah laku yang baik dan buruk berdasarkan standar moral, standar tersebut diukur tergantung dari lingkungan tempat tinggal seseorang.
Moralitas pada thesis ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan instrinsik dan ekstrinsik oleh Warren and Wallek dan juga menerapkan theori Kant yaitu Categorical Imperative. Menurut Kant, nilai moral dari tindakan bukan di tentukan dari akibat melainkan dari motif perbuatan tersbut. Motif diatur oleh alasan dan bukan hasrat belaka.
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “The Morality Reflected in Characters Through Sidney Sheldon’s The Sa nds of Time.” The sa nds of time is a novel that tells about the adventures of four woman who are forced to leave their Spanish convent for the outside world of threat, violence and passions; and two men who are against each other in a fight to the death. Faith, selfishness, care and murder are the main aspects of morality in this novel that sometimes happen in real life of society. Morality is concern with the rightness or wrongness of rules based on moral standard which has varied that depends on their environmental.
In this thesis, the morality is analyzed by using the intrinsic and extrinsic
approach by Warren and Wellek, and also by applying the Kant’s theory that is Categorical Imperative. According to Kant, moral value of the act is not determined by the consequencess but the motive, the motive is governed by the reason and not may mere by desire.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Literature is a term used to describe a spoken or writen material. This term
used to describe a spoken or written material. This term is used to describe anything
from creative writing to more technical or scientific work. It includes work of poetry,
drama, fiction and non fiction. Literature is also an expression of emotion, passion,
feeling of the writer towards the life, society, experience, and politic. In this case
literature represents a language, people, culture, tradition,and historical.
Most of people always ask why people like to read literature. Then now we
are going to see the advantage of reading literature. There are so many advantages
we get by reading literature. The first is to apreciate the contributions literature has
to made history, the second is to see the tragedy, then to explore other cultures and
beliefs, to appreciate why individuals are the way they are, to help us see ourselves
as others do, to learn better ways to behave, and the last is to further our mastery
language.
Edgar V. Roberts in literature : An Introduction to Reading or Writing.
Fourth Edition (1995:1), “Literature helps us grow, both personally and
intellectually. It provides an objective base for knowledge and understanding. It links
us with broader cultural, philosophic, and religious world of which we are a part. It
enables us to recognize human dreams and struggles in different places and times
that we would never otherwise know. it helps us develop mature sensibility and
gives us the knowledge and perception to appreciate the beauty of order and
arrangement, just a well structured song or a beautifully painted canvas. It provides
the comparative basis from which we can see worthiness in the aims of all people,
and it therefore helps us see beauty in the world around us. It exercises our emotions
through interest, concern, tension, excitement, laughter, and sympathy. Through our
cumulative experience in reading, literature shapes our goals and values by clarifying
our own identities both positively, through acceptance of the admirable in human
beings, and negatively, through rejection of the sinister. It encourages us to assist
creative, talented people who need recognition and support. It is one of the shaping
influences of life. Literature makes us human.” In writing literary work the writer
always has something to tell such as telling about society and their morality of life
which has great values to be taken. Taylor (1981:1) said that literature like other arts,
is essentially an imaginative act, that is, an actor the writer’s imagination selection in
selecting, ordering and interpreting life experience. In other words, literary work
tends to be the representative of the activity of human real life, that concern on many
things especially about morality of life. Literature can be divided into three genres,
such as: (1) novel (a work of prose fiction wrriten in the narrative, usually in the
form of stories), (2) drama (literature designed to be performed by actors who played
works of art orally among the players or dialogue, (3) poetry (expresses a
conversation or interchange that is grounded in the most deeply felt experiences of
human beings).
Novel is one of literary works which is include as narrative, that describes
fictional character and event. Since novel is a narrative fiction, it deals with
3 certain people at certain time which makes it challenging and interesting to read. It
gives not only amusement to enjoy but also reflection of life to be understood. Tylor
(1981, p.46) states that novel is a prose work of quite some length and complexity,
which attempts to reflect and express something about the quality of values of human
experience or conduct. It is subject matter may be taken from patterns of life as we
know it or set in an exotic and imaginative time and place. It means that novel is
designed to portray human life which often contins of about the goodness and
badness of behavior.
The Sa nds of Time is one of famous novel written by Sidney Sheldon, which
was published in 1988. The Sands of Time is the tale of four nuns that are Lucia
Chermine, Megan, Greacilia, and sister Teresha. they are abruptly forced to flee the
secure environment of their Spanish convent and face a hostile world they long ago
abandoned. Suddenly these four women find themselves pawns in a violent struggle
between the outlawed Basque underground movement, led by the charismatic Jaime
Miro, and the Spanish army, under the command of the vengeful Colonel Ramon
Acoca, who is bent on destroying all of them. The Sands of Time is an unforgettable
adventure, told against the backdrop of the fascinating countryside of Spain. In
combines history, romance and suspense with the unexpected.
The writer chooses The Sands of Time to be analyzed from the point of view
of morality because there are two bad attitudes which are selfishness and murder
portrayed by Lucia chermine. These kind of attitudes can defect social system and
caused human social’s degradation. But there are also good attitude showed by Jaime
Mario with the Brievery and care, which can inspire the reader to be a good person.
