TYPES OF METAPHOR IN ADELE SONG LYRICS IN 21 ALBUM.

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TYPES OF METHAPOR IN ADELE SONG LYRICS IN

21 ALBUM

A THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By:

DAVID CHRISTIAN SINAGA

Registration Number: 2103220010

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

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ABSTRACT

Sinaga, David Christan. NIM. 2103220010. Types Of Metaphor In Adele Song Lyrics in 21 Album. A Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan, 2016.

This research focused on metaphor used in 21 Album by Adele. The research was conducted by using qualitative research method. The data were collected from the song lyrics in 21 Album by Adele. The findings of the thesis showed that there were 55 occurrences of metaphor which classified into three types by eight types of metaphor. They were inactive metaphor (3), phenomenalistic metaphor (18), symbolism metaphor (34). The most dominant type of metaphor that used in 21 album is symbolism metaphor with 61.82%. It means that the songwriter used symbolism metaphor in 21 Album to create fictive though with wild imaginary of world and use it to make the reader and listener to be more imaginative.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks God, all the praise to Jesus Christ for the blessing, mercy, and guidance in giving the writer full strength and patience to complete this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.

In accomplishing this thesis, the writer has been helped by a lot of beloved people especially for the loyal supporters. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere and greatest gratitude to:

 Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of M.Hum., his Thesis Advisor for them guidance, advice, suggestion and comment and the time to supervising this thesis until complete in making this thesis better.

 Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, as his Examiner.

 All beloved Lecturers in English and Literature Department who advised and guided the writer during academic years.

 All Lectures and Staffs of English Department who helped and given contribution of knowledge, advice and guidance during her academic years in English Department

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1 The Percentages of the Types of Metaphor ... 30

Table 4.2 Number of Types of Inactive or Dead Metaphor ... 31

Table 4.3 Number of Types of Phenomenalistic Metaphor ... 32

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX The Analysis of the Types of Metaphor in Adele

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of Study

As social beings, people need to do interaction and communication with another

through a medium called language. Language is the principal means of communication for

the human beings in their daily life.

The language is used to express ideas, feelings and build relationships among

themselves. People cannot do their activities well without using language. By using

language, they can describe their feelings, emotions and thoughts more effectively to achieve

the purpose of interaction. They cannot respond to an utterance or react to a stimulus if they

do not understand what they say and write.

Communication can be built if there is an understanding between a speaker and a

listener who deliver ideas or a message called meaning. Meaning is an important element of

communication. If the listener cannot understand the meaning of the speaker, of course, there

will be no mutual communication. When the listener receives a message, the mind must

interpret the data to convert it into meanings.

There are numbers of ways to deliver a meaning. Some of them are through the use of

idioms called figurative language. It is known that ‘figurative language’ often used in

speaking and writing to express ideas and emotions, and to affect the views and attitudes of

others.

From the previous research about types of metaphor found that Uswati(2012)

Metaphorical expression in Minangkabau language especially used in aphorism such as

pasambahan has many forms of metaphor. In English language, metaphor usually is signed

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“she is the sun. The verb “is” in this sentence is linking word to compare between the girl and

the sun.

Furthermore, Minangkabau language is not different from English language which

sometimes does not use such as words above to describe the metaphor. They mention it

directly such as in sentence “angsayuamah”. It means that the person is scary toward

everything or frighten person. Meanwhile, that phenomenon also happened in pasambahan

forms which express the metaphorical expression by using linking word or not. In addition,

metaphorical expression uses some linking words and used to compare between two different

ideas.

According to Lakoff (1 ), conceptually metaphor refers to the understanding of one

idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another, for example, understanding quantity in terms

of directionality. Conceptual metaphors are seen in language in our everyday lives.

Conceptual metaphors shape not just our communication, but also shape the way we think

and act.

Wahab (1 0) divides the types of metaphor into three types based on syntactical

view are nominative metaphor, predicative metaphor and sentences metaphor. First,

nominative metaphor defines that the subjects or noun in sentences as metaphor. The sign of

metaphor is a subject of sentence.

Nominative metaphor classified into two based on the position of subject are

subjective nominative and objective nominative. For example the wind says to me about

you”. In these sentences, the metaphor is wind which used to compare between the senders of

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So, word wind as substitute of the sender who bring news. The phrase says to me

about you is explained as literal meaning without metaphorical expression.Second,

predicative metaphor is metaphorical expression that defines predicative as a metaphor while

the other part is described literally.