Besides morality is one of interesting subjects to discuss because it is related to
Comment [M1]:
human behaviour which can affect other people. Behavior is also able to create a
problem in the society. It is even possible that the problem causes decrease of the
morality of people. Talking about morality, of course it brings us to clarify what the
morality is like. Cobuild (1987 : 189) defines morality as an idea that denotes forms
of behaviour which is good or bad, either in your opinion or in the opinion of society.
On the other hand it means that morality is the generalization of judging good or bad
conduct in every man’s idea.
It is true that the sense of morality reflects the goodness or badness of man’s
conduct. The association of this conduct is idea meant to imply the rules that
organize individual or social living interaction. The interaction suggest nation that
human lives in a society and there is no society lives without having relation or
interaction to one another.
Titus (1959 : 377) states “Throughout the history of human society, moral
standards have varied. From the primitive costoms followed by the partly conscious
early man to the carefully reasoned theories of life of the mature modern man. Moral
practices and standards depend on the stage of social development, on the general
level of intelligence, and on the knowledge avalible at the time”. What the care of
this statement is, morality grows out from the costoms and traditions of the group
and the habits of the individual.
In this thesis, The morality analyzed by using the instrinsic and extrinsic
approach by Warren and Wellek, and also by applying the Kant’s theory that is
Categorial Imperative. He is one of philosopher from Jerman. According to Kant,
5 an imperative, or ultimate commandment of reason, denotes an absolute,
unconditional requirement that must be obeyed in all circumstances and is justified
as an end in itself.
So, discussing about morality may develop our awareness to make life is
better. By understanding these moral, people can know and more understand the
moral. Therefore people can be more respectful and care to others. The writer is
interested to choose this novel as the subject matter of the discussion because there
will be found many aspects of morality that sometimes happen in real life of society,
such as faith, selfishness, care and murder. Finally, this thesis focuses on the morality
that reflected through characters found in the novel entitled The Sands of time by
Sidney Sheldon.
1.2. Problem of the Study
In order to describe Sidney Sheldon’s The Sands of Time, the problem which
are going to analyzed are:
How are the values of morality reflected in characters through Sidney
Sheldon’s The Sa nds of Time?
What had happen to characters’ life by maintaining the good moral until the
1.3. Objective of the Study
In regard to the problems of the study , specifically, the objective of this
study are,
To explain the values of morality reflected in character through Sidney
Sheldon’s The Sa nds of Time.
To describe the life of characters who maintain the good moral until the end
of struggle in The Sands of Time.
1.4.Scope of the Study
In doing an analysis, we need to limit the fields which are going to analyzed.
It is to makes sure that the analysis is not out of context. In this thesis the scope of
the analysis is limited to Jaime Mario’s rightness in terms of faith and care and
Lucia’s wrongness in terms of murder and selfishness.
1.5.Significance of the Study
Teoritically, this thesis can help all the readers to enrich knowledge about
morality reflected in characters through Sidney Sheldon’s The Sands of time.
Practically this thesis can be used as the reference for students of literature for further
7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Human Being and Character in Fiction
A human being lives in a material and spiritual world. He is connected with
nature and the events of social life by innumerable material and spiritual threads. In
this constant interaction between the individual and the world, there is a meaning
which is denoted by the comprehensive term "life". The social effect of the
individual's activity is determined to a great extent by his position in the structure of
the social whole. The individual world forms around the things, institutions and
relationships created by human beings, and around other people and their activity.
Human activity· is motivated by needs which are the objectively determined forms of
a person's dependence on the external world, his subjective expectations of that
world, his lack of certain objects and conditions that are necessary for his normal
activity, self-fulfilment and development.
A person's life is not simply vegetation in the world, but a purposeful,
historically shaped form of creative social activity. A person achieves maximum
growth when he expresses this active essence to the fullest extent. Action is the
clearest and most expressive revelation of the personality, the revelation of a person's
state of mind and his goal. Activity is behaviour regulated by the mind, by
consciousness, a process of interaction of living beings as integral systems with the
People's characters are different, All the time we are in a state of expectation.
From one person we expect help, kindness, sympathy, humour, from another
stubbornness, ambition, from another, silent thoughtfulness or vigorous action.
Sometimes, however, the response may not be quite what we expected. Conflicts
may also often arise in the social life. A person thinks one thing but acts differently,
or holds one view but expresses another. In one situation a person may say one thing,
in another the opposite.
Character and characterization are closely related but essentially different
concepts. Character refers to one of the persons in the story, the end result of the
author’s effort to create a fictional personality. Characterization on the other hand,
refers to the means by which the writer creates the sum of traits, thoghts, and actions
which, taken together, constitute a character. As quoted from Bonazza (1982 : 3)
says, “character and characterization are closely related but essentialy different
concepts. Character refers to one of the person in the story_the end resullt of the
author’s effort to create a fictional personality. Characterization, on the other hand,
refers to the means by which the writer creates the sun of traits, thought, and action
which, taken together, constitute a character.” It can be concluded that character and
characterization have relation closely. Like Lee says in his book Teaching Literature:
A Collection of Essa y on Theory a nd Pra ctice that character is a person presenteds in
a dramatic narrative work, and characterization is the process by which a writer
makes that character seems real to the reader. The procces includes showing the
character’s appearance, displaying the character’s action, revealing the character’s
9
Chartacter and Literature are two things that can’t be separated. It is very
impossible that a literature does not have a characterization. Characterization is very
important. It serves functions in a story. In a literature character guides readers
through their stories, helps them to understood plots and ponder themes. Prose is one
of the genre of literatur, along with poetry, and drama. Prose is the ordinary form of
spoken and written language whose unit is the sentence. The language in the prose
does not have regular rhytmic pattern that is almost found in tradition poetry. Novel,
essay, romance and short stories are example of prose.
Novel is kind of prose chosen by the writer to be analyzed. Peck (1988 : 102)
states, “The late arrival of the novel on the literary scene tells us something important
about the genre: it is, above all else, a form of literature which looks at people in
society. Writers have, of course, always been interested in the world around them,
but the development of the novel reflects a move away from an essentially religious
view of life towards a new interest in the complexcities of everybody experience.
Most novels are concerned with ordinary pople and their problems in the societies in
which they find themselves.” It means that Novel has often portray the real human
situations. In the novel human called as character that portray the personalities of
human beings. Kennedy ( 1983: 131) says, “ in novel, a character may be defined as
a verbal representation of human being. Through action, speech, description, and
commentary, authors portray characters who are worth caring about, rooting for, and
even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even
hate.” and Quoted from Peck (1988 : 105) says, “. The people in a novel are referred
to as characters. We asses them on the basis of what the author tells us about them
conjecture about character and establish everything from evidence of the text.
Another point to remember is that the characters are part of a broader pattern : they
are members of society, and the author’s distinctive view of how people relate to
society will be reflected in the persentation of every chapter. From these quotations
can be conclude that characters are extremely important because they are the medium
through which a reader interacts with a piece of literature.
Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author uses
to assist in forming the plot of astory or creating a mood. The different attitudes,
mannerisms, and even appearances of characters can greatly influences the other
major elements in literary work, such as theme, setting, and tone. The character is
one of the most important tools available to the author. Authors take an indirect
approach by indicating how their characters look and act, what they think and say,
how they live and how other characters regard them.
Gill (1985:79) says. “An author can use letters, can rely on the conversation
of characters, can write about characters’ thought, can concentrate on the expression
on characters, faces, can employ a number of characters who tell the story from theur
point of view, and can invite the reader to have doubts about the reliability of the ine
who is telling the story”. It means that, in fiction, a character may be defined as a
verbal representation of a human being. The glossary of term defines a character as a
person presented in a dramatic or narrative work and characterization is the process
by which a writer makes that character seems real to the reader through action,
11 2.2. Character Traits
According to Roberts and Jacobs (1993:132), a trait is a quality of mind or
habitual mode of behaviour, such as always thinking one self, the center of attention.
Sometimes, of course, the traits we encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But
often a trait may be a person’s primary characteristic. Thus, characters may be
selfish, unselfish, caring, carefree, impartial or biased, cruel, quite or noisy,
generous, intelligent, inventive, honest, friendly, faith, hardworking, wild, messy,
loveable, shy, patriotic, helphful, responsible and so on.
2.2.1. The Main Character
In reading the novel, usually the author will present several characters for the
reader that will appear in the novel when the reader reads the entire story of the
novel. However, all the characters that the author of the novel present to the reader
has different function and role to each character that the author created in the story.
Occasionaly, there are some characters that may dominate the entire story, and the
others characters may not. The character whose appearance is the most frequently
appear in the story usually hold the most important part of the story in the novel, and
their traits as the center of the action and the theme of the story. These characters are
called as the main characters.
2.2.2. The Minor Character
The minor character can be defined as the supporting characters of the major
characters that their function is to illuminate the major characters. The appearance of
appearance of the main characters in the story who always dominate for the entire
story. The minor characters’ role are also seems not important as the main
characters’ role.
2.2.3. The way character disclosed in novel
According to Robert (1993:20) characters are the persons presented in
dramatics of narrative work, who are interpreted by reader as being endowed with
the moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say and what
they do in action. There are so many ways to learn and understand a character.
Roberts and Jacobs states that there are five ways how the writer present the
character and this five ways will help the reader to recognize the character.
1. Actions
Action may also signal qualities such as weakness, deceit, strong, inner conflicts
and scheming of personality. Action of character is the best way to understand
knowing who they are or recognize the character.
2. Descriptions both personal and environmental.
Besides reveal much about a character’s social and economic status,
appearance and environment also tells the readers more about the character trait.
3. Dramatic statements and thoughts.
Character uses speech to hide their motives. The function of speeches to the
characters is essential to keep the story moving along, then provide the material from
13 4. Statements by other characters.
The characters usually say something about each others. It can be the goodness,
badness, selfishness, foolishness about the others. It makes the reader understand the
character and the reader can enhance our understanding of the character being
discussed.