The researcher get the result about the analyzing of type of metaphor with number

and hat from data of metaphorical expression used by speaker in pasambahan in wedding

party, predicative metaphor is mostly used it it about ,0 %. After that nominative metaphor

is the second types of metaphor mostly used it is about 2 , %. Then, it is followed by

sentences metaphor as percentage about , %.

Metaphor is one of figurative language which is the most common and widely used in

daily interaction such as in songs. It is an implicit comparison in which the intended idea is

compared with another idea through a similarity or likeness of characteristics, qualities or

attributes of the two ideas.

The metaphor itself has a unique meaning. It means that the use of language is to refer

to something other than what it was originally applied to, or what it ‘literally’ means, in order

to suggest some resemblance or to make a connection between two things (Moon and

nowles, 200 ).

Music is the most common thing in people’s daily life because the music can produce

various effects over the listener. What makes music special is its relationship to language.

Both music and language, for instance, are unique to the human species, both unfold over

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music is a language is the basis for some of the most prevalent metaphors used to describe

music (Zbikowski M. Lawrence, 200 ).

In music there are song lyrics. A song lyric is an artistic form of auditory

communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous

manner.

It can be concluded that a lyric is one of literary works, which completes and beautifies

the song and makes the listener feel more interested in listening to it (Awe, 200 ).

Metaphor particularly increases learning of the idea units strongly related to the

metaphors. Thus, metaphors can be used to increase learning of particular material in text

( oan . Gallini and Michael A. Seaman, 1 ).

Learning metaphor is very important to avoid an error in interpreting it then prevent

misunderstanding between subject who use metaphor and the object who receive it.

For example in Adele song lyric “turn my sorrow into treasured gold”, means to turn

all the sadness of relationship brought her into happiness when she found someone better.

Adele used subjective metaphor to beauty her song lyric.

In this study the researcher analyzed the metaphor in song lyrics because the songwriter

express some ideas or feelings and communicate it for human beings in her lyrics used

metaphor.

In some cases the idea and feeling are difficult to deliver to the society because the

singer has adopted metaphor to beautify their songs. Therefore, this study discusses the types

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B. The Prob e s of the Study

The problems of this study were formulated as the following

1. What types of metaphor are used in Adele’ 21 Album ?

2. Which type of metaphor is the most dominant in Adele’ 21 Album ?

. What is reason of the song writer in using dominant types of metaphor in 21

album?

C. The Scope of the Study

The study focus on the types of metaphor thatused in Adele’s album. Adele has

albums but for more specific and precise, the scope and the limitation of the study is 21

album by Adele which is consist of 12 songs.

D. The Ob ect ves of the Study

1. To find out types of metaphor used in Adele 21 Album

2. To find out the dominant metaphor that used in Adele 21 Album

. To find out the reason of the song writer in using dominant types of metaphor in

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E. The S gn f cances of the Study

The findings of the study were expected to be useful theoretically and practically

1. Theoretically

The finding of this study is expected to be one of the sources improving

metaphor studies

2. Practically

a) Researches who were going to conduct a further study on literature that is

related with human language especially the language of metaphor

b) Students of English department who study metaphor to help themunderstand

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analyzing and determining the types of metaphor in the transcript of the

21 Album by Adele, the conclusions are presented as follows:

1. The three types of metaphor found in 21 Album by Adele with the total

number of metaphor 55 words. They were active inactive metaphor (3),

phenomenalistic metaphor (18), and symbolism metaphor (34).

2. The most dominant type of metaphor is symbolism metaphor written by the

songwriter with 34 occurrences symbolism (61,82%) in 21 Album by Adele.

3. Adele 21 Album was used a particular kind of substitution of the

interpretation call symbolism. In this case is quite difficult to understand the

lyrics from the songwriter because symbolism is a particular kind of

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It means that the songwriter use symbolism metaphor in 21 Album is

to create fictive though with wild imaginary of world and use it to make the

reader and hearer use their imagination.

So there are the reasons, this album became full of mystery,

imagination and never stopped being discussed.

B. Suggestions

By considering the research finding and the conclusions, there are some

suggestions which is presented as follows:

1. In analyzing metaphor, based on eight types active metaphor, inactive

metaphor, subjective metaphor, mimetic metaphor, phenomenalistic

metaphor, precision metaphor, symbolism metaphor and approximate

metaphor found that the dominant type is symbolism metaphor, it is suggested

that the listeners listen more songs that used more metaphor in its lyrics.

2. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of metaphor in

other objects.

3. For the other song composer to make their song by using more metaphor, so

that it can make their song is more beautiful and put some misterious mean by

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