5. Statements by the author speaking as story teller or observer.
What the author says about a character is usually accurate because the author is
the one who creates the character. For this reason, authors frequently avoid
interpretations and devote their skill to arrange events and speeches so that readers
may draw their own conclusions.
In analyzing the Right and wrong of human behavior, character also became
one of the objects of analysis in this thesis, the view from this book may be really
useful for the writer to recognize and understand more about character.
2.3. Review of related studies
Consulting and using the information from some thesis also needed in
finishing this thesis. The first thesis is An Analysis of Morality and Its Effect Through
Henrik Ibsen’s Play Ghost. by Tutwury Handayani. S. In the thesis, Tutwury talks
about morality on the characters, she says that morality is the mirror of human’s
conduct that has function as guide every action of human being. In this thesis, the
writer does not explain more about theory of philosopher, so the reader does not
know how she distinguishes the value of moral.
The second thesis is Moral Analysis of the Characters in Sandra Brown’s
discusses about moral. In this thesis found so many explanations about moral that
concern about the judgment of the goodness and badness of human behavior,
pertaining to the discernment of good and evil. Riski’s thesis can help the writer in
finishing this thesis especially because the eight of moral principle also used in this
thesis. From Riski’s thesis, the writer knows how to apply the eight of moral
principle in analyzing human behavior.
The third is The Importance of Human Life in Paulo Coelho in 2000 “The
Devil and Miss Prym” by Padma Sari (2003). In this thesis, the writer discusses
about the importance of human focus on the major character by using moral
approach. In her thesis, Sari also talks about morality but not specific. The point of
morality in her thesis is only about how someone’s life more important than ten gold
bars without mention what kind of goodness and badness has been done by the
characters found in the novel.
Sari (2006: vi) writes “because good or bad morality is not
instantly gotten, it is gotten by process and affected by situation and people arround. The morality affect people and it can be seen from the behavior. People should choose and decide something based on their thought and not always following others. Nothing is eternal in this world, thus people should experience may things and learn from those experience.”
The statement above is right. Someone’s conduct can be influenced by people
around and the situation, but people know what is right and what is wrong. They are
free to make and choose a decision of being good or evil and the experiences of
being good or evil will lead them to get better life in future.
As a manual third data, there are the differentiation between Sari’s thesis with
15
about the wrongness but also the rightness, not only about someone’s life is more
important than ten gold bars but also the kinds of morality that found in the novel
such as selfishness, murder, care and courage.
2.4. The Description of Morality
In performing any activity, a person always proceeds from a certain need and
out of something, by means of something and for the sake of something or creates
something. In social life, a person's activity depends on the character of his relations
with the groups in which he is a member. The group itself acts as a special kind of
subject of activity, with collective goals and motivations. In group behaviour, one
observes such unique phenomena as imitation, emotional "infection", empathy, the
subordination of individual activity to group standards and role requirements, and the
appearance of a leader, a person exerting the most influence over the group.
Every man has an effect on others and linked into a large relation and all
have interconnected on the earth. They are expressing judgment about their conduct.
Some of the conducts are called goodness and badness of actions. The actions
considered as proceding from intention, deliberation and choice.
The word morality is closely to the word “ethics” the former derives form
“moral”. a latin word, where as the latter from “ethos”, a Greek word. Ethics is used
to identify “moral philosophy”. Thus, the etymology of the word “ethics” is similar
to etymology of the word “moral”, because both of them are derived from a word,
which means custom and tradition. Generally moral suggest in the meaning (teaching
When we are talking about morality, it means we are talking about values of
moral. Every one, man or woman, has sense of values. Concern to values, values
may be defined as the rate of things as better or worse. Many philosopher argued
about the real meaning of values and it becomes the greatest topic which has
differences of opinion. As explain in Titus (1959 : 333) ;
“There is no agreement, as we shall see, as to how
values are to be defined. in general. we can say that value judgments apprise the worth of objects. The term value has been variously defined as “that which
satisfies a human need” or a human desire, and as the quality of things” which evokes some appreciative response.”
From the quotation above, it shows that the meaning of value seems abstract.
We can not explain the nature of value to a person who does not know it, for
example the word of “love”, we can not explain what exactly the meaning of love or
the nature of love is, because there are many definitions about love. It depends on
their experiences, some one says that love is pain and another says that love is
happiness.
Titus (1959 : 376) says, “Today there is a tendency to use the terms moral
and morality to refer to the conduct, and ethic and ethical for the study of moral
conduct or the system or code which is followed.” From this statement, we can see
that morality terms refers to conduct and ethics is the study of moral conduct.
Morality is concerned with the rightness or wrongness of rules. Morality is
guidance, which is possesed by individual or society concerning to what is wrong
and right according to moral standard. Moral standard is a standard, which
17 power authority, more than own interest, impartial and its breaches is associated with
feelings of guilt, shame, regret, etc. In other words moral value is standards to decide
whether human conduct is right or wrong. Moral are devided into two parts; they are
personal moral and social moral. There is fundamental difference between personal
moral and social moral. personal moral defines how personally respond to life from
or with our integrity, and within our personal values. Social moral defines how one
respond to environment, immediate community and the world comunity.
There are a lot of different opinions about the meaning of good and bad or
right and wrong as well as value, moral standard has varied. It depends on their
environmental. As explain in Titus (1959 : 377) ;
“Throughout the history of human society, moral standard have varied. From the primitive customs followed by the partly conscious early man to the carefully reasoned theories of life of the more mature man. Moral practices and the standards depend on the stage of social development, on the general level of intelligence, and on the knowledge available of the time.
Morality is synonymous with ethics. Ethics is the systematic philosophical
study of the moral domain. Ethics and morality cannot be separated for they are
closely connected, according to The World Book Enclopedia (1983:292).
“the terms ethics and moral are often used interchangebly.
Yet the philosophers find it convenient to distinguish between the two. Ethics refers to the systematic general science of right and wrong conduct. Moral or morality refers to actual pattern of conduct and the direct rules of moral action. Ethics would be an empty formal abstraction, because philosopher based rthics upon a
reflective analysis of formal experience.”
Titus (1959 : 376) says, “Ethics is the normative study of the principle
that ethics is the sience of the moral. So the differences between moral and ethic are:
moral is rules of human conduct, but ethics is a science which studying about good
or bad of the conduct or it can be said that ethics refers to the systematically general
science of right and wrong conduct. While moral or morality refers to the actual
patterns of conduct. Both morality and ethics refer to people’s conduct or people’s
behaviour. So morality is concerned with behaviour or conduct, which is interested
in moral judgment and ideas about right and wrong.
The writer divided the right and wrong action based on the moral law or
categorical imperative as the standart by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) in Titus
(1959:380). Kant’s moral philosophy is sometimes called formalism because he was
looking for moral principle which are inherently right or wrong apart from any
particular circumstances. These moral principal or laws are recognized immadiately
or directly as true and binding. According to Kant, moral philosophy is concerned
not with what is, but with what ought to be. In man there is a sense of duty, the “I
ought,” or the moral law, which prior to experience and which springs from man’s
inner nature. The moral law is the will governed by reason. The moral law brings
man into contact with the very order of the universe itself, since the laws of nature
and the laws of reason are essentially one. Kant emphasized the good motive or the
good will as central. Intelligence and courage good but they may be used to promote
evil. Happinness may be gained in ignoble ways. A man may contribute to charity
because he wants publicity or lacks the courage to refuse requests. The good will is
the dutiful will, which act solely out of respect for the principle of duty. If a man acts
from a good motive, the act is good regardless of the consequences. Kant does not
19 say that the moral quality of the act is not determined by the consequencess. If the
motive is governed by reason and not may mere desire, it is absolute and
unconditional admitting no exceptions.
Kant formulates the Categorical Imperative in three different ways:
The first (Universal Law formulation): "Act only on that maxim (principal on
action) through which you can at the same time will that it should become a
universal law."
For example : Everyone must act for the same reason that I will act on.
Everyone will eat food when they’re hungry and breaking their promises to
friends when they would rather keep their money.
The second (Humanity or End in Itself formulation): "Act in such a way that
you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of
any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end."
For example : Could everyone eat food when they’re hungry? Yes. Could
everyone refuse to pay their debts when they’d rather keep their money? No,
because that would undermine the whole point of having debts to be paid. No
one would loan money out in that world. At this point we can already rule out
the maxim of refusing to pay our debts out of convenience, so it’s an
irrational and impermissible maxim and we have a duty not to act from that
The third (Kingdom of Ends formulation) combines the two: "All maxims as
proceeding from our own [hypothetical] making of law ought to harmonise
with a possible kingdom of ends."
For example : could we rationally do the maxim to be followed by everyone
in our circumstances? Perhaps I can do that people eat when they are hungry,
but not necessarily in every circumstance, such as when there’s limited food
that needs to be shared with others who are also hungry.
Kant adds that we have a “perfect duty” to refrain from doing something that
violates the third step in the sense that there are no exceptions. Whenever we are in
the relevant situation, we must refrain from doing the act as much as possible. Since
refusing to pay one’s debts when we prefer to keep our money doesn’t pass the third
step. We have a perfect duty not to refuse to pay our debts for that reason. Kant also
thinks we have a prefect duty not to commit suicide when we want to avoid
suffering.
If we have a maxim that doesn’t pass the fourth step, then it’s an imperfect
duty to refrain from doing it, which means we must refrain from doing it at least
some of the time. Kant thinks we can’t always refrain from helping others, so we
have a duty to help others at least some of the time.
So, in order to know if an action is morally acceptable based on the
categorical imperative we must ask, “Is the action rationally appropriate for everyone
else in the same situation?” If the answer is, Yes, then the action is morally
21 CHAPTER III
THE METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS
3.1 Research Design
In this thesis, descriptive qualitative research is used. Qualitative method is a
method concludes the data and the results by words Bogdan and Taylor (1975:5)
explain that qualitative method is a research procedure that descriptive data such as
written word or verbal expression from the people and their behavior that have been
observed. Neuman (1997:331) classified six characteristics of a qualitative research:
1. The importance of context. Qualitative researchers emphasize the importance
of social context for understanding the social world. They hold that the
meaning of a social action or statement depends, in an important way, on the
context in which it appears. When a researcher removes an event, social
action, answer to a question, or conversation from the social context in which
it appears, or ignore the context, social meaning and significance are
distorted.
2. The case study method. The researchers might gather a large amount of
information on one or a few cases, go into greater depth, and get more details
on the cases being examined.
3. The researcher’s integrity. The researchers ensure that their research
4. Grounded theory. A qualitative researcher begins with a research question
and little else. Theory develops during the data collection process. This more
inductive method means that the theory is built from data or grounded in the
data.
5. Process. Qualitative researchers look at the sequence of events and pay
attention to what happens first, second, and so on. Because qualitative
researchers examine the same case over time, they can see an issue involve, a
conflict emerge, or a social relationship develop. The researcher can detect
process and casual relations.
6. Interpretations. The data are in the form of word, including quotes or
descriptions of particular events. The researcher interprets data by giving
them meaning, translating them, or making them understandable.
In research method, library research is used in this thesis. Some books which
are related to the topic of this thesis are used. The primary source of the data
acquired from the novel entitled The Sands of Time. First, the writer read the novel
as the source of data of the moral base on the main characters. The secondary data is
drawn from other books as references which are concerned about the moral in the
literary work especially novel. Then the writer used some books as references which
are concerned about the moral to understand the moral. And some data that found
from the internet are also used as the supporting references in finishing this thesis.
Data will be collected and selected before it is analyzed. And finally, the conclusion
23 3.2 Data Collection
In this thesis, library research is applied by searching and collecting reference
that support the topic which is discussed in this thesis. In collecting data, there are
several steps that are used in making this thesis. First, reading the novel to get deep
understanding about the novel and what the story tells about. Then identifying
Researcher
Source of the Data:
The sands of time
Data:
Character and quotations from the text of novel
The Sa nds of time
Conclusion
Method:
Qualitative Descriptive
Data Selected – Interpreted
morality which is found from some characters then underlining the moral. After
underlined and collecting the data, this thesis has to selecting the data. In selecting
the data, the writer selects the important which is needed to support analysis of
morality.
Secondary data are gathered from several books that related to the topic of this
thesis. The related books that concern to the subject matter being analyzed are used
as the source of the idea to support the analysis of this thesis and also to give
additional information and statement that can be drawn for this thesis. Some data
from the internet are also used as the supporting references that related to moral as
the subject matter of this thesis. All the data and information that related to the topic
of this thesis are collected then the data will be selected and used in the process of
finishing this thesis.
3.3 Data Analysis
The data analysis was applied when all primary important data from the novel
The sa nds of time had collected and selected. Several steps in analyzing the data are
implemented. Firstly, data is identified from dialogues or statements which lead to
the moral of the character. Then, get some moral through some quotations of novel
The Sa nds of Time. Secondly, those quotations will be analyzed to give interpretation
about the moral through some characters of the novel. The interpretation will be
supported by quotations from some other books about the moral and some
25 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1. Jaime Mario’s Goodness
Jaime Mario is one of the characters in the novel “The Sands of Time.” He is
a Daring Basque “freedom fighter” who proposes to rescue Basque from detention
by Spanish Authorities. In the story, he is Famous with Bravery and care
Characterization. Even, the characters give adorable effect for many people are
around him.
4.1.1. Bravery
Bravery is the same as courage. Courage or fortitude is the ability to confront
fear, pain, danger, uncertainty or intimidation. Based on Kant’s theory, the
categorical imperative, courage is rationally necessary for us to be willing to do the
right thing when the right thing is done at personal risk to oneself. Emotions must be
disregarded if they conflict with the demands of moral reason.
Based on the story in ‘The Sands of Time’, Jaime Miro was the man of great
courage. His courage never changed. He still kept his courage to regain the
autonomy. He was fighting to resign Basques’ autonomy. Even though the
government would not give the autonomy to him or the Basques, he had spirit and
courage to keep fighting for it. He had brave plan and he took his plan into careful
consideration.
“No. Not for us it isn’t. The government will still not permit us to fly
the Basque flag or celebrate our national holidays or speak our own
language. No, Sister. We’re still being oppressed. We’ll keep on
fighting until we gain our independence. There are half a million Basques in Spain and a hundred fifty thousand more in France. We want our independence.” (Sidney Sheldon : 464)
The quotation above shows that Jaime Mario fights for their human rights.
Jaime wanted the government to give freedom for Basque people. They wanted to
shake off the yoke, that is the oppression that done by the government which actually
should protect them. “We’ll keep on fighting until we gain our independence.” This
sentence shows that Jaime has fervent belief in grabbing the independence. To
against the government is the hard thing because the government has the strong civil
defense, such as police and army that are supplied many weapons. As apart of
society, Jaime certainly knew this thing, nevertheless he still had strong belief and
willing to fight. He was also all ready to take the risk.
“What will they do to you if the soldiers catch you?”
Megan asked.
“Execute me.” He said it so matter-of-factly that for a moment Megan thought she had misunderstood.
“Aren’t you afraid?”
“Of course I’m afraid. We’re all afraid. None of us wants to die, Sister. We’ll meet your God soon enough. We don’t want to rush it.”
(Sidney Sheldon : 465)
The quotation above shows that the execution or death is the risk that will be
occured to Jaime Mario. People who are willing to accept the risk are people who
have the courage and firmness. In the discussion above, Jaime said those words with
any fearless “Execute me. " He said it so matter of factly that for a moment Megan
thought she had misunderstood." These words show Jaime’s personality that he does
27 Those words also show how Jaime faces the fear. "Of course I'm afraid. We're all
afraid. None of us wants to die, Sister. We'll meet soon enough your God. We do not
want to rush it. "From this quote, Jaime is not only courageus to accept the risk, but
also ready to fight for what he has planned. He is brave to die but he does not want to
accelerate the death, on the other words Jaime will fight until death. Jaime Mario is
one of the amazing man, because he wants sacrifice himself for Basque people.
“His life is in danger. And she thought of how terrible it must be for Jaime to be living under that shadow, running from the police and the army. And all because he believed in an ideal so much that he
was willing to die for it.” (Sidney Sheldon : 471)
Jaime Mario’s struggle is so remarkable. It could be seen from strong belief
of Jaime Mario who fights for the human rights of Basque. He against the
government, so that police and army wanted to caught him, but he still survived for
the happiness of others or Basque without thinking about the risk of the conduct. He
was not afraid though the danger always followed him.
The procession made its way down the corridor. From outside, in the street, they could hear the chant of the crowd:
“Jaime
Jaime Jaime
” It was a swelling, bursting from a thousand throats, growing louder and louder.
“They’re calling for you,” Pedros Arrange said. “No. They’re calling for themselves.
They’re calling for freedom. Tomorrow they’ll have another name. I may die— but
there will always be another name.”(Sidney Sheldon : 574)
Jaime Mario is having an effect on others. It can see from the words of “From
outside, in the street, they could hear the chant of the crowd: “Jaime, Jaime, Jaime”
Fron the quatation can concludes that Jaime Mario is a precious one to Basque
people. Generally when someone do good action the one will get the good respect
from others or get the reward. like Jaime mario condition, he get support from a lot
of people, even the voice which comes from thousands of throats call his name. It i s
very amazing. Jaime mario’s actions able to rise the Basque people’ spirit to against
Spain for their right. Jaime’s bravery influence others and jaime become inspiration
to Basque.
Jaime Miró’s body was smuggled out through a back door of the prison. The body
bag was thrown into the back of an unmarked van. But the moment the vehicle pulled out of the prison grounds, the crowd in the street pressed forward, as though drawn to it by some mystic magnet.
“Jaime Jaime”
But the cries were softer now. Men and women wept, and their children looked on in wonder, not understanding what was happening. The van made its way through the
crowd and finally turned onto a highway. “Jesus,” the driver said. “That was spooky. The guy must have had something.”
“Yeah. And thousands of people knew it, too!” (Sidney Sheldon : 576)
When Jaime Mario punish with death penalty, Basque people call his name
loudly. it seems that they do not want Jaime Mario die. It shows that jaime Mario is
important one to their life. The words of “Men and women wept, and their children
looked on in wonder, not understanding what was happening.” It is shows that jaime
mario is the good one, because every one man or woman fell sad and cry because
Jime mario will go forever.
Jaime phunished because he bravery againts Spain for Basque right and
freedom. Jaime Bravery because he love and care to Basque people. Jaime action
gives great effect to others, even to out of Basque people. It can see from one of
statement the one of driver, “Jesus,” the driversaid. “That was spooky. The guy must
have had something.”
The giant holding the garrote moved behind Jaime. Warden Gomez de la
29
“No.”
The warden looked at the giant and nodded. The giant lifted the garrote in his hand and reached forward. The guards outside the door could hear the chanting of the mob
in the street. “You know something?” one of the guards grumbled. “I wish I was out there with them.” (Sidney Sheldon : 576)
Jime mario still shows his strugle until rest of his life, he does not afraid face
death ““Do you want a cloth over your face? “No.” jaime mario is a hero for Basque
and he is able sacrifice his life for basque right. He never afraid against spain even
spain have a great powerful. Jaime Mario action gives great effect to the Basque.
4.1.2 Care.
Care is letting things matter to us, including other people. It means valuing
their well being and acting with attention to their needs. It is the first step toward and
motivating factor behind our actions. When we care about someone or something, we
hold a consciousness of what can harm them and what is needed for them to flourish.
Our caring can comfort another person even when neither of us has the power to
change a difficult situation. Based on the story in The Sands of Time, Jaime Miro is a
social person who cares about other people. He cares about his friend, and his people.
“He is not an easy man to know. But he is a man of great honor and
great bravery. He is a very caring man. There is no one like him. Did
I tell you how he saved my life, Sister?” (Sidney Sheldon : 470)
In general, when someone gets help from others, the one automatically wants
to share the goodness to someone who is nearby. As well as the quotation, it is the
conversation between Jaime Mario’s friend and a nun. Mario’s friend talked about
Jaime has extraordinary sense of care, which can be seen from the word
“great” and “very” , great means an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above
the normal or average. The word ‘very’ means something in a high degree. So, it
shows that Jaime Mario is full of caring to others. It is can be proved from the
sentence of the quatation“Did I tell you how he saved my life, Sister?.” When one
can helps the others it means that the person has a sense of care, then the sense is
expressed through an action.
“They were driving through the rolling hills that heralded the
approach to Burgos. Jaime was quiet behind the wheel. When he finally spoke, he said, “Felix, when we get to San Sebastian, I want to make arrangements to get Rubio away from the police.” (447)
Caring is an important quality in order to be a friend. Caring does not only
mean that one concerns about oneself but also knows what a friend needs when he is
in trouble. Jaime Mario is a good friend, he cares about his friend sicerely.When his
friend was in the prison,he always thought of how to liberate his friend. Eventhough
at that time he was driving the rolling hills. He ignored the precipitous road that it
might endanger their soul. They had been passsing. The quatation states that as long
as the journey Jaime Mario was silent, when he finally spoke, he spoke about how to
make Rubio away from the police. The situation was proved that Jaime Mario
thought about Rubio’s problem as long the journey.
The Quotation shows that Jaime Mario has deep sense of caring to his friend.
He made arrangement to save Rubio from the police. This action is the conduct
which is full of risk because Jaime hasto face or against the police. But because of
31
“I had seen my mother and father and sisters shot down, and friends murdered, and I couldn’t face what was happening here on this
peace between one and another who are living on the earth.The writer said like that
because the color of blood is red, generally red color is used as warning symbol of
trouble. Blood can run out from our body because there is a part of our body hurts or
blood vessel is broken.“The stars were an escape”means at the time Jaime Mario was
not able to face the situation, he needed place to escape.
From those quotation above, Jaime Mario’s struggle is not without reason. He
watched everything that had been done by the government to Basque. Jaime wanted
a peaceful life, but the reality was not what he wanted. Therefore, Jaime got up and
decided to devote himself to the Basque society in defense of truth and their rights.
He fought confidently despite the danger was threatening him. He never retreated at
all.This text proves that Jaime does have a caring nature, not just his friends, but also
on society Basque. If he does not have a caring nature then he will not fight to the
death to defend the rights of people who are nearby, even though death threatens
4.2 Lucia’s badness
Lucia Carmine is the other character beside of Jaime Mario in the novel
of “The Sands of time”. Lucia is the daughter of a Mafia boss in Italy, she lost
everything when her father’s business crumbled. However, she managed to take
revenge to the two of his father's betrayers - the bribed judge and Carmine's personal
bodyguard - through assassination. She was put in the wanted-list of the police since
then, as the main suspect whose motives were too obvious to the public. Lucia
attempts to flee the country, deciding to go to Switzerland, where a hidden bank
account contains millions of dollars promised to her by her father. However, while
going through Spain, she decides to hide out at the convent so the police won’t find
her. At the convent she is become a nuns, but her characters are contrast to be a nun.
Murder and selfishness are the badness conduct owned by Lucia Cermine
4.2.1. Murder
Based on Kant’s theory, the categorical imperative, Killing people is
wrong whenever it would be inappropriate for someone to kill us, and we need to
consider the motivational reason for killing someone. It would be wrong for people
to kill us out of greed just to take our money, so it is wrong for everyone to kill out of
green to take other people’s money. However, it would be right for someone to kill
us if necessary to defend themselves from attack out of self-respect, so it is right for
everyone else as well.
Lucia is a girl that was born from a wealthy family. She has bad
characteristic. She does not care about other people at all. Lucia had already killed
33 two men. She thought those men deserved to die because they had plunged her father
and brothers into prison. It can be seen in the following quote:
“Busceta never finished his toast. He was seized by a
The quotationis evidence that Lucia had killed someone. She killed the victim
by giving poison to the water that would be drunk by the victim. It can be said that
Lucia had arranged a plan to kill the man. “Busceta never finished his toast. He was
seized by a sudden spasm, and he felt a red-hot poker stabbing at his heart.” These
sentences prove that there is a plan in the murder. The first is Lucia had prepared the
poison.The second is Lucia’s actions were not suspected by the victim while they
were to get her at the time. How could he did not see Lucia’s action when she put the
poison into the drink. So it can be said that the homicide was planned by Lucia
because something that had been planned and trained. Therefore, it can not be known
by others.
Lucia was able to kill that person without fear at all. In fact,she was able to
watch the process of the death of her partner calmly, althoughat the time the victim
begged to Lucia to call a doctor. “..he felt a red-hot poker stabbing at his heart. He
grabbed his chest. oh, my God! call a doctor” Lucia sat there, calmly sipping her tea,
watching the judge stumble to his feet and fall to the floor.” This quotation proves
that Lucia wanted the victim's death. Lucia is a woman who was able tokilled. She